Izvestia Quarter ze rau Pushkinskaya Square yog feem ntau Moscow, ib tus txawm hais hypertrophied Moscow, hauv kev nkag siab tias nws sawv cev rau txhua lub ntsiab tseem ceeb hauv lub nroog architecture txij thaum nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 19th. Nov yog ib qhov piv txwv ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab sijhawm, tab sis feem ntau nws yog qhov kev ua tau zoo heev, kiag li tsis muaj cov slums.
Alexey Ginzburg tau ua haujlwm ntawm lub nroog no rau xya xyoo tam sim no, sib zog los tiv thaiv txhua txheej ntawm kev txhim kho hauv nroog, thiab qhov twg ua tau, rov kho keeb kwm kev ncaj ncees - hauv kev tshwj xeeb, nws qhib thiab khaws cov cib ntsa ntawm cov laj kab hluav taws rau ob lub tsev chav tsev thiab rau Izvestia Barkhin - vim tias nws tau yog. Qhov tshwm sim muaj xim zoo nkauj thiab tshiab, nyob rau hauv Moscow-style yuav luag zoo li Lentulov: ib hom kev ua qauv zoo ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov vaj tse Moscow; 4 lub tsev ntawm theem 1 yog tam sim no ua tiav. Peb tau tham txog Barkhin Izvestia thiab Tyulyaeva lub tsev chav ntawm Dmitrovka, tam sim no peb tab tom tham txog ob lub tsev ntxiv: Dolgorukov-Bobrinsky qub txeeg qub teg ntawm xyoo 1850 thiab lub tsev ntawm cov chaw sau ntawv xov xwm ntawm Russkoye Slovo xov xwm los ntawm Ivan Sytin, tsim los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse Adolf Erichson nyob rau xyoo 1904. Lawv tau nyob rau ob txoj hauv kev thaiv: sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob, ib qho qhib Malaya Dmitrovka, lwm qhov saib ntawm Tverskaya.
Cov Vaj Tsev ntawm Dolgorukov-Bobrinsky
Txij li xyoo 2007 - ib qho chaw tsim cov cim cuab yeej cuab tam, nws muaj ntau lub hauv paus lus sib piv, nrog rau kev mus ntsib los ntawm Pushkin xyoo 1832 (kom paub meej ntxiv
post ntawm Archnadzor 2013; tom qab ntawv ua haujlwm tsuas tau npaj tseg). Nws suav nrog cov phab ntsa ntawm estates thib ob ib nrab ntawm 18th - thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo, uas feem ntau ib txwm muaj cov tsev nyob hauv Moscow chaw; Tyulyaeva lub tsev nyob ib sab ntawm Dmitrovka tseem muaj cov thooj ntawm Amir qub txeeg qub teg. Lub caij no, ob lub tsev ntawv uas peb pom tias yog xyoo 1853-1856. Tseem muaj ob peb lub keeb kwm hauv zos "ntawv cim" ntawm lub tsev, Moscow Archaeological Society of Count Alexander Uvarov tau ntsib ntawm no, thiab txij li xyoo 1947 txog 1964 cov thawj tswj hwm ntawv sau npe ntawm "New World" tau ua haujlwm los ntawm kev ua thawj coj ntawm Simonov, tom qab ntawd Tvardovsky. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau ntawm kaum ntawm kev txhim kho thiab lub tsev, lub tsev npias tau nyob, uas tau hloov los ntawm kev twv txiaj yuam pov thaum xyoo 1990. Lub sijhawm no, lub tsev tau muaj neeg los ntawm ntau tus neeg xauj: chaw ua haujlwm, khw muag khoom, chav pw. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no, tom qab kho kom rov qab, lub tsev kuj tseem npaj siab yuav xaub tsev, feem ntau yuav ua haujlwm rau chaw haujlwm.
Cov pub thiab cov twv txiaj yuam pov nyob rau hauv kaum tsev tsis tau thim rov qab, tab sis lub tiaj ua si pem hauv ntej thiab lub laj kab, uas muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm Novy Mir editorial chaw ua haujlwm, tau rov qab los. Cov poob-cam khwb cia hlau-ntsa los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub xwmfab kuj tau rov qab mus rau nws qhov chaw. Cov npoo qhov rai tau rov qab: cov txheej txheem sab nrauv txias rov ua dua tus qauv ntawm lub qhov rais keeb kwm uas paub los ntawm cov duab thiab cov ciaj sia, thiab lub qhov rais ob sab ntsia rau sab hauv rau sab nraud rau cov cua sov yog xyaum tsis pom ntawm txoj kev. Lub meander-edged railing tau hloov los ntawm cov kev tsheb ciav hlau yooj yim.
Xyoo 1930, sab xis ntawm lub tsev txuas nrog txuas ntxiv ntawm peb chav; Nyob rau tag nrho, tag nrho lub tsev, uas tsis tshua muaj neeg ua haujlwm, hu ua kev ua si los ntawm Alexei Ginzburg: muaj ntau cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg hauv nws thiab tsis muaj ib chav nyob tib yam nkaus. Phab ntsa tau "nthuav tawm," thiab tag nrho lub tsev "ntsia zoo nkauj tshaj qhov zoo nkauj rau zaj duab xis Kinz-Dza dua li qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Moscow," tus kws tshaj lij hais tias; cov ntoo hauv pem teb tau deformed thiab raug rau txoj kev. Cov plag tsev thiab cov nthab yuav tsum tau hloov nrog cov tsev pob zeb tiv thaiv.
Ntawm qhov nruab nrab sab hauv keeb kwm, cov kws ua vaj tsev rov qab tsuas yog cov uas tau tiv thaiv: tus ntaiv ntaiv thiab ib feem ntawm chav tsev thib ob; cov kauj ruam hauv pob zeb, lub pob zeb nkag ntawm cov pob zeb pilasters, stucco mouldings tau rov qab los, lub ru tsev ntoo hla ntawm theem ntaiv tsis tuaj yeem khaws cia, tab sis nws tau hloov los ntawm ntoo ib.
Ib qho ntawm qhov teeb meem pom tseeb tshaj plaws tau muab los ua ntsev, uas impregnated ob lub qhov khoob khoob-pob zeb hauv qab daus thiab av ci. Cov phab ntsa tau tshem cov ntsev kom ntev, cov haujlwm no tseem txuas ntxiv txawm tias lub caij ntuj sov; tom qab ua tiav ntawm kev ua kev ntxuav tu, cov ntsa ntsa hauv lub tshav puam - raws li peb nco qab, ua raws li keeb kwm qhov tseeb, Alexey Ginzburg tawm lawv cov av cib - tau them nrog hydrophobic compound.
Tom qab kho dua tshiab, lub tsev nrhiav cov xim daj los hloov liab dawb, tej zaum vim hais tias qhov style ntawm nws cov fa facade qee zaum txhais tau tias yog classicism lig. Nws ua rau khub ci ntsa iab nrog Tyulyaeva lub tsev ntawm Malaya Dmitrovka: daj thiab lub teeb ntsuab rau lwm qhov nrog ci ntsa iab ntsuab av ci. Lwm qhov "neeg nyob ze" ntawm Dolgorukov-Bobrinsky qub txeeg qub teg yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Nativity hauv Putinki nyob rau sab nraud ntawm txoj kev, ib qho ntawm "tus qauv" thiab cov pawg ntseeg nto moo ntawm xyoo pua 17. Txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv yog 200 xyoo, ua ke lawv nco txog undersized Moscow, lub nroog uas, tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20, thiab tom qab ntawd lub sijhawm Stalinist kev tsim kho, tau yuav luag hloov pauv.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov qub txeeg qub tes cuam tshuam nrog Izvestia lub tsev - zoo li qub Moscow thiab tshiab. ***
Lub tsev ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Lavxias Lo Lus
Yog hais tias cov qub txeeg qub teg nyob rau ntawm kaum ntawm Malaya Dmitrovka yog tus sawv cev ntawm "qub Moscow" ib feem ntawm lub quarter, qis, ntau-txheej, xis, ces lub tsev kho mob, nyob rau hauv uas Ivan Sytin nws tus kheej nyob, nyob rau hauv ib zaug yog lub cim ntawm novelty: los ntawm cov nplai ntawm kev tshaj tawm kev lag luam - los ntawm 1917 Sytin yuav yuav luag tag nrho lub quarter, tsuas yog Tyulyaeva tsev, hais tias Aleksey Ginzburg, mus txog Art Nouveau architecture nrog mascarons thiab lub ntsej muag ncab. Lub tsev tsim cim pib ntawm qhov tshiab, luam tawm kev tshaj lij tshwj xeeb hauv ntu no ntawm lub nroog. Tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Lub Kaum Hli, Russkoe Slovo tau kaw sai sai, txawm hais tias nws tiv thaiv Soviet zog rau yuav luag ib xyoos, txog rau thaum Lub Xya Hli 1918, nyob hauv ntau lub npe. Txij xyoo 1921, chav lis haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm Trud tau tuaj yeem nyob hauv Sytin lub tsev.
Xyoo 1979, Sytin lub tsev tau tsiv ntawm 400 lub pawm skating, kom tsis txhob nthuav dav ntawm txoj kev, tab sis nce thaj tsam thaj tsam ntawm lub tuam tsev Izvestia tshiab, tau tsim ua ntej. Ntawd yog, lawv tsis tau tsiv los ntawm Tverskaya mus rau hauv lub qhov tob hauv peb lub hlis twg, tab sis mus rau sab qaum teb sab qaum teb: ob chav tsev ntawm peb lub tsev nyob, nruab nrab ntawm cov chaw sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias Cov lus tshaj tawm hauv xyoo 1904, tau rhuav tshem lub sijhawm ntawd - hauv xyoo 1960. Sytinsky lub tsev tau tsiv 33 meters mus rau kaum ntawm Nastasinsky Lane; Ntxiv mus, xyoo 1979 cov txheej txheem no tsis siv 2-3 lub hlis, xws li xyoo 1930, tab sis peb hnub - cov tsho khuam hydraulic tau muaj zog dua (saib "Technology ntawm Cov Hluas" No. 8 1979).
Ib qho kab npoo monolithic tau coj nyob hauv qab lub tsev - nws tau pom lub sijhawm ua haujlwm - nws tau ntxiv dag zog rau sab hauv nrog cov nqaj hlau, sab nraum tag nrho thawj theem tau ncig los ntawm cov ntaub qhwv hlau thiab dov rau ntawm 400 chais. Sab nram qab phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev tseem nyob hauv nws qhov chaw thiab tom qab ntawd tau muab rhuav pov tseg. Tom qab ntawd Sytin lub tsev raug rov qab kho dua, tab sis pheej yig thiab ua tib zoo: qhov qub "joinery" ntawm lub qhov rais thav duab tau hloov nrog ib qho tshiab thiab tsis zoo. Alexei Ginzburg hais tias "Tab sis qhov kev tiv thaiv zoo li Sytin qhov chaw ua haujlwm tau txais chav tsev nrog Soviet phab ntsa thiab qab nthab," feem ntau nws yuav yog xyoo 1950, tab sis nws yeej tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau Sytin. " Thaum lub sijhawm rov kho dua ntawm xyoo 1980, cov pob zeb zoo nkauj nrog cov nplais roj tshwm rau ntawm ob sab phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev, txog thaum ntawd, nrog cov npog tsheb - feem ntau yuav yog nruab nrab ntawm 1982 thiab 1985.
Tus kws tshaj lij txuas ntxiv hais tias "Nws tau nthuav dav rau peb kom kho cov khoom ploj thaum hloov mus ntawm lub tsev thiab ua ntej ntawd,". Hauv tshwj xeeb, cov phab ntsa dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov qhov ntsej muag muaj rov qab tau ua tiav, ua daim npog ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev kawg. Daim duab ntoo ci nrog lub paj ntawm lub ntsej muag kub tau rov qab. Thawj theem tau rov ua dua-vuas nrog beige vuas - nws nyuaj hais tias thaum twg, tab sis los ntawm 1960s nws twb tau hloov nrog plaster rustic; ntxuav cov vuas ntawm cov plag tsev sab saud, tom qab ntawd nws tau muab tawm tias thaum lub caij so Soviet nws tau raug kho nrog cov vuas ntawm cov xim sib txawv - cov faadeade tig mus ua qhov tsis zoo; lig Soviet cov ntsiab lus tau varnished, uas ua kom cov teeb tsa zoo li qub. Txhua cov vuas qub tau mothballed. Lub qhov rai npoo tau ua tiav los ntawm cov duab qub. Cov qhov rai hauv av qis dua; Alexei Ginzburg xa rov tuaj rau lawv cov qauv qub ntawm chav dej showcases nrog iav mus rau txoj kev pua kev, thiab nws tsis yog tsis muaj kev sib cav: thaum lub sijhawm sib pom zoo, nws tau xav tias tus kws kes duab vajtse tsis tau tsim cov khoom qub ntawm xyoo 1904, tab sis tau sim txhim kho cov tshiab. Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim.
Cov hlau fittings ntawm qhov sib sib sib zog nqus tau kho pob kws thiab balconies tau tag nrho cov xeb; tab sis cov kws teeb tsa tau txiav txim siab tsis rov ua dua tshiab rau lawv, tab sis ntxiv dag zog rau lawv nrog anchors thiab pins, ntshai tias nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kos duab nouveau plastics hauv peb lub sijhawm, yog li cov pob kws thiab lub tiaj tsev tseem muaj tseeb. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kho kom zoo nkauj hneev ntawm lub sijhawm xyoo 1980s ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws tau raug tshwj tseg.
Thawj theem ntaiv ntawm Sytinsky "Lavxias Lo Lus" kuj tau rhuav thaum xyoo 1980 - thaum chav tsev ua yeeb yam Izvestia tau txuas rau lub tsev tsiv ntawm ib sab ntawm Nastasinsky Lane, tom qab ntawd tig mus rau Kodak kinomir xinesmas (nws
kaw hauv 2012). Hauv lub sijhawm 1980s - 2000s, lub ntsiab nkag mus rau Sytinsky lub tsev yog theem ntaiv los ntawm "Kinomir". Tam sim no cov kws ua haujlwm ntawm Alexei Ginzburg lub chaw lis haujlwm tau tsim ib tus ntaiv tshiab sab hauv thiab cov tub ntxhais sib txuas lus tshiab los hloov qhov kev ploj thaum xyoo 1980s.
Hauv pem teb txheej txheem tau muab zais rau hauv cov nthab txias hauv qab lub ru tsev, muab nws nrog "gill" qhov rau kev tso cua tawm, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm khaws cov tsoos silhouette ntawm lub tsev tsis thab nws nrog kev tawm tsam "fungi" ntawm lub ventshakht, - Alexey Ginzburg yog li.
Qab nthab sab hauv yog tsim los ntawm Vladimir Shukhov, hais tias tus kws kes duab vajtse, thiab suav nrog I-nqaj nrog lub suab ntawm 1.2 m thiab ib daim duab hlau ua haujlwm txog 10 cm tuab, txhawb nqa nrog av ci ci. Tsis xav thauj cov plag tsev qub thiab yog li ntsuam xyuas nws rau lub zog, tshiab monolithic slabs tau ua siab dua, khaws cia ob leeg Shukhov cov qauv thiab stucco molding tshwj tseg rau lawv txij hauv qab no. Cov kws tsim vaj tsev tsis ua tiav cov stucco molding - txij li thaj chaw npaj tau los khiab tsev yam tsis tau ua tiav, nws txoj kev khaws cia thiab kev ua kom zoo nkauj nyob ntawm lub siab ntawm cov neeg xauj. Ob theem qis tsev ntawm lub tsev tam sim no tau npaj siab yuav muab rau cov khw, sab saud 2.5 rau cov khw noj mov. ***
Kuv xav tias nws tau pom tseeb los ntawm zaj dab neeg ntau npaum li cas Alexei Ginzburg yog qhov txaus siab los ntawm lub ncauj lus ntawm kev rov kho dua qub thaum khaws cia ob qho tib si cov keeb kwm zoo li qub thiab cov khoom qub ntawm cov tuam tsev. Qhov kev txum tim rov qab los no, ntawm ib sab tes, yog qhov ua tau txhij txhua thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws, thiab ntawm lwm qhov, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, tsim rau tsis yog museification, tab sis rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv. Uas nkag mus rau ntau qhov kev xaus: muaj tseeb connoisseurs xav qhia, Kuv xav tias, los rov ua haujlwm tshaj tawm ntawm Sytinsky lub tsev thiab ua tiav txhua yam nyob sab hauv … Qhov tseeb, ib qho teeb meem ntawm peb lub sijhawm yog kev tawm tsam ntawm perfectionism thiab pragmatism thiab lawv tsis muaj peev xwm pom zoo ntawm lawv tus kheej. Qee tus, cia peb hu lawv lub qub Muscovites, thov ntau dhau, lwm tus tsis quav ntsej lawv cov kev thov ntawm lub hauv paus no, ua qhov lawv xav tias tsim nyog. Kev sib zog ua haujlwm ntawm Alexei Ginzburg yog qhov piv txwv thim rov qab, ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov tsim nyog, tab sis los ntawm tsis muaj kev ntuav tawm, kev pom zoo, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, Kuv ntseeg, rau lub nroog.
