Lub colonnade ntawm St. Peter cov Square paub tias zoo li caj npab puag ncig lub xwmfab. Tab sis ntau tus neeg hla dhau lub zog Tuscan txhua ntawm Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, thiab cov chav sib tham uas ua los ntawm cov oval ntawm lub tsev colonnade mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj nws tus kheej tau them tsawg dua rau cov "dab teg" ntawm lub colonnade, feem ntau vim tias txog thaum nyuam qhuav ob ntawm lawv tau raug kaw. rau cov pej xeem. Tsuas yog pem hauv ntej tis ntawm Constantine, ntawm sab xis los ntawm sab nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, nws muaj peev xwm, tom qab lub xub pwg ntawm Swiss tus neeg saib xyuas, kom pom qhov baroque hyper-foundations ntawm Scala Regia. Lub tis ntawm Constantine tseem raug kaw, tab sis qhov sib txawv "lub dab teg" ntawm lub colonnade, los ntawm basilica mus rau sab xis, thiab los ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi thiab cov neeg taug kev mus rau sab laug - tis ntawm Charlemagne, Lub Chaw Saib Xyuas Vaj Qhia tsis ntev los no tau muab rau Vatican Tsev khaws puav pheej, thiab chaw teeb tsa raug teeb tsa nyob rau ntawd. Ntawm no yog kev nthuav qhia-cov lus teb ntawm Tretyakov Gallery rau Moscow kev nthuav tawm ntawm Vatican ob xyoos dhau los, Roma Aeterna; tom qab ntawd, tus tswv ntawm lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Vatican tau coj mus rau Lub Xeev Tretyakov Gallery, tam sim no - theem thib ob ntawm kev sib pauv kev coj noj coj ua, 47 yam los ntawm Tretyakovsky tuaj txog hauv Loos, ntxiv rau xya ntau los ntawm 6 lub tsev khaws khoom Lavxias. Arkady Ippolitov tau los ua tus saib xyuas ntawm ob (2016 nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab 2018 hauv Rome) kev nthuav qhia, thiab cov qauv siv ntawm cov kev nthuav qhia tau tsim thiab siv los ntawm Sergei Tchoban thiab Agniya Sterligova. Nco ntsoov tias lub rooj nthuav qhia ntawm Lub Xeev Tretyakov Gallery tau tsim raws li semblance ntawm St. Peter colonnade, thiab kev nthuav qhia tawm ntawm Lavxias daim duab tau nyob hauv nws.
Lub rooj nthuav qhia yog cov tswv yim zoo, nws yog hom tshwj xeeb nrog kev cai tsim zoo, ib qho yog raws caij nyoog uas ua rau txhua qhov kev nthuav qhia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias nws npog 400-500 xyoo, kwv yees zoo ib yam li lub tsev cia puav pheej nthuav tawm, furiously classic: XVI, XVII, XVIII thiab lwm yam, Lavxias daim duab yog qhia los ntawm cov cim rau cov avant-garde los ntawm Cov Neeg Tuaj. Xav tau kev khiav tawm ntawm tus qauv, Arkady Ippolitov sib xyaw tag nrho cov keeb kwm, lub tsev tam sim thiab, nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab dav, iconographic sib thooj ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau pua xyoo. Nws muab tawm rau qee qhov - kwv yees, txij li kev sib tham txog kev sib sib zog nqus religiosity ntawm Lavxias daim duab ntawm positivism thiab avant-garde tau mus ntev thiab tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab hauv lawv, rau lwm tus nws yog kev npau taws, vim nws yog ib yam los sib piv "Qhov Tseeb Dab Tsi" lossis "Golgotha" los ntawm Nikolai Ge, "Kev Thov Vajtswv rau Chalice" los ntawm Perov nrog txoj Moo Zoo voj voog ntawm iconostases, lossis Perm "Christ hauv lub qhov taub" nrog "Christ hauv Desert" los ntawm Kramskoy, thiab nws yog kuj muaj lwm qhov los nrhiav cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntseeg tua neeg hauv Cov Neeg Yuav los ntawm Repin cov duab "Lawv Tsis Cia Siab", los sib piv "Tsis txhob quaj rau kuv niam" nrog "Kev quaj ntsuag tsis txaus siab" los ntawm Kramskoy lossis muab Vrubel's "Dab" hauv cov ntsiab lus teb ntawm Orthodox icon nrag duab thiab piv "Dub Square" nrog "Tus Txiav Txim Zaum Kawg" (Kuv yuav tsum hais, nws nyob ntawm no tias "Dub Square" zoo li txo hwj chim me me thiab tsis yog rau txhua qhov kev ntxias, tab sis ua ib hom dot). Kuj tseem muaj qhov kev sib piv tsis xav txog, piv txwv li, ntawm cov ntawv ntxaib liab ntawm Kustodiev's Bolshevik nrog tus nab ntawm Cov Lus Txiav Txim Zaum Kawg.
Ib txoj kev los sis lwm txoj kev, txawm hais tias txhua qhov pom tseeb ntawm lub tswv yim, nws tsis tau pom li ntawd meej thiab meej. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev ua yeeb yam tau ncaj qha mus rau qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov ntseeg tseem ceeb ntawm txawm tias theomachy, Vajtswv-nrhiav, kev hloov kho thiab Bolshevik ua haujlwm, uas yog ntau tshaj li qhov tsim nyog nyob hauv Vatican. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj qhov poob qis - credo, Kuv ntseeg hais tias kev kos duab Lavxias pib lub suab me ntsis ntawm daim phiaj, zoo li nws tau nyeem los ntawm lub plawv khiav mus rau Komsomol. Feem ntau hais lus, Lavxias xovxwm tau hnov mob ua kom pom ntau dua hauv kev paub txog qhov zoo ntawm Lavxias kos duab, thaum lub sijhawm European ib tus tsis nco qab txog Vatican txoj cai, hais txog qhov tseeb tias Pope Francis yog inclined rau "kev phooj ywg los ntawm kev kos duab", thiab ntawm no dua qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub neej niaj hnub tshwm sim: tom qab ntawd peb nco qab schism thiab npaj tshiab,puas yog peb yuav luag npaj dua rau Florentine koomhaum pab neeg lossis Peb Thib Peb? Tag nrho cov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog qhov xwm txheej: nws tsuas yog tias nyob hauv ntau txheej txheej txheej txheem ntau txheej ntawm peb lub sijhawm, zoo siab, kev coj txawv txav tuaj yeem sib koom ua ke, tab sis peb tseem nco ntsoov tias Arkady Ippolitov cov phiaj xwm tsim muaj ntau cov kev ntxhov siab, nws nyob ntawm lawv, uas yog vim li cas cov ua yeeb yam xyaum ib ncig.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev nthuav tawm yog li ntawd tag nrho ntawm lub zog sab hauv. Bernini qhov chaw kuj tseem nyob deb ntawm kev nruab nrab. Nws yog, ntawm chav kawm, nyob ntsiag to dua li Scala Regia, qhov twg qhov kev ntxhab ntawm qhov nce, kov yeej los ntawm tus yamntxwv, muaj kev xav ntau ntau lub sijhawm; tab sis ntawm no, ib yam nkaus, hauv pem teb yog qhov tob, nce ntawm lub xwmfab mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj, ua rau lub ntsej muag, txawm tias ib qho me me, tab sis kev siv zog ntawm ib leeg nce; phab ntsa, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog ua los ntawm cov plooj plooj baroque exedres - lub tsheb ciav hlau ntev uas tsis zoo ib yam li lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Kas Tos Liv, thiab tib lub sijhawm, ib tug tuaj yeem xav tias lawv yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm phab ntsa mus rau lub semantic. nro uas tshwm sim ntawm lub rooj nthuav dav. Yog li Sergei Tchoban thiab Agniya Sterligova pom lawv tus kheej nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob qhov hluav taws: thaj av ntawm chaw ua yeeb yam thiab Bernini qhov chaw muaj kev xav - lawv tau xaiv qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws rau cov qauv ua yeeb yam, subordinating nws rau sab hauv.
Cov qauv nthuav qhia txog 3 m siab ncha ntsej muag ntawm ntug ntawm phab ntsa thiab rov ua dua, ib lub suab ntais dua, lawv cov xim txho-beige nplai: lawv nkag mus tob dua hauv cov exedra, tsim cov phab ntsa pem hauv ntej ntawm pylons, thiab tsim "daim tawv thib ob". Cov duab dai tsis dav thiab nws tsis ncaj ncees lawm los faib nws hla, hauv nruab nrab tsuas muaj "Christ hauv lub qhov taub", tsuas yog cov duab puab hauv kev nthuav dav, uas ua rau hom kev sib tsoo nrog ob tus nyob sib ze.
Txhua yam ntxiv yog pawg ua ke ntawm phab ntsa, tab sis nyob rau hauv xws li txoj hauv kev cais cov sib xyaw los ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas lub cav, qhov tsis paub thiab meej. Cov duab ntawm 19th thiab 20th xyoo pua tau dai rau ntawm lub teeb ci ntsa iab ntawm cov sawv - cov cim tau tob zuj zus mus rau hauv niches, ib hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv icon, nthuav tawm cov khoom xav ntawm cov phab ntsa: cov xim ntawm Eucharistic caw los yog ntshav ntawm huab tais ntawm Vaj, Huab tais qaum ntuj. Thiab nws hloov tawm tias qhov teeb meem sab nraud ntawm cov qauv yog kab ntawm kev kos duab lub ntsej muag nyob hauv nruab nrab Hnub nyoog thiab tshawb cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm tib cov teeb meem ntawm cov ntseeg nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Tshiab. Los yog txoj kab nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev xav rov qab los saum ntuj los, raws li Uspensky, qhov chaw tsis muaj chaw - thiab kev tsim kho tiag tiag ntawm kev tsim ntiaj teb tsis zoo. Hauv lwm cov lus, cov qauv piav qhia muaj ob txheej: rau lub tsev teev ntuj kos duab kos duab thiab rau daim duab ntawm Lub Hnub Nyoog Tshiab - uas tso cai rau koj hais txog qhov tib cov ntsiab lus "hlav" los ntawm lub sijhawm - thiab kom qhia tus neeg ua haujlwm lub hom phiaj, kom tsis txhob ua tiav, kev ntxhov siab., tab sis subtly, yuav luag nyob rau theem ntawm tus neeg saib lub instincts, kom cais ob qho ntawm cov khoom pov thawj. Yog tias koj mus ib kauj ruam ntxiv, koj tuaj yeem xav tias qhov no nruab nrab-dawb lub ntsej muag nqus lwm qhov teeb meem ntawm Lavxias kos duab - qhov tsis muaj nyob hauv nws ntawm lub sijhawm Renaissance, lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim teeb meem thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Hnub Nyoog Tshiab.
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Txawm li cas los xij, cawv-liab xim, raws li tus sau phau ntawv, muaj ib qho kev xav ntxiv: nws txuas lub Roman tso rau pom nrog Moscow ib.
Roma Aeterna los ntawm ob xyoos dhau los - uas yog burgundy tag nrho, txawm tias nrog hom xim av, tooj liab-nws yog xim hlau ntxoov ntxoo. Ntawm no, ntshav, tsis txwv rau qhov chaw ntawm niches, nkag mus hauv qhov chaw ua yeeb yam peb zaug: ntawm qhov nkag thiab tom kawg ntawm chav ua cim, cim pib thiab xaus ntawm "txoj hauv kev", thiab tseem nyob hauv cov nyom "Christ hauv qhov taub”, khij lub chaw nruab nrab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov phab ntsa xim paj nruag accentuate lub cim pib ntawm Lavxias kos duab thiab kaw nws nrog qhov kawg chord - lub yeeb koob ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv rau lub zwm txwv.
Txoj hauv kev yuav tsum tau hais cais cais. Qhov kev nthuav qhia hu ua "Lavxias Txoj Kev", tab sis nws yog Lavxias, thiab hauv lwm yam lus cov lus txoj kev lub suab zoo li kev mus ncig ua si-pellegrinaggio-pèlerinage, uas yog, kev mus nrhiav chaw. Hauv kev xam phaj thiab ntau nqe lus, ib tus thib peb tshwm - "Txoj Kev ntawm Ntoo Cuam", pom tias "yawg koob" raug coj tawm ntawm kev sib dhos los yog txiav tawm ntawm lub npe kom tshem tawm cov kab mob thiab ntau dua kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txhais. Lub architecture ntawm Bernini tis, nrog nws nce mus rau sab hnub tuaj, haum txig nrog lub tswv yim ntawm ob txoj kev taug kev thiab Txoj Kev Hla Hla, thiab txawm coj los mloog lub staircases ntau rau cov pawg ntseeg ntawm Catholic Europe npaj siab ua scenes ntawm Lub Cim Nqa ntawm Ntoo Cuam Hla, piv txwv li cov theem ntaiv Notre Dame de la Garde hauv Marseille, theem ntaiv Trinità dei Monti hauv Rome lossis nce mus rau San Miniato al Monte hauv Florence. Ntawm no, hauv Charles tis, qhov sawv tsis yog qhov zoo, txawm hais tias nws pom zoo, thiab cov neeg saib-cov neeg taug kev mus, feem ntau, tsis yog mus rau St. Peter, txawm tias nyob rau hauv nws cov kev taw qhia, tab sis tsiv hauv cov teeb meem ntawm Lavxias kos duab, pom. raws li meej Christian. Kuv puas yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias tam sim no lub icon rau Catholic pawg ntseeg yog txais tos thiab nthuav thov thov duab, tus neeg nqa khoom ntawm ib yam mystical paub tsis meej, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub niaj zaus thiab ib txwm sculptures thiab thaj duab.
Lub arcs ntawm cov dawb slats uas nqa lub teeb pom kev zoo ua rau duav ntawm cov npoo uas muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm ib qho kev qhia tawm - thiab pab kom tsis cais, tab sis kom sib koom ua ke txhua yam khoom siv. Lawv cov duab xim dawb, yuj yees ib 'meter' sab saud cov neeg saib lub taub hau, zoo li quattrocento halos, teeb tsa raws li qhov chaw cim xim. Lawv zoo li them nyiaj rau qhov tsis muaj Renaissance thiab tib lub sijhawm tsis yog xwb e kev pab txhawb nqa, tab sis kuj Kuv Lawv hais txog qhov kev teeb tsa tag nrho, hais txog qhov dawb huv ntawm cov ncauj lus nthuav tawm thiab, kev saib xyuas zoo, sib sau ua ke. Nws tseem ceeb tshaj li qhov kev txhais tau yooj yim muaj peev xwm cais thiab muab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab ntau yam sib txuas ua ke.
