Cov Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Theem Pib

Cov Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Theem Pib
Cov Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Theem Pib

Video: Cov Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Theem Pib

Video: Cov Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Theem Pib
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Kuv tau ntaus ntawm phau ntawv no tam sim ntawd, yog tias tsuas yog vim kuv nyuam qhuav tau tswj tuav nws hauv kuv txhais tes. Plaub qhov loj-ntau qhov hnyav hnyav ib yam dab tsi zoo li 8 phaus, luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv loj thiab muaj cov ntawv sib txuam nrog ntau cov duab, kev saib pom, phiaj xwm, duab kos thiab cov ntawv sau cia rau hauv qab. Txhua yam yog qhov uas nws yuav tsum raug hais tawm rau lub suab; phau ntawv yog qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Armen Kazaryan cov lus tshaj tawm kev qhuab qhia, tiv thaiv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Keeb Kwm Kev Ua Si hauv 2007.

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Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom nco qab tam sim ntawv cov lus qhuab qhia rau keeb kwm ntawm lub tuam tsev yav dhau los, uas, tau tshaj tawm, yuav tau saib zoo li no. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov lus sib piv, tsuas yog Nikolai Voronin phau ntawv hais txog

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architecture ntawm North-Eastern Russia, luam tawm nyob rau thaum xyoo 1960: muaj koj tseem tuaj yeem nrhiav txhua yam (zoo, yuav luag txhua yam) hais txog Vladimir-Suzdal cov pawg ntseeg, qhov no yog cov ntawv tiav, cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab ntseeg tau, uas, raws li keeb kwm hais tias, npog”Ib lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Txij thaum ntawd los, lawv tau sau txog Vladimir-Suzdal architecture, tab sis Voronin phau ntawv tseem nce siab dua txhua yam sau ua ntej thiab tom qab, zoo li lub pob zeb lossis txawm tias lub roob.

Kazaryan phau ntawv hais txog tib yam: nws yog ib qho kev kawm ntau thiab ntau yam, nws yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws heev, ntawm thiab mus, piav qhia qhov tshwj xeeb tshwm sim - nruab nrab architecture ntawm Transcaucasia ntawm lub heyday, VII xyoo pua. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm tsim - 5 thiab 6 ntawm ib-paus yog suav tias tsis muaj qhov ntxim saib dua nyob ntawm no. Phau ntawv tau mob siab rau kev kos duab ntawm peb lub teb chaws: Armenia, Sab Hnub Tuaj Georgia thiab Caucasian Albania. Lub tsev tsim qauv no, ntawm ib sab, nws tau paub zoo - txhua tus paub Echmiadzin, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tsis tau kawm txaus. Nws, raws li Armen Ghazaryan qhia nyob rau hauv kev nthuav dav thiab tiag tiag hauv nws keeb kwm kev kos duab, tau ntev ntev tau tawm ntawm lub voj voog ntawm kev kawm ntawm Byzantine architecture thiab tau txiav txim siab cais. Tias yog vim li cas cov txheej txheem ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb nrhiav rau lub sijhawm ntev raug kev txom nyem los ntawm tib yam kab mob ntawm "autochthonousness" raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias medieval architecture. Hauv lwm lo lus, ntau tus neeg keeb kwm tau tshawb pom cov txuj ci thiab cov ntsej muag uas neeg nyiam, feem ntau ntoo, kos duab. Piv txwv li, cov neeg sau keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias architecture tau ntev los ntseeg tau tias cov tuam tsev pob zeb ua vuas vov los ntawm lub tsev ntoo. Thiab cov neeg paub txog keeb kwm ntawm lub architecture ntawm Transcaucasia, ib zaug ntxiv, piv txwv li, ntseeg tias cov pob zeb ntawm cov tuam tsev Armenian ntawm lub tuam tsev yog los ntawm cov ntoo cuav hauv cov vaj tse thaj chaw, tsis them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau qhov tseeb tias dome tau siv nyob hauv Roman ntiaj teb ntev ua ntej uas.

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Kev nyob ib leeg ntawm autochthonous theories, zoo li tsis saib xyuas ntau dhau los ntawm Byzantine cov neeg sau keeb kwm, tig Armenian architecture nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm ntau tus neeg mus rau hauv ib hom kab txawv: ib qho kev tshwm sim ci ntsa iab uas los ntawm tam sim no thiab ploj los ntawm tam sim no, uas yog kiag li tsis ncaj ncees. Vim tias, raws li Armen Ghazaryan piav qhia, muaj yuav luag tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi hauv lub tuam tsev Byzantine ntawm lub xyoo pua 7. Peb tsis paub dab tsi txog nws, tsuas yog nyob hauv teb chaws Ottoman no yog lub sijhawm ntawm iconoclasm, tab sis los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kos duab thiab kos duab, lub sijhawm no rau Byzantium yog qhov sib txawv. Qhov sib txawv uas lub architecture ntawm Transcaucasian lub teb chaws ua tiav tiav, uas, txawm hais tias lawv yog tswv yim thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm Constantinople, txawm hais tias lawv tsim lawv tus kheej, tsis zoo li lwm yam, tsev kawm ntawv, txawm li ntawd los nyob rau hauv kev nkag siab dav (zoo li tom qab txheej thaum ub Lavxias yav dhau los architecture) suav nrog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Byzantine txoj kev nyiam.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov monuments ntawm Transcaucasia yog qhov nthuav dav hauv lawv tus kheej. Lub sijhawm nce qib zoo sib xws nrog kev tsim cov centric cross-domed hom ntawm lub tuam tsev (uas, peb nco ntsoov hauv kev paub kev sib txuas, tom qab xyoo pua VIII, tau los tsim tsa hauv Byzantium thiab, thiab lwm yam, los ua lub hauv paus rau Lavxias lub koom txoos, thiab raws li rau kev tshawb rau cov kws ua vaj tsev ntawm Italian Renaissance). Hauv Transcaucasian VII xyoo dhau los, hom kev ntsuas no nthuav dav thiab ntau txoj hauv kev: ntau hom tshwm sim ntawm no, los ntawm lub voos xwm txheej li niaj zaus nrog apses mus rau ntau lub octa thiab tetraconchs, suav nrog cov tuam tsev nrog daim phiaj paj pleev hauv ib qhov loj rotunda. Ntawm no koj tseem tuaj yeem pom ntau cov kev daws teeb meem zoo uas tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm Eastern Roman thiab Iranian haiv neeg; nws yog kev ua kom lub zog muaj zog thiab nquag ua ntawm kev ua kom dhau los, mob siab rau kev nrhiav, tsis yog rov tsim tawm.

Армен Казарян. «Церковная архитектура стран Закавказья VII века». М., 2012-2013. Фотография Ю. Тарабариной
Армен Казарян. «Церковная архитектура стран Закавказья VII века». М., 2012-2013. Фотография Ю. Тарабариной
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Армен Казарян. «Церковная архитектура стран Закавказья VII века». М., 2012-2013. Фотография предоставлена А. Казаряном
Армен Казарян. «Церковная архитектура стран Закавказья VII века». М., 2012-2013. Фотография предоставлена А. Казаряном
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Armen Ghazaryan tshuaj xyuas lub architecture ntawm Transcaucasia dav heev: phau ntawv muaj ob qho tib si Pantheon thiab Hagia Sophia, - nws qhov chaw, kov yeej cov teeb meem saum toj no ntawm autochthonous theories, hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm East thiab Mediterranean, zoo li hauv cov ntsiab lus teb ntawm cov neeg Lavxias niaj hnub, Armenian thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm sab hnub poob, hauv keeb kwm, kev hais lus thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Nws tsim ib ntu sijhawm nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Catholicos, lub taub hau ntawm lub Koom Txoos Armenian thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb, pleev xim duab ntawm lawv tus kheej los ntawm cov tuam tsev, raws li Erwin Panovsky pleev xim duab ntawm Abbot Suggerius los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm San Denis. Nrog rau tag nrho cov no, nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tias tsis muaj ib qho kev sib ntxiv mus, qhov kev tsom tseem nyob hauv architecture, ua tib zoo saib xyuas los ntawm ntau cov ces kaum thiab los ntawm ib qho chaw tsis meej pem, pom meej meej. Qee hom kev noj qab haus huv, tsis dhau hnub ci ntsa iab los ntawm oblique rays ntawm ib qho, qhov kev xav dhau lub zog. Architecture yog tsis raug rau txoj kev xav, nws yog manifested, thiab qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav. Nws, uas tej zaum yuav xav tsis thoob, tab sis qhov tseeb, reciprocates, tso cai rau nws tus kheej kom pom. Tus kws sau ntawv sau meej meej txog kev tsim thiab hom, hais txog kev xav - tseeb tiag, thiab yeej tsis tau kos tawm, txawm hais tias muaj qhov loj ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Cov hau kev no tau tshwm sim rau cov phau ntawv ntawm tus kws qhia ntawm Armen Kazaryan Alexei Komech, uas tau kawm txog architecture ntawm Kievan Rus, thiab qee qhov nws zoo siab heev kom nkag siab tias Komech lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj sia thiab loj hlob.

Армен Казарян. «Церковная архитектура стран Закавказья VII века». М., 2012-2013. Фотография предоставлена А. Казаряном
Армен Казарян. «Церковная архитектура стран Закавказья VII века». М., 2012-2013. Фотография предоставлена А. Казаряном
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Ntxiv rau, Kazaryan phau ntawv kuj yog ib qho catalog ntawm txhua lub monuments ntawm lub sijhawm, uas ua rau nws yog cov ntawv nyeem zoo thiab phau ntawv muaj tseeb. Tus sau tau tswj los daws ib qho teeb meem uas tau sib tham los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb xyoo 1990 siv sijhawm maj: yuav sau li cas txog architecture, sib tham txog teeb meem lossis tham txog monuments? Hauv thawj rooj plaub, cov monuments ploj, nws tsis yooj yim nrhiav cov lus tseeb uas tsim nyog hauv phau ntawv, hauv ob, cov lus nug theoretical ploj mus rau tom qab. Hauv qhov no, ib qho yuav tsum xav, kev sib xyaw ntawm ob txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm: tus sau ua ntej sau cov ncauj lus kom meej txog cov teeb meem ntawm txhua lub sijhawm, tom qab ntawd hauv cov ntawv teev npe, taw tes los ntawm taw tes (hom, ntawv nyeem, ua haujlwm, keeb kwm, bibliography, yos, kho kom zoo nkauj, kev khaws cia, thiab lwm yam) hauv kev nthuav dav piav txhua lub monument. Tag nrho cov no muaj nrog cov keeb kwm kos duab, duab thaij duab ntawm thaj chaw sib txawv ntawm thaj chaw sib txawv, cov duab qhia keeb kwm nrog ciam teb ntawm cov xeev thiab cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov cawv rau ntau ntu.

Hauv kev xaus, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub tsev kawm ntawv Moscow ntawm kev kawm keeb kwm ntawm architecture, cov txiv ntoo uas nws twv yuav raug hu, thiab rau kev kawm txog architecture ntawm Armenia, thiab hauv cov thoob ntiaj teb. - nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kuv los txiav txim lub hom phiaj ntawm no, tab sis thaj - yog, phau ntawv no yuav tseem ceeb rau cov keeb kwm ntawm Byzantine architecture. Ntawm qhov one tes, nws yog qhov tsim nyog, tab sis ntawm qhov tod, nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas nws tau tshwm sim tam sim no. Tam sim no, thaum tus txhawb pab yuav luag tau tawg ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam Keeb Kwm, txiav txim siab tias tsis tshua muaj tswv yim siv los ntawm nws. Thaum cov neeg sau keeb kwm nyob nws tsis paub meej dab tsi thiab thaum peb nco qab sau thiab sau txog ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1990, ntiv tes-tuab, luam tawm nrog cov khoom siv tau yooj yim ntawm cov ntawv tawg grey. Hmm … tam sim no hais tias lub koom haum Strelka tau tso phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Rem Koolhaas uas muaj 30 xyoo, thiab nws zoo li txhua tus neeg tau ua mus lawm yam tom ntej. Thiab thaum muaj ob peb tus neeg nyob hauv Moscow yeej paub txog dab tsi tshwm sim hauv Armenia thiab lawv nyob ntawm qhov twg.

Kev nyab xeeb zoo los ntawm phau ntawv no. Cov khoom, ua tiav thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhov tseem ceeb (uas yog, vim li cas ntawm qee tus neeg, tsis muaj qab hau, vim tias nws tsis tuaj yeem yuav khoom rau ncuav) kev tshawb fawb, ua txhua yam tshiab, thiab tsis yog txhais lus lossis luam ntawv tshiab. Nkawd tau luam tawm ib qhov twg tsis nyob ntawm no. Lwm Tiam. Thiab txawm hais tias tus kws sau ntawv, los ntawm nws tus kheej lees paub, tau nrhiav nyiaj rau kev tshaj tawm rau ntau tshaj peb lub xyoo, nws zoo li nws muaj nqis.

Hauv qab no, nrog kev pom zoo los ntawm tus sau, peb tshaj tawm cov lus ntawm phau ntawv nyeem ua ntej rau phau ntawv, sau los ntawm tus kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm kev kos duab Sharif Shukurov:

“Qhov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kws kho mob ntawm Science A. Yu. Kazaryan evokes tsis yog hwm xwb, tab sis kuj qhuas. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, kev txo qis ntawm lub meej mom ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem xav tias muaj plaub phau ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev kos duab ntawm Transcaucasus - Armenia, Georgia, Caucasian Albania - tshwm nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv. Txij tam sim no peb muaj nyob ntawm peb pov tseg ib phau ntawv qhia txog ntau yam keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm architecture ntawm Christian Transcaucasia nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub xyoo pua 7. - lub caij nyoog ntawm kev vam meej tshaj plaws. Armenian architecture, uas ua txoj haujlwm ntawm qhov yooj yim, siv rau Transcaucasus, muaj cov keeb kwm zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv domestic thiab Western. Raws li lub npe ntawm phau ntawv cuam tshuam, nws mob siab rau lub tsev teev ntuj architecture ntawm peb lub teb chaws ntawm Transcaucasus, uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov xeev ntawm thaj av. Ua ntej A. Yu. Kazaryan, zoo ib yam, tab sis tsis yog tag nrho cov lus pom zoo tau ua los ntawm N. Ya. Marr thiab J. Strzhigovsky.

Nws tsis txaus yuav hais tias phau ntawv los ntawm A. Yu. Kazaryan yog lub tswv yim tshiab, nws, ntxiv rau kev daws cov teeb meem tam sim no ntawm ntau yam teeb meem, kuj tau qhia ncaj qha rau cov neeg tsis sib haum xeeb hauv thaj tsam ntawm Transcaucasian architecture. Qhov no tau los ua tau, ntawm lwm yam, vim yog lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm tus neeg sau txoj kev xav, qhov no yog tus txheej txheem ntawm qee qhov kev xaj ntawm kev xav. Tsis muaj qhov tsis muaj kev hloov pauv yam tsis muaj kev xav tsim nyog. Txhawm rau qhia ib lo lus rau hauv tuab ntawm kev xav ntawm lwm tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub architecture ntawm Transcaucasus, ib qho xav tau tsis tsuas yog kev paub txog keeb kwm keeb kwm, ntawm chav kawm, ntawm cov monuments lawv tus kheej, tab sis kuj hloov maj mam methodological thiab theoretical siab. Txog A. Yu. Kazaryan qhov kev tsim kho tau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm ib qho ntawm lub qab ntug ntawm kev nkag siab tsis yog tsuas yog ntawm architecture, tab sis ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem kab lis kev cai uas tso cai rau cov architecture no.

Pib ntawm kev txhim kho kev ntseeg kev kos duab ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Transcaucasus ntog rau ntawm IV-V ib-paus xyoo, thiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua VII. nws khaus hnub cuam tshuam. Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas ib qho ntawm Cov Txheej Xwm tseem ceeb rau tag nrho architecture ntawm Transcaucasia ntog - feem ntau ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv nruab nrab-tshwm sim thiab lawv txoj kev pib pib. Qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov kev cai dab qhuas architecture nce zuj zus, uas tam sim ntawd pom nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm cov qauv kos duab no raws li Kev tshwm sim ntawm "ntev ntev" (longe durée) thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov qub. Rau Qhov Kev Lom Zem no tau muaj teeb meem tseem ceeb tsis yog rau Transcaucasia, tab sis txawm hais txog Byzantium thiab Iran lub sijhawm ntawd. Cia peb tsis txhob hnov qab tias nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no tias ib qho ntawm cov qauv hauv Cheeb Tsam no yog cov cim ntawm qhov cim ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub architecture ntawm Transcaucasus, uas dhau los ntawm txhua ntu txuas ntxiv ntawm nws cov tshwm sim. Puas tuaj yeem muaj kev ua xyem xyav txog qhov kev xav ntawm A. Yu. Kazaryan, tus uas mob siab siv zog heev rau qhov kev ua yeeb yaj kiab no?

Kev tsim kho ntawm tus sau zaj dab neeg kev paub zoo kuj suav nrog kev ua si ntawm Catholicos Komitas Akhtsetsi hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm Armenian architecture. Yog li ntawd, lub cev tseem ceeb ntawm Komitas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm ib qho chaw ua haujlwm architectural. Nws yog Komitas uas muaj kev hwm hauv kev txhim kho lub iconography ntawm central domed architecture ntawm Armenia. Lub rooj sib tham ua ntu zuj zus tsis tuaj yeem tsis muaj kev koom tes los ntawm ib tus neeg, tus neeg, thiab yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb thiab lub tswv yim ntawm Komitas 'cwm pwm tsis yog rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab, tab sis kuj rau Armenian nkauj nkauj thiab ntaub ntawv.

Komitas stylistically thiab iconographically pauv lub meej mom ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Armenian, qhia qhov no hauv qhov kev hloov pauv los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm kev tsim lub tsev teev ntuj St. Cov nplooj ntawv tau mob siab rau kev txhim kho ntawm Komitas 'cov tswv yim hauv Armenian architecture yog ntawm cov ci ntsa iab hauv phau ntawv los ntawm A. Yu. Kazaryan. Ib qho tsis tuaj yeem hais txog ib qho Ntxiv Ib qho keeb kwm hauv keeb kwm ntawm Armenian architecture txuam nrog lub npe ntawm Catholicos Nerses Taetsi, uas nws cov neeg niaj hnub hu ua lub tsev. Lub npe ntawm Catholicos Nerses tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim kho ntawm Zvartnots zoo nkauj thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov qauv ntawm Armenian architecture. Zoo sib xws, los ntawm kev muaj tswv yim los ntawm tus kav ntawm Armenia Grigor Mamikonyan, N. Ya. Marra Cathedral hauv Aruch. Nws, raws li tus kws sau ntawv, yog tus poj koob yawm txwv ntawm "domed nrog" hom architectural. Cov kws tshawb nrhiav tseem muab lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib cais ntawm lub xeev cov kab lis kev cai los ntawm qhov "classical". Qhov no tso cai rau peb txuas cov keeb kwm ntawm cov hom tuam tseem ceeb hauv xyoo pua 7. tsis nrog hauv zos, yooj yooj yim thiab qee zaum cov lus cob qhia, tab sis nrog cov tshwm sim thiab cov duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb "classics".

Lub siab xav ntawm tus sau phau ntawv rau systematize nws tshawb fawb yog to taub. Piv txwv li, kev qhia kom paub txog kev tsim qauv kos duab ua rau nws phau ntawv ntxiv kev ua kom zoo thiab poignancy. Lub siab xav ntawm A. Yu. Kazaryan tau xaj cov khoom hauv kev txiav txim siab tsis tso cai rau nws nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Transcaucasian txoj kev kos duab qub txeeg qub teg. Thaum phau ntawv hais txog cov pob txha caj qaum hauv lub tuam tsev Hripsime hauv Vagharshapat, tus kws sau ntawv tam sim ntawd thiab cia li rov qab hais txog tus tav ntawm Sassanian thiab Seljuk thaum ntxov. Cov lus xaus ntawm tus sau tsis tseem ceeb, ntau qhov tseem ceeb yog nws lub siab xav txog qhov no lossis qhov tshwm sim hauv kev sib txuas nrog thaj chaw ib puag ncig lub tsev kawm ntawv, yog nws Byzantium lossis Iran.

Qhov xwm txheej tom kawg ua qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm A. Yu. Kazaryan haiv neeg tsis ntse, Kuv xav hais tias, transcultural thiab sau txog kev paub txog keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm txuj ci tsim qauv ntawm Armenia, Georgia, Caucasian Albania.

Yog lawm, kev ua haujlwm ntawm A. Yu. Kazaryan muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev faded txaus siab nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb Lavxias. Tsuas yog ob peb tug, suav nrog peb cov kws tshawb nrhiav, txuas ntxiv dag zog rau kev ua haujlwm dhau los ntawm cov monuments, uas los txog niaj hnub no pom txoj kev xav ntawm txawm tias cov neeg tsis paub txog lub hauv paus ntawm architecture."

Sh. M. Shukurov

Tus kws kho mob ntawm Arts, Lub taub hau ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm Sib Luag

Lub koom haum ntawm Oriental Kev Kawm ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb

Nyob rau hauv teb rau cov nyeem ntawv thov, peb qhia koj tias tam sim no phau ntawv no tuaj yeem yuav los ntawm tus sau. Plaub lub raug nqi 4,000 rubles.

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