Qhov chaw rau lub tsev yav tom ntej tau xaiv tshwj qhov tshwj xeeb, tab sis rau cov kws kes duab vajtse nws tsuas yog cov cim, vim tias lub tsev ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse yog qhov ze heev. Rau tag nrho lwm cov tib neeg, thaj chaw tsuas yog qab ntxiag, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov tawg tsam ntawm cov peev txheej, uas tswj tau yuav luag tag nrho khaws cov keeb kwm vaj tse thiab, yog li ntawd, qhov yuav luag tsis tau nyob hauv nroog ib puag ncig ntawm xyoo 19th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20. Lub sijhawm qub ambassadorial lub tsev, nyob ntsiag to, xwm txheej, nplua nuj nyob hauv architecture ntawm ntau yam - los ntawm cov tswv yim zoo, xws li Ryabushinsky tsev loj ntawm Fyodor Shekhtel lossis Tarasov lub tsev ntawm Ivan Zholtovsky, kom "chav tsev zoo tib yam" ib xyoo lossis ntau dua yav dhau los. Tag nrho cov no nrog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws Soviet suav thiab txawm tias tsawg dua niaj hnub. Tseg cia. Los ntawm txoj kev, sab hnub tuaj ciam teb ntawm lub xaib tsuas yog ciam teb rau ib qho ntawm "Moscow chaw tiv thaiv".
Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias nyob rau hauv xws li ib puag ncig lub tsev yuav tsim cov neeg tseem ceeb - "Ostozhen" hom ntawv. Tag nrho peb lub tsev yuav haum tsuas yog 27 chav, 1-2 chav tsev. Nws cov volumetric muaj pes tsawg leeg yog hom rau cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev tsim hauv nruab nrab - lub tsev muaj peb ntu ntawm qhov siab sib txawv, koom siab los ntawm siab iav choj ntawm cov nqe lus - los ntawm ib sab ntawm Spiridonovka muaj 9-storey tsev, tom qab ntawd, nce Granatnoye, qhov siab ua ntej poob mus rau 6 thiab tom qab ntawd mus txog 4 plag tsev, teb rau qhov sib thooj ntawm ib qho chaw faj tim teb chaws qub txeeg qub teg, ib lub tuam tsev monument. Cov tuam tsev tau teeb tsa nyob rau hauv "kaum", fencing ib lub tshav puam, ntawm qhov uas, los ntawm cov ntoo ntawm lub tiaj ua si me me, lub tsev ntawm cov kws kes duab vaj tsev yuav pom kom meej meej.
Txog cov tsev neeg tseem ceeb uas tau txhim kho hauv nruab nrab ntawm Moscow, ntau tuaj yeem "txiav txim siab ua ntej" - lawv qhov siab tau nruj los ntawm kev soj ntsuam toj roob hauv pes, thiab kim rau faadeade cladding thiab phiaj xwm - los ntawm tus nqi siab ntawm cov tsev hauv yav tom ntej. Cov tom kawg tsim cov lus tsis sib xws - cov ntawv xov xwm thiab qhov chaw presuppose tus qauv nruj thiab ntau txoj cai, thov kom muaj kev saib taus thiab ua ob peb lub tsev me ntsis zoo ib yam. Thiab nws, hom neeg tseem ceeb ntawm no, yuav tsum los ntawm txhua lub tsev "zest" - paub qhov zoo, cov xeeb ceem zoo nkauj, thiab zoo tshaj plaws - ua ke nrog lub npe laconic. “… Koj, Semyon Semyonovich, yuav tsev nyob rau hauv Tsev Tooj? - thiab peb - hauv Roman … Thiab Ivan Ivanovich hauv Byzantine … ".
Lub tsev nyob hauv Granatnoye - "Byzantine". Cov kev ua kom qab ntawm qhov rov tshwm sim ntawm lub npe no yog keeb kwm thiab kev sau ntawv, yuav luag ncig thiab pom tseeb. Txoj kev uas nws tau embodied yog cov ornament uas npog lub tsev nyob qhov twg ua tau - sab nraud thiab sab hauv, suav nrog cov cab cab cab. Qhov kev ua kom zoo nkauj tau npaj siab yuav tsum tau thov rau lub pob zeb ntsib cov pob zeb; on iav parapets "Fabkis", los ntawm hauv pem teb mus rau qab nthab, qhov rai; ntawm cov cam khwb cia-hlau gratings qhov twg cov qhov rais tau tig mus ua balconies-loggias; ntawm ntoo qhib qhov rooj ntawm qhov rooj mus rau theem ntaiv; ntawm cov nplooj saum toj saum cov qhov rooj, lub ceilings ntawm lub chaw tos txais thiab phab ntsa ntawm twb tau hais txog elevators. Daim iav me me ntawm cov gazebo yog xeeb hauv tshav puam - daim iav tseem tau npog nrog ornaments. Cov npe no ua rau koj kiv taub hau, thiab zoo li lub tsev tsis yog Byzantine txhua lub sijhawm, tab sis cov neeg sawv cev hauv qab teb, vim tias tsuas yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj muaj "lub npov carved" qhov loj ntawm lub tsev.
Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb tag nrho. Qhov ubiquitous piav txog yam tshiab, uas tau ua tiav lub hauv paus ntawm plaub (qhov no tsawg kawg!) Cov hom teeb meem, yog qhov tseeb tau txhim kho hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub teeb thiab nthuav dav Art Deco. Ntsug qhov rais sib koom ua ke rau hauv kab txaij ob zaj dab neeg siab, cov ntoo raug kos rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm daim duab plaub, ua ib hom ntsej muag uas muab cov ntsej muag sib luag ntawm cov cwj pwm ntawm lub architecture ntawm modernism, saib rov qab ntawm cov classics. Cov ntoo hauv av yog npog nrog cov ntoo zoo nkauj heev rustic ntoo, thiab hauv nruab nrab qhov chaw ntawm lub ntsej muag, saib lub axial symmetry, yog cim nrog kab ntawm loggias. Tag nrho cov no coj peb mus rau "Stalinist" architecture, thiab ntau dua tom qab- es tsis yog ua ntej kev ua tsov ua rog. Muaj tseeb tiag, tus kws kes duab vajtse nto moo Andrei Burov (1900-1957), uas ntau ntawm cov neeg kawm tiav ntawm Moscow Architectural lub koom haum xav txog lawv tus kws qhia, sim nrog xws li ornamental txhaws ntawm lub ntsej muag. Nws kuj tsim qauv chav ntawm lub tsev ntawm cov kws kes duab vaj tsev hauv Granatnoye, uas lub tshav puam ntawm "Byzantine Lub Tsev" yuav ntsib - muaj xov ntawm txuas ntxiv.
Nws yog tsim nyog nco ntsoov, txawm li cas los xij, tias qhov kev sim nrog "cov ntaub pua plag" (lossis yuav luag cov ntaub pua plag) décor ntawm facades tau pib xyoo 1910. - ib tug style txaus siab nyob rau hauv ornament nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws qhia. Muaj txawm tias ib lub tsev ntawm Lub Rooj Vag Intercession ntawm Chistoprudny Boulevard, tau npog nrog cov dav thiab dav daim ntawv ntawm tus tsov ntxhuav thiab mos lwj ntawm Vladimir thiab Suzdal - tus txheeb ze ze ntawm Byzantine Lub Tsev, tau tsim tsa me ntsis ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws paub zoo tias tom qab Burov, hauv kev tsim kho ntawm modernism, ob qho tib si Soviet thiab European, kev txaus siab rau cov ornament nyob thiab tsim, txawm hais tias nws tsis dhau los ua neeg. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws architecture, openwork lace yog nrov heev, nws zoo li ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo xya - qee zaum lawv siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv ntxig hniav, qee zaum lawv kiag li nyob hauv cov chaw ntawm cov vaj tse loj heev, zoo li ntawm tshav dav hlau Jeddah Rem Koolhaas, rau Piv txwv li.
Feem ntau hais lus, yog tias peb cais tawm "kev siab phem", uas hwm txog huab hwm coj thiab kev ntxhib los mos, nrog rau "minimalism", uas sib zog rau kev yooj yim, ces cov khoom dai yuav tsum tau lees paub tias yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm xyoo 20 (thiab 21). Raws li koj paub, kev lag luam nrhiav niaj hnub, thiab lwm yam, txhawm rau ua haujlwm, ua rau lawv lub teeb, ntab, pob tshab. Lub ntsiab txhais tau ntawm txoj kev no yog cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub: pob tshab ntawm iav thiab lub zog ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov qhob. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev qub ntawm de-reification ntawm saum npoo - ornamental-lace, kuj tseem siv, thiab peb nco ntsoov, ntau thiab ntau zaus. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog Byzantium uas paub zoo tshaj plaws txog lub zog ntawm cov txheej txheem no - kev rhuav tshem cov teeb meem nrog tus qauv siv rau nws, uas kis tau cov kev paub no mus rau lub architecture ntawm Muslim East.
Thiab thaum kawg, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm cov xim tha xim ntsej muag thiab cov khoom ua kom zoo nkauj hauv kev tshwj xeeb tau raug tsim los rau ntau xyoo los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv hauv tsev hauv Granatnoye, Sergei Tchoban. Nyob rau St. Petersburg, nws tau tsim lub tsev Alexander Benois, ntau lub chaw, ntau lub tsev uas muaj Benois theatrical sketches thov rau iav thiab teem nyob hauv tus qauv checkerboard. Qhov chaw lag luam St. Petersburg "Langensiepen" ua tiav lub Renaissance ornamentation kuj muaj kev pab los ntawm luam ntawv iav - duab thaij rau iav. Ib qho nruj dua, cov qauv duab ntawm cov ornament yuav raug siv - lub sijhawm no siv pob zeb, hauv chav ua lag luam Forum-plaza, tsim los ntawm SPeeCH, hais txog qhov peb nyuam qhuav sau ntawv. Lub tsev Byzantine feem ntau yog txhua qhov zoo ib yam li Langensiepen - ib daim phiaj rau ntawm lub ntsej muag nrog cov nqaim ntsug ntawm lub qhov rais, ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias cov khoom zoo nkauj coj peb mus rau lub nroog tshwj xeeb - Rome, los ntawm qhov chaw uas cov khoom zoo nkauj tau coj los (yees duab). Qhov "Byzantine lub tsev" tab tom tsim rau hauv cov kab no - qhov no yog kauj ruam tom ntej, coj lub sijhawm no rau Moscow, uas pom tseeb tau txais qhov qub dhau los, txawm hais tias nws siv cov khoom siv ntau dua qub - pob zeb. Ib tug tau txais lub tswv yim hais tias, tau tsiv los ntawm St. Petersburg mus rau Moscow, Sergei Tchoban cov tswv yim "petrify": txawm tias lawv ua kom tiav, lossis lawv dhau los - me ntsis - ntau tsoos. Petersburg, nws hloov tawm, yog duab thiab ephemeral rau tus kws kes duab vajtse, Moscow yog "pob zeb". Koj tuaj yeem ua dab tsi, tus qub "Byzantine" peev. Petersburg, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog "Western" tshiab, Roman, ua yeeb yam.
Txhua tus ntawm Sergei Tchoban qhov "pleev xim rau" muaj ntau yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntsej muag. Lawv tshwm sim hauv cov tuam tsev, peb yuav hais tias, ntawm qhov nruab nrab qhov loj me los ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub. Lawv yog cov qub heev, dua los ntawm cov qauv ntawm niaj hnub kos duab - tab sis tsis muaj ib kem nyob hauv lawv - dai kom zoo nkauj, ntawm cov uas muaj ntau heev, txhua tus zwm rau kev coj ua zoo nkauj "superimposed" ntawm architecture: pleev xim / duab kos lossis duab puab. Ib tus tau txais lub tswv yim tias cov kem tau txhob txwm muab lawb tawm vim tias lawv zwm rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus hais tau meej. Cov qauv kos duab ntawm cov kem tau ploj mus, cov kos duab ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj tseem nyob. Cov kev kho kom zoo nkauj no tau qiv los ntawm txhua qhov chaw, tab sis nrog ib qho tsis tuaj yeem hloov kho thiab tus mob no yog qhov tseeb. Benois's kos duab yog luam, Roman reliefs yog cov duab. Txog kev xaiv ntawm Byzantine ornaments, tus kws tshaj lij keeb kwm tau raug caw, uas tau xaiv cov duab keeb kwm raug thiab kev txhawb siab. Yog li, nyob rau ntawm 9-storey lub tsev, Byzantine motives (XII-XIV ib-paus xyoo) yuav siv, nyob rau ntawm 6-theem tsev - Vladimir-Suzdal sawv daws yuav, nyob rau lub tsev me me 4-storey - Balkan thiab thaum ntxov Moscow sawv daws yuav.
Thiab ib qho ntxiv ntawm Choban lub ntsej muag, hauv qee txoj kev tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm yav dhau los - yog lawv qhov kev nplua nuj semantic. Cov no yog xov facades, thiab nws tau pib nrog Benois lub tsev, uas tus kws kes duab vajtse tau suav tias yog khoom plig rau nws tus kws kos duab, uas nws lub tsev (ntxiv rau) tau nyob ze. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb nthuav tshwj xeeb dab tsi ntawm Byzantium lub "Byzantine Tsev" ua rau pom kev rau peb.
Architecture Lavxias yav dhau los tsis tau pom dua li ib Byzantium. Yuav pib nrog, nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog lub tswv yim Byzantine motifs hauv Soviet architecture, rau tib Burov. Lawv ideologically neeg txawv, thiab saum toj no tag nrho vim qhov tseeb tias ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig lawv tau ideologically oversaturated. Kev saib xyuas kom zoo. Rau Lavxias XIX xyoo pua Byzantium yog Orthodox txoj kev ntseeg thiab lub hwj chim autocrat, los yog qhov chaw ntawm ob qho tib si. Txhua qhov txhia chaw, qhov twg hauv XIX xyoo pua Byzantium - muaj qhov khoob khoob khoob loj (thiab los ntawm qhov tsis zoo li no) lub tuam tsev-stylization lossis ib qho dav dawb hau ob-hau. Thiab tshaj tawm ntawm cov kwv tij hauv Serb, thiab txawm tias tus ntoo khaub lig hla Hagia Sophia. Thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias cov ncauj lus no tau hnov qab tam sim no - ntawm qhov tsis tooj, tsis ntev los no ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab tau qhia hauv TV tsuas yog hais txog qhov no.
Tab sis tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi ntawm hom kev hauv Byzantine. Tsis yog ib tug dav dawb hau ob lub taub hau. Ua li cas tus kws kes duab vajtse tswj tau tsis quav ntsej txhua qhov hnyav nrog Petersburg txoj kev tshav ntuj thiab kev tso siab ntawm German, noj ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsuas yog dab tsi xav tau - décor nrog lub teeb thematic. Nws yog ib qho txaus lawm los kwv yees - dab tsi ib Byzantium nws muab tau! Nws zoo nkaus li yog nws, tab sis koj saib - thiab tsis yog nws txhua. Los yog rov ua dua?
