Thawj zaug luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov khoom sau: Hniav kos duab thiab cov ncauj lus ntsig txog ib puag ncig. Ntawv Los Ntawm MGHPA. Naj npawb 3. Ntu 1 Moscow, 2020 p. 21-31. Kev fwm ntawm tus sau. Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Art Deco hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas tau tuaj thaum xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s. thiab nws qhov tsim tau cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau qhov chaw, ob qho tib si keeb kwm thiab cuam tshuam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog qhov hu ua. "Qauv ntawm Xyoo 1925", uas muaj nyob hauv cov tuam tsev muaj npe nrov ntawm "International Exhibition of Hniav Zoo Nkauj thiab Txuj Ci Kev Lag Luam", tau qhib hauv Paris thaum lub Plaub Hlis 28, 1925. Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau cov tswv yim txuj ci thiab tectonic, cov qauv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tseem tsim ua tsaug rau kev npaj hauv nroog thiab cov kev txwv kev cai.
Txoj cai lij choj New York zoning ntawm xyoo 1916, uas txwv cov tsev tshiab ua lub tsev sai kawg rau kev ua haujlwm silhouette, yog kev txiav txim siab rau qhov tsim ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov skyscrapers. [1] Xyoo 1922, H. Corbett thiab H. Ferris tso kev tsim qauv rau pej thuam, suav txog nws cov tseev kom muaj. Thiab txij ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, neoarchaic, kev xav hauv nruab nrab pib xav txog yog lub tswv yim muaj txiaj ntsig. Yog li txoj cai zoning ntawm xyoo 1916, tsis pom zoo rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tsev siab, tau txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm tectonic thinning ntawm tus yees, tsim cov neo-Aztec yielding thiab neo-Gothic silhouette ntawm Asmeskas lub nroog.
Hauv lub xyoo 1920 thiab 1930, canyon aesthetics hloov cov tsoos proportions ntawm txoj kev thiab vaj tse nrog cov pob kws ua dhau los. Hauv Chicago, lub chaw thib ob rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv tshiab, hauv lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1927 txog 1930. Holabert & Ruth, nrog rau Graham, Anderson, Probst thiab White, tab tom tsim tsib theem skyscrapers txhua tus hauv neoarchaic, Mesoamerican Art Deco. Monumental, nyob sib tawm tsam ib leeg, lawv tau npaj los sib tw nrog kev ua tiav ntawm neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1900-1910, thiab ntawm lawv tus kheej. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem pab tab sis qhuas, thiab qhov no yog li cas Soviet cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm 1930s strove ua haujlwm. Ntxiv mus, Art Deco neoarchaism pom lwm qhov, lub teb chaws los ntawm kev tshoov siab hauv Tebchaws Meskas - cov chaw thuam ntawm R. Walker hauv New York tau rov qab mus rau lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj ntawm Monument Valley cliff (xws li, Western Union Building, 1930 thiab AT Tee Lub Tsev Mus Ntev Deb, 1932). Cov kauj ruam thiab npog nrog bas-reliefs, kos duab Art Deco zoo li yog qhov tsim ntawm Aztecs thiab Mayans uas tau nce mus saum ntuj. [2]
Qhov Art Deco style tau tshwm sim thaum xyoo 1910s-1930 ua cov lus sib txuam thiab yas hloov mus rau neoclassicism (keeb kwm). Yog li, tus yam ntxwv ntawm Asmeskas Art Deco yog qhov ploj zuj zus, lub tiaj ntawm cov décor, cov ntawv loj thiab cov yas sib txawv ntawm cov tsis tshua muaj lub suab nkauj thiab cov grandiose, austerely daws tau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm pej thuam. Ib yam li kev ua haujlwm ntawm Louis Sullivan, qhov rooj nkag ntawm lub tuam tsev skyscrapers tau nplua nuj heev tab sis sib ze. Art Deco masters tsis nthuav dav qhov qub kev xav, xws li yog cov duab ntawm grandiose, "inhabited" cov duab qub thaum ub thiab qhov txwv ntawm qhov teev ntawm nws lub ntsej muag. Lub Art Deco bas-reliefs tsim nyob rau hauv cov qib siab tau sib txawv ntawm qhov txawv ntawm cov yas ntawm cov keeb kwm kev ntseeg. Cov no tau txhob txwm pluav, cov lus qhia me me uas zoo li tau poob ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej mus rau hauv txoj kev tsis hloov lawv qhov loj me.
Art Deco yas yog cov tsis tshua muaj neeg nyiam - nws tuaj yeem yog qhov qhia tau, geometric, lossis txhob txwm tshaj tawm, "o" lossis aerodynamic, tsim nyob rau hauv kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub npe. dej ntws. Tsis lees paub txog Greco-Roman tus ntawv tshaj lij, Art Deco tso cai rau cov kws sau ntawv los ua kom pom lawv txoj kev xav thiab kev ua tsis zoo. Yog li, piv txwv li, ib qho tshwj xeeb muag txhais ntawm daim ntawv, uas rov qab mus rau qhov chaw ntawm yas ntawm tus mlom thiab cov neeg Iyiv txheej thaum ub, tau los rau hauv Vogue. Ua haujlwm ntse, geometrization ntawm silhouettes thiab kos duab ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau dhau los ua lwm, rov qab zam ntawm xyoo 1920-1930. Nws tsis muaj qhov sib xws tias thaum lub xyoo ntawm nws tsim, cov qauv ntawm xyoo 1920-1930 tau txais cov npe "zigzag-niaj hnub", "jazz-modern" thiab zoo li, hais txog Cubist hauv paus ntawm Art Deco. Geometry, kev yooj yim los ua lub cim sib txawv ntawm Art Deco thiab neoclassicism, kom pom tseeb raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov duab puab tshaj lij ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws thiab cov bas-reliefs ntawm Mesoamerica. [3]
Yog li, qhov kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tuam tsev saum toj siab tuaj yeem coj daim ntawv ntawm geometrization ntawm historicism (American Radiator Building) thiab yas kev npau suav (Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob), cov qhabnias tiag tiag lossis qhov kawg, paub daws teeb asceticism. Skyscrapers yuav tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog geometrized, neoarchaic (Inter Continental Hotel), cov ntsiab lus kev npau suav, lossis lawv tuaj yeem yog cov tsis tuaj yeem. Thiab, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib txuam, pom tau tus qauv. Lub hnab yas ntawm cov yees no tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm avant-garde, kev nrhav tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910 thiab cov kab ntawm xyoo 1925 kev nthuav qhia, ntxiv rau cov teeb meem nyuaj ntawm cov dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog cov pyramids ntawm cov kev vam meej puag thaum ub uas tsim tsa ob qhov chaw nkaum ntawm cov thim-pob thiab cov silhouette ntxhab ntawm Art Deco tus yees. Xws li yog cov yas thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg neoarchaism ntawm America's Art Deco.
Thawj thawj zaug, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tiaj tiaj tiaj thiab kev noj zaub mov thiab kev ua kom lub suab zoo, tus yam ntxwv ntawm Art Deco, yuav nqa tawm hauv New York los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse R. Walker. Lub Tuam Tsev Barclay-Vezier (txij xyoo 1923) yog thawj Art Art skyscraper tsim ua ntej xyoo 1925 kev nthuav dav. [4] Nyob rau hauv nws cov architecture, ntau yam ntawm stylistic keeb kwm yog pom tseeb - qhov no yog qhov zoo nkauj ntawm txoj kev tso dag neo-Aztec silhouette, thiab ib txoj hauv kev, nyob hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm cubism, muaj pes tsawg leeg, nrog rau cov tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig, tau mob siab rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm L. Sullivan, yos rov qab mus rau Middle East, Romanesque thiab Celtic cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Tib yam yuav yog lub tsev siab ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tig ntawm 1920s-1930s.
Txawm li cas los xij, lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim ntawm cov style ntawm skyscrapers ntawm 1925 International Exhibition ntawm Kev Ua Zoo Nkauj thiab Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam hauv Paris?
Lub rooj nthuav qhia hauv Paris, Ameslikas npaj rau xyoo 1914 thiab muaj nyob rau xyoo 1925 tom qab qhov kev tsim kho ncua ntev, nrhiav los ua kom muaj kev rov qab los ntawm kev nplua nuj ua ntej ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev, thiab sau txhua qhov kev nrhav tshiab ntawm thawj peb lub hlis xyoo thib nees nkaum. Nws cov pavilions, raws li tom qab lub skyscrapers ntawm America, tau tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm orientalism thiab neoarchaic - ib txoj kab silhouette, flattened fantasy-geometrized reliefs, rov qab ua kom zoo nkauj thiab cov keeb kwm kev paub txog ascetic. Xws li cov Fabkis kev ua lag luam "Studio Louvre" thiab "Primavera", "Pomont" thiab "Metriz", yuav khoom tom khw ntawm Pont Alexandre III. Thiab ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov "style ntawm xyoo 1925" tau nkag mus rau Tebchaws Meskas yog qhov khoom plig zoo nkauj ntawm hlau muaj npe nrov Edgar Brandt, tus neeg koom nrog hauv Paris nthuav tawm. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1925, lawv tau kho lub tsev Madison Belmont hauv New York. Xyoo 1925 kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris "tau muab lub npe" rau cov qauv ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 thiab tau dhau los ua nws tshaj tawm, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem txhais nkaus xwb txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm skyscrapers. [tsib]
Art Deco architecture ntawm 1925 Paris Kev Tshaj Tawm thiab Asmeskas architecture ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 muaj cov keeb kwm sib xws uas ua rau ob qho tshwm sim. Cov theem nrab uas ploj mus ntawm qhov kev rho tawm ntawm L. Sullivan thiab F. L. Wright hauv 1890-1900s, thiab Dutch architecture ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1910-1920 los ua kev nthuav tawm loj heev ntawm cov qauv tshiab. Nws tau nyob hauv Amsterdam, thawj zaug tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Thoob Ntiaj Teb thiab Wright cov haujlwm ntawm xyoo 1900, qhov piv txwv ntawm kev npau suav-geometrized décor tau tshwm sim, thiab qhov kev sim no loj heev, ntseeg tau. Ntxiv mus, cov no tsis yog ib ntus cov qauv tsim tsuas yog siv rau qhov kev ua yeeb yam, tab sis ib puag ncig hauv nroog. [6] Dutch cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab yog thawj qhov kev xav txog lub peev xwm ntawm Wright lub hom phiaj thiab tau pib tsim nws, thiab thaum xyoo 1920 tus tsim ntawm American Art Deco yuav ua raws lawv txoj hauv kev. Yog li tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov kab tuaj txog ntawm Chicago (los ntawm Sullivan thiab Wright), Paris thiab Amsterdam, Art Deco America tau dhau los ua ib lub sijhawm ntawm kev thov loj thiab sib sau ua ke ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem yav dhau los.
Lub caij nyoog ntawm kev rov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv uas yuav hloov pauv Art Deco tseem yog xyoo 1890-1900. Cov kab qauv uas sib tshuam ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s rov qab rau thaum ntxov Art Deco era, thiab rau ob peb xyoo lawm lawv yuav hloov, sib tw thiab tsim qauv hauv ntiaj teb. Xyoo 1893, Wright tshuav Sullivan kev cob qhia, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm ob tus neeg txawj ntse no yuav tsim ob txoj kev taug uas American Art Deco yuav tsim tom qab. Lub xyoo caum kawg ntawm 19th caug xyoo yog rau Louis Sullivan ib lub sijhawm ntawm txoj kev vam meej, qhov xwm txheej ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1890, nws nquag ua hauj lwm nrog kev npau suav, lub tswv yim décor, thaum Wright tsim nws tus kheej geometrized architecture.
Wright lub tswv yim Art Art thaum ntxov yog lub tuam tsev Unity hauv Oak Park, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab décor geometric décor (1906). [7] Thiab nyob rau hauv nws cov architecture, nws pom tseeb thiab mob siab rau Nyiv kab lis kev cai (tshwj xeeb hauv sab hauv), thiab tus tswv tshawb pom ntawm cov txuj ci tshiab. [8] Daim ntawv ntxim nyiam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj no nrog lub zog tsis txaus ntseeg "hits" nyob rau hauv ob qho kev qhia, nws kwv yees ob qho tib si neoarchaism ntawm Art Deco thiab tsis suav txog ntawm avant-garde. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov duality no uas yuav yog cov xeeb ceem ntawm cov qauv ntawm skyscrapers.
Xyoo 1910-1920 tau dhau los ua ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev tshiab rau Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas, thiab tom qab xyoo 1925 kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris, kev zam rau kev coj ua tshiab, Art Deco yuav ua tiav tag nrho cov nroog ntawm Amelikas. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum ntxov li xyoo 1910, ob phau ntawv ntawm F. L. Wright (qhov thiaj li hu ua portfolio ntawm E. Wasmut). Nws muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau kev txhim kho ob avant-garde thiab kos duab dai kom zoo nkauj hauv Tebchaws Europe. [9] Lub tuam tsev Unity teb cov lus teb yog lub tsev ntawm lub tsev khaws nyiaj (G. Elte, 1927) thiab lub Tuam Tsev Jerusalem (FB Jantsen, 1929), ua hauv Amsterdam thiab rov hais nws cov ntawv. Qhov chaw tos txais ntawm Sokolniki metro chaw nres tsheb hauv Moscow (1935), ua los ntawm cov kab rov tav thiab cov thav duab, ntxiv rau plinths nrog cov yam ntxwv vases, tau los ua qhov tsis tshua muaj nqis rau cov qauv ntawm Chicago tus tswv thiab cov kev hloov hauv USSR. [kaum]
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Frank Lloyd Wright nyob rau xyoo 1900 thiab 1920 tshwm li kev tawm zuj zus los ntawm "prairie style" mus rau lub tswvyim ntawm "textile blocks". Thiab cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshoov siab rau tus tswv thaum lub xyoo no yog cov keeb kwm ntawm Aztecs thiab Mayans. [11] Cawv ntawm archaic, Mesoamerican architecture ntawm Wright lub style yog kev ncaj ncaj tab sis tseem ceeb. Nws tsis yog stylization. Txawm li cas los xij, monumental tshaj tawm lub hauv paus, thiab ob chav kab rov tav, thav ntawv ("tsev muaj suab paj nruag", Tsev Robie), thiab siv tawv ntawm cov ntoo pliav thiab cov qauv (Winslow tsev, Midway Gardens, Herman lub chaw cia khoom), thiab txawm tias lub ru tsev tiaj (Lub Tuam Tsev Koom Tes) - txhua qhov no tau nyob rau tib lub sij hawm rov qab xav txog cov duab ntawm txheej thaum ub, Mesoamerican architecture, ua ntej txhua yam, cov tuam tsev ntawm Uxmal, thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg, cov neeg muaj txuj ci zoo.
Thaum tig ntawm lub xyoo 1910-1920, Wright tau pib ua haujlwm hauv Nyij Pooj thiab Los Angeles, qhov chaw uas nws ua lub tsev zoo kawg nkaus ntawm vaj tsev thiab tsev loj. Ua hauv lub architecture ntawm qhov thiaj li hu ua. "Textile blocks", lawv tau embodied paradoxical thiab kev paub ua ke ntawm neoarchaic thiab technologies motives. [12] Yog li, kev hloov tshiab ntawm F. L. Cov Ncauj Lus nyob rau xyoo 1910 thiab 20s muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tsev thiab kev ua kom ze rau Art Deco kev ua kom zoo nkauj. [kaum peb]
Xyoo 1924, Wright nws tus kheej qhia tau hais tias koj tuaj yeem hloov qhov style ntawm nws lub tsev loj mus rau hauv skyscrapers: rau Chicago, nws tsim lub Txiaj Ntsig Lub Tebchaws Pab Nyiaj Lub Neej. Nws txoj kev pom zoo yog txoj cai tswjfwm ntawm txoj cai zoning, thiab tsuas yog tus txheej txheem ntawm tiaj geometrized nyem tau, raws li nws zoo li, tiag tiag neoarchaic, Mesoamerican. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm nrog cov ntawv ntxig hniav (qauv, "textures") pom lwm qhov chaw hauv tebchaws Asmeskas - kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Louis Sullivan yuav yog lub harbinger ntawm ca Art Deco bas-reliefs.
Hauv nws cov haujlwm, Sullivan, rov qab rau xyoo 1890, tau hais lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab pluav plhaw uas yog kev ua kom zoo nkauj rau kev ua haujlwm nruab nrab thiab qhov chaw nkag. [14] Cov no yog cov vaj tsev ntawm tus tswv hauv St. Louis (1891), Chicago (1893), Buffalo (1894), New York (1899) thiab lwm tus. Txoj kev ua haujlwm nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm ntau lub chaw haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm, nws yog Sullivan leej twg pib siv qhov sib piv ntawm cov suab lus zoo nkauj thiab austerity, impost thiab flattened nyem, thiab yog li yuav Art Deco skyscrapers. Lawv cov xim ua kom zoo nkauj muaj xws li neoarchaic motive thiab fantasy - geometric, technocrat, zoo li Wright's, thiab floral, orientalistic, zoo li Sullivan's. Txawm li cas los xij, ob qho tib si masters cia siab rau lawv cov txuj ci uas yog tus txawj kos duab, txua khoom, thiab qub txeeg qub teg, qub txeeg qub teg. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov no duality ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj, ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm stylization thiab kev hloov kho tshiab, uas tau pauv rau xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 los ntawm Sullivan thiab Wright rau cov qauv ntawm skyscrapers.
Art Deco skyscrapers tau tsim, ib tug yuav hais tias, hauv "kev coj tus yam ntxwv xyoo 1925", tab sis lawv cov ntsiab lus ua rau pom qhov txawv ntawm kev kos los ntawm lawv tus kheej, nrog cov txuj ci. Qab lawv ib tug yuav xav tias ib tug haib kab lis kev cai, ib tug loj sim, uas twb muab tawm tsuas yog daws kev daws teeb meem. Cov qauv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tau pom los ntawm prism ntawm nws tus kheej cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Thiab yog tias rau Paris ntawm lub sijhawm sib nrug, "kev coj ntawm 1925" yog qhov kev zam, tom qab ntawd hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas nws tau muaj kev ywj pheej hauv lub tebchaws, tau txais nws tshaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no. Art Deco skyscrapers tau los ua rau Tebchaws Asmeskas ib hom "kev txhawb siab" ntawm nws tus kheej qub, Aztec thiab Mayan pyramids, kev sib tham nrog cov kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov tshiab-Sullivan thiab Wright, thiab vim li ntawd thiaj li "cov qauv ntawm xyoo 1925" tau nce xws li cov chaw dav dav hauv Asmeskas cov nroog.
Ntaub Ntawv
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[1] Ib thaj av ntawm New York architecture yog qhov kev tsim kho xyoo 1915 ntawm Lub Tsev Muaj Vaj Huam Sib Luag, chaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Twb yuav txog xyoo 1916, yuav muab ib tsab cai lij choj hais txog zoning yuav tsum tau ua, uas, raws li P. P. Zuev, tau tso cai rau cov vaj tse kom siab li qhov kev xav tau, pib nrog ntu ntu ntawm tus pej thuam sib npaug rau peb lub hlis twg ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw, thiab thov kom muaj qhov tsis zoo pib los ntawm kev cim ntawm 45-60 m, uas yog, ib qho thiab ib nrab ntawm txoj kev dav. Tom qab, txoj cai zoning zoo sib xws tau muab tshaj tawm hauv lwm cov nroog hauv Tebchaws Meskas. [4, p. 6]
[2] Art Deco era tau paub txog nws lub hauv paus chiv keeb, yog li lub tsev "Mayan Tuam Tsev" pavilion, ua rau Ntiaj Teb Exhibition "Hnub nyoog ntawm Kev Txhim Kho" hauv Chicago (1933), tau teb rau "pavilion" Angkor nyob ntawm International Colonial Nthuav tawm hauv Paris (1931). Ib qho ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm qhov kev txaus siab no yog "Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Aztecs" pavilion ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv Chicago (1893).
[3] Raws li P. Baer cov ntsiab lus tau hais, lub kiv puag ncig hauv Mexico hauv xyoo 1910 pab txhawb kev tshawb fawb ntau ntxiv ntawm cov monuments ntawm pre-Columbian America, lawv cov qauv hloov pauv tsis yog tsuas yog xav tsis thoob, tab sis tshiab - raws li lawv hais, "cov neeg Isdias yog thawj cubists”. [11, p. 16]
[4] Raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm K. Holliday, lub tiaj tus ntawm Barclay-Vezier lub tsev tau tsim txawm tias ua ntej kev nthuav tawm xyoo 1925. R. Walker nws tus kheej tau taw qhia rau Roman cov khoom qub thiab cov haujlwm ntawm L. Sullivan ua cov hauv paus. [14, p. 50]
[5] Raws li qhia los ntawm T. G. Malinin, lub sijhawm "Art Deco" tau sawv thaum xyoo 1966 ntawm kev ntoj hauv kev nyiam kos duab ntawm lub sijhawm sib nrug thiab sib txuas nrog cov lus piav qhia tau tsim rau 40th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm kev nthuav qhia hauv Paris (Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes). Cov lus sau luv tib yam "Art Deco" (Arts Deco) tau siv thawj zaug hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Le Corbusier thaum xyoo 1920, thaum xub thawj los ntawm kev tsis txaus siab, kev nkag siab tseem ceeb. [5, p. 27; 8, p. 206]
[6] Yog xav paub ntau ntxiv, saib cov lus sau los ntawm tus sau ntawv [1, p. 78-83]
[7] Xyoo 1910, Wright tsim cov phiaj xwm ze rau ntawm Art Deco, suav nrog Kev hu xov tooj rau lub tsev rau San Francisco (1912), cov haujlwm rau Carnegie Library hauv Ottawa (1913), thiab Aline Barnsdel Theatre (1918)) thiab Cov Tsev Lag Luam Lag Luam (1922) hauv Los Angeles, thiab lwm yam. Lub Tsev Larkin hauv Buffalo (1904, tsis tau tshwj tseg), Lub Tsev Bock hauv Milwaukee (1916) thiab Hollyhock Lub Tsev nyob hauv Los Angeles (1919-1922) tau coj los siv hauv cov qauv ntawm Art Art thaum ntxov.
[8] Thawj thawj zaug nrog Japanese kab lis kev cai, F. L. Wright (1867-1959) sib ntsib ntawm Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv Chicago (1893). Xyoo 1905, Wright tau coj mus rau Nyijpooj (thawj zaug ntawm kev ua ib pawg) thiab pib sau cov ntawv sau ua lus Nyij Pooj. Hauv Tokyo, nws tsim lub tsev so Imperial (1919-1923, tsis yog tshwj tseg) thiab lub tsev ntawm T. Yamamura (1918-1924) hauv Tokyo. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb los ntawm Japanese architecture uas Wright zoo li kev pom zoo rau ob qho kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm kev sib txuas ntxiv ntawm cov pob kws thiab lub ru tsev ntu uas tsim cov duab thiab silhouette ntawm "prairie tsev", thiab xim daws teeb meem ntawm kev cuam tshuam, piv txwv li, hauv Unity Temple thiab Robie House Cov.
[9] Wright lub cawv tseem pom tau meej meej hauv qhov cim piv txwv ntawm European avant-garde - lub tsev ntawm lub nroog chav hauv Hilversum (V. Dudok, 1928), uas tau sau ib hom duab loj ntawm Robie House (1908). Cov cawv ntawm Wright lub hom yog tseem pom nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm O. Perret, lub ntsej muag iav qhov rai ntawm Roby Lub Tsev raug lees paub tau nyob sab hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Notre Dame de Rency (1922), qhov hnyav dua, kev hloov kho yooj yim ntawm cov lus sib koom Lub tsev teev ntuj lub tuam tsev "ua tiav" lub faadeade ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Champs Elysees (1913).
[10] Cov Cwj Pwm txiav txim siab ua ib qho ntawm cov ncauj ke ntawm Art Deco era. Thiab ntawm nws qhov tsis tshua muaj qhov piv txwv, cov kws tshawb fawb suav nrog lub tsev ua haujlwm ntawm Danilovsky chav ua haujlwm khw muag khoom tau tsim hauv Moscow (G. K. Oltarzhevsky, 1936). Qhov no zoo li tau muaj lus teb rau Moss Tsev hauv Berlin (E. Mendelssohn, 1923). Lub tsev ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev rau Thaj Av kuj tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov kab ke ntawm pob kws thiab ntas (A. V. Shchusev, 1933). Yog li, hauv architecture, thawj cov qauv ntawm ribbed style thiab kwj tshwm ua ntej cov qauv zoo sib xws hauv kev tsim tsheb. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov qauv kev ua ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tse, saib [2, p. 29; 6, p. 389]
[11] Cov keeb kwm ntawm Aztecs thiab Maya kuj tseem muaj rau Wright raws li tus kws kos duab nraaj F. Caserwood, uas thaum xyoo 1840 tau tshawb pom thiab kos duab cov pob zeb ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm pre-Columbian America, thiab paub los ntawm nws tus kheej txoj kev xav. - los ntawm "Aztec lub tuam tsev" ntawm 1893 Ntiaj Teb Kev Ua Yeeb Yam hauv Chicago (qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm Sullivana tau teeb tsa lub "Thauj" pavilion) thiab los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tshwj xeeb nrog cov qauv thiab duab ntawm Mayan cov tuam tsev ntawm Panama-California Exhibition hauv San Diego, uas tus tswv tau mus xyuas xyoo 1915.
[12] Thawj thawj zaug, Wright tau ua haujlwm nrog "textile blocks" rov qab rau xyoo 1910, yog li kev txiav txim siab tau ua - Midway Gardens (Chicago, 1914, tsis tau tshwj tseg) thiab A. Herman lub tsev khaws khoom (Richland Center, 1915). Hauv Los Angeles, hauv cov qauv no, Wright siv ntau lub tsev nyob - Chav Tsev Lub Tsev (1923), Millard Lub Tsev (1923), Tsev Freeman (1923) thiab Ennis House (1924). Wright ntawm cov nkauj kos yog Hollyhock House (1919-22). Muaj npe tom qab lub paj Hollyhock, nws tau adorned nrog ntau yam ntawm geometrized décor, ob qho tib si cov nroj tsuag zoo li thiab technocrat.
[13] Cia peb piav qhia tias xyoo 1900-1910, Wright cov haujlwm tau dhau los ua ntej lawv lub sijhawm - ob qho tib si hauv cov duab kos duab, thiab hauv cov yas thiab cov khoom muaj ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo 1920s, thaum Art Deco architecture mus txog qhov kawg, Wright tsis nyob hauv kev xav tau. Ntxiv mus, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv tau muaj qee yam kev sib hloov ntawm kev npau suav-geometrized plastics ntawm nws lub tsev loj nrog cov ncaj ncees neoarchaic, Mesoamerican stylization, qhov tshwm sim ntawm avant-garde loog yog twb tau pib ua haujlwm hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab USSR. Thiab thaum tig ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s, Wright lub architecture, paradoxically, tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam ntxiv rau hauv cov peev uas tau tsim hauv cov chav kawm - Washington thiab Moscow, lossis hauv chaw soj nstuam muaj tswv yim ntawm VKHUTEMAS thiab Bauhaus.
[14] Wright tau txais los ntawm Sullivan txoj kev xav hauv lub tiaj, cov qauv, thiab ntxiv mus ntxiv cov ntawv txhuav loj (zoo li hauv Unity Temple). Qhov txawv ntawm Art Art era ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 yog qhov ua tiav ntawm cov tsev tsis nrog pob kws, tab sis nrog cov tiaj tus cov ncauj lus thiab cov ntsiab lus, nthab thiab neoarchaic ledges.
