Glaze - zaj duab xis ntawm lub qhov cub tawg lossis cov iav pob tshab - yog qhov zoo nkauj thiab ruaj khov kho kom zoo nkauj tsis yog rau lub vase lossis lub qhov cub xwb, tab sis kuj rau lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev. Rau ob thiab ib nrab txhiab xyoo ntawm keeb kwm ntawm nws qhov kev siv hauv architecture, xim ci ntsa iab yog tsis nco qab lossis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ua nws cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb, npog tag nrho cov phab ntsa nrog glazed cib los yog cov vuas, zoo li cov ntaub pua plag, lossis kev lag luam txhim kho vaj tse nrog kom paub meej cov ntaub ntawv polychrome. Lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj thiab ruaj ntseg zoo ntawm lub ntsej muag yog thiab tej zaum ib txwm yuav yog tus kos npe ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua tshwj xeeb zoo, qhov yuav luag zoo tshaj plaws ntawm "kev kos duab kos duab" - thiab kev txhim kho me ntsis, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tiv thaiv cov kws kes duab vajtse niaj hnub los siv nyob rau hauv lawv kev sim ***
Thawj cov piv txwv ntawm cov tais diav iav yog cov tawg ntawm lub tuam txhab, lub dome ntawm glazed xiav-xiav vuas, pom hauv cov tshooj ntawm Josser (ua nyob ib puag ncig 2560 BC). Ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag, txawm li cas los xij, cov npluav nplaum tau pib siv hauv Mesopotamia, ob txhiab xyoo tom qab. Lub rooj vag Ishtar nto moo thiab cov phab ntsa ntawm Txoj Kev Processional Txoj Kev ua rau nws tau npog nrog xiav ci ntsa iav thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov xim ntoo hauv qab ntawm cov tsov ntxhuav, bulls thiab sirrusha - cov tsiaj nrog lub taub hau ntawm tus nab, ob txhais ceg ntawm tsov ntxhuav thiab griffin. Cov. Ua rau xyoo 575 BC, thaum lub sijhawm tus Vaj Ntxwv Nebuchadnezzar II tau pom, lawv pom thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb qub khoom qub txeeg qub teg Robert Koldewey thiab tau rov qab los ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Pergamon hauv Berlin.
Cov thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam Babylonian ci ntsa iab muaj raws li hauv qab no: cov kev txhawb nqa tau raug txua ntoo ntawm cov cib, uas tau tsim los ntawm kev nqus cov av nplaum ntau hauv cov ntoo pwm tshwj xeeb. Cov cib qhuav tau them nrog kua kua nplaum thiab tua hauv ncu. Xiav, daj thiab lwm cov xim tau los ntawm kev ntxiv ntau cov hlau rau cov xim tsis muaj ntsej. Lub iav ci ntsa iab yog qhov loj txaus - 10 hli thiab muaj zog heev uas qhov saum npoo ntawm lub rooj vag tau tshwj tseg los ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab ya raws ntau pua xyoo. Hmoov tsis zoo, lub tuam txhab qub ntawm Babel tsis muaj hmoo, cov av nkos tau raug ntxuav los ntawm dej nyab thiab rhuav tshem los ntawm lub sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm cov pej thuam cov chaw nyob tau qhia tias nws tseem tau kho kom zoo nkauj nrog ntuj-xiav glazed ceramics.
Ceramists nyob rau hauv Middle East sim tsis tsuas yog nrog duab ntxoo, tab sis kuj nrog cov qauv thiab tsom iav. Thaum lub sijhawm Abassid, lub sijhawm thib ob kev ua lag luam ntawm Arab caliphs (750-1258), cov khoom nrog underglaze piav txog yam tshiab tau pib tshwm. Cov kws ua kev txawj ntse txiav cov qauv los ntawm txheej nyias nyias ntawm cov kua av nplaum - engobe, uas tau thov ua ntej tua. Lwm txoj kev kho kom zoo nkauj ceramics - cov txheej txheem ntawm polychrome overglaze luster nrag kuj tau tsim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, hauv Syria, thaum tig ntawm 8-9 ib-paus xyoo. Chandelier - fusible muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog cov xim dub los yog xim liab sheen nrog cov nyhuv tsis txawv, tau dhau los ua kev nyiam dai ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm cov palaces thiab cov chav nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Arab caliphs.
Tiled décor tau nrov hauv Islamic kos duab los ntawm Central Asia mus rau Is Nrias teb, los ntawm Iran mus rau Spain. Qhov kev ua kom zoo nkauj, kev sib xyaw nrog cov ntawv sau Arabic, npog cov phab ntsa, arches thiab domes nrog cov ntaub pua plag ntawm cov ntaub pua tsev tsis tu ncua, dematerializing cov vaj tse thiab accentuating lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ua cov nqa khoom los ntawm Vajtswv txoj lus thiab daim duab ntawm lub Vaj Edees - nws tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej tias cov xim pob zeb ntawm saum ntuj ceeb tsheej ci sab tau nrov. Lub Shakhi-Zinda necropolis hauv Samarkand yog tsim los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab cov kws ua qauv uas tus neeg nto moo yeej tamerlane sau thaum nws phiaj xwm.
Lub sijhawm ntev, hom loj ntawm cov kev ua kom zoo nkauj kos duab thawm iav tau ci ci ntsej muag av nplaum cib. Tabsis nyob rau tiam XII, thiaj muaj lub npe hu ua frit porcelain tau tshwm sim. Lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog khov - sib tov ntawm cov xuab zeb, dej qab zib, potash, saltpeter thiab quartz; Clays tau ntxiv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg me me, tsuas yog 10-20% ntawm tag nrho qhov loj. Qhov hom ci hauv pem teb no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau tim lyiv teb chaws, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Anatolia (thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Tebchaws Europe). Thiab nws tau txais cov koob npe nrov ua tsaug rau cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab ceramic los ntawm lub nroog Turkish ntawm Iznik, uas tsim cov xim zoo nkauj dawb-xiav, thiab tom qab ntawd polychrome "Iznik plooj".
Txaus siab los ntawm ceramics ntawm East, tab sis tsis paub nws tsis pub leejtwg paub, cov neeg European yuav tsum tsim lawv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Yog li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th majolica tau tshwm sim (lub npe ntawm uas los ntawm cov kob ntawm Mallorca, los ntawm qhov chaw uas ceramics ntawm Iranian masters tuaj rau Europeans). Italian majolica yog cov vuas ua los ntawm cov av nplaum dawb lossis grey, lub plhaw ntxeem ntawm cov uas tau npog nrog ob txheej txheej ntawm glaze. Thawj txheej txheej, opaque, nrog lub ntsiab lus siab tin, ua rau nws tuaj yeem pleev xim saum npoo nrog ci xim ntawm nws cov xim tom qab. Tom qab ntawd cov pob tshab ci ci ntawm cov xim txhuas txhuas tau thov thiab tua qhov kub ntawm ib txhiab degrees. Cov thev naus laus zis zoo ib yam li qhov siv nyob rau sab hnub tuaj rau kev tsim cov khoom qab zib cov plooj (venice), tab sis nws tseem tau tsim nws tus kheej. Nws cov qauv piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws yog cov xim pleev xim ntawm Florentine Luca delo Robbia.
Lavxias architecture pib pib ua cov xim zoo nkauj nrog cov vuas glazed, uas txoj kab ntawm cov plag tsev hauv cov tsev teev ntuj, thiab ci ntsa iab "anthracite" (uas yog, ntsuab, zoo li nyom, tooj liab oxides tau siv los txais cov xim zoo li no) cov vuas vov tsev. Thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm cov xim vuas xim rau ntawm faadesade - Borisoglebskaya (Kolozhskaya) lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 12th hauv Grodno (tam sim no Belarus), tseem tshuav ib qho tsis tshua nyiam, txij li kev txhim kho ntawm glazed décor pib tsuas yog nyob rau lub caij nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog - thiab nws yog tau hais tias kev hlub rau kev ua kom zoo nkauj ceramics tau tsim nyob rau hauv 16 xyoo pua Italian masters. Ib txoj kev los sis lwm qhov, tawg tsam ntawm pob zeb ua kom zoo nkauj pob kws muaj pob tshab kub ci thiab tiav Renaissance Northern Italian décor tau pom thaum lub sijhawm kawm ntawm Grand Ducal Palace, ua rau Ivan III los ntawm Italian Aloisio da Carezano. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Intercession ntawm lub Moat (paub zoo dua rau cov neeg tuaj ncig ua si "Cathedral ntawm St. Basil lub Blessed") tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog glazed ceramic vuas thiab glazed ceramic pob; Lub tsev zoo sib xws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau ntawm cov tsev pheebsuab ntawm (tsis tau khaws cia) lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Trinity loog hauv Kremlin thiab Lub Koom Txoos Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Intercession hauv Medvedkovo, ua nyob rau hauv patrimony ntawm liberator ntawm Moscow, Tub huabtais Dmitry Pozharsky, hauv 1630s. Txog cov so, Lavxias lub koom txoos ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th tau dai kom zoo nkauj, tab sis raws li txoj cai nrog cov vuas vov tsev, uas nws cov hollow sib sib zog nqus zoo kawg nkaus haum rau qhov loj ntawm brickwork. Ntsaum, daj, thiab tseem liab (tsis muaj glaze) cov vuas twb tau nruab nrog cov duab ntawm ob sab saum taub hau dav dawb lossis cov qauv ua paj, tab sis qee zaum - raws li, piv txwv li, hauv cov koom txoos ntawm Zosima thiab Savvaty Trinity-Sergius Lavra - scenes ntawm sib ntaus sib tua tshwm sim muaj, txawm hais tias me me thiab tsis heev skillfully tua.
Qhov kev vam meej tiag ntawm tiled décor hauv Lavxias architecture pib pib nrog lub sijhawm ntawm Patriarchate ntawm Nikon, uas tau hu rau kev siv ntawm nws lub hom phiaj, raws li lawv xav hais tam sim no, tej yaam num, Polish thiab Belarusian masters. Ib tug neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Lithuania, Peter Zaborsky, thiab ib tug neeg Belarusian, Stepan Ivanov (Polubes), tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm tshiab ua haujlwm hauv ceramic hauv Valdai thiab Istra. Hauv Lub Nroog Yeluxalees Tshiab, lawv tsim tsib daim ntawv txiav txim siab iconostases, cov qhov rai thav duab, cov ntaub ntawv chaw me me, cov ntawv kho kom zoo nkauj, thiab cov ntawv sau. Tom qab kev tso nyiaj ntawm Nikon, Pyotr Zaborsky txuas ntxiv mus ua haujlwm hauv ib lub tsev qhia hauv Istra, thiab Ivanov-Polubes thiab Maksimov tsiv mus rau Moscow, qhov twg los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd los txog rau lub sijhawm Peter The Great, polychrome tiled décor tau nrov npe tshwj xeeb.
Krutitsky Teremok yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias tiled décor, ua tiav, suav nrog cov phab ntsa, cov ntawv kho kom zoo nkauj, cov npoo qhov rai, npog nrog cov xim ua kom zoo nkauj uas tsim nyob rau hauv Rhiav ntawm Stepan Ivanov. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, txog ob txhiab vuas raug tsim nyog rau Teremka (qhov tseeb, qhov no yog lub tsev teev ntuj lub qhov rooj dawb huv).
Nyob rau xyoo pua 18, façade ceramics poob qhov nrov, tab sis rov qab nrog kev kov yeej ob puas xyoo tom qab los ua ib qho kev ci ntsa iab ntawm Art Nouveau style (Art Nouveau, Secession, thiab lwm yam) - kev hlub rau majolica yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws ntau yam hloov hauv yuav luag. txhua lub tebchaws European). Niaj hnub yog tsis muaj kev txwv rau cov lus ntxig ceramic, tsim cov xim zoo nkauj nyem. Hauv Lavxias, kos duab rau ntau ntawm lawv yog ua los ntawm Mikhail Vrubel; nws kuj sim majolica hauv nws lub rhiav hauv Abramtsevo.
Hauv Spain, raws li koj paub, Antonio Gaudi yog fond ntawm xim facade ceramics, uas kuj tau siv nws nyob txhua qhov chaw, los ntawm lub faadeade mus rau lub rooj ntev zaum. Hauv Casa Vicens nto moo, Gaudí siv ceramics los "qhia" lub qauv nyem npog lub tsev zoo li qhib lub plooj (https://www.flickr.com/photos/ishot71/6279915944/). Siv cov vuas luaj, tus kws kes duab vajtse tswj tau ua pa lub neej mus rau hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm tshaj plaws hauv tsev (Casa Batlló (1904-1906), uas, nrog kev pab ntawm kho kom zoo nkauj tshiab, hloov mus ua "pob zeb loj heev zaj".
Ntxiv rau majolica, ci ntsa iav thiab ci vuas vuas tau txais lub neej tshiab thaum lub sijhawm Art Nouveau - cov khoom siv yav tas los tsis nco qab ntev, tab sis ntawm no, ntawm lwm yam, ua tsaug rau lub Hoobkas tshiab thev naus laus zis, nws tau qhia tag nrho nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Nws tau ua cov vuas glazed uas tau muab ntau lub tsev ntawm thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20 nrog lub siab zoo ci ntsa iab thiab ntev lub neej ntawm lawv cov vaj tse, uas tau yooj yim pom ntawm txhua qhov ntawm European txoj kev.
Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau xyoo pua 20, thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov pob zeb glazed txuas ntxiv txhim kho, txawm hais tias nws tau qis dua hauv kev muaj npe rau cov hlau zam thiab pob zeb. Tam sim no, glazed ceramics tau dhau los ua ntau dua thiab nrov dua - tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm gravitation ntawm niaj hnub kos duab mus rau lub teeb sib dua ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev saib xyuas, tab sis kuj - ua tsaug rau cov tshiab muaj peev xwm mus sim nrog daim ntawv, uas qhov no qub, txhim khu kev qha, tabsis tsis cov khoom qub uas twb qhib lawm lawm.
Kev ua tiav loj ntawm niaj hnub ci ntsa iab ntawm cov lus Askiv thiab European ntau lawm, suav nrog cov glazed cib gussets rau cov phiaj xwm nyuaj, tuaj yeem xaj los ntawm Kirill ntawm Begovaya.
