Cov tuam tsev ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets thiab Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Kev Ua Lag Luam Loj, ua tiav hauv phiaj xwm hauv Moscow xyoo 1930, tsis tau ua tiav, tab sis cov phiaj xwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tseem muaj lub tswv yim zoo uas tsis muaj peev xwm thiab muaj kev zais ntawm lawv cov kev qhia luv luv thiab lub sijhawm ntev. oblivion. Xyoo 1934, lub Palace ntawm Soviets yuav siv sijhawm ua tiav, nws tau suav hais tias yog lub tsev siab tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, thiab pom tseeb ua cim lub xeev tus qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav ua li cas thiaj hu ua tus qauv no? Puas yog "lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Iofan" (raws li SO Khan-Magomedov [7 p. 656]) lossis "American skyscraper eclecticism" (raws li cov qauv tsim LM Lissitzky [1, p. 4])? Thiab dab tsi yog qhov ncaj ncees los txhais Iofan's Palace ntawm Soviets raws li Soviet ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kev sib txig ntawm American skyscrapers, thiab yog li ntawd qhov piv txwv ntawm kev tsim ntawm Art Deco? 1 Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus nug ntawm cov style ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets (tom qab no hu ua DS) tuaj yeem raug daws tau yam tsis siv lub sijhawm "Art Deco", los ntawm kev sib piv ncaj qha ntawm cov architecture ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets thiab Asmeskas skyscrapers. Lawv tau cim los ntawm kev rov hais dua rau cov qub txeeg qub teg qub txeeg qub teg thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub nruab nrab, nrog rau kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910. Qhov no yog li cas lub Palace ntawm Soviets xeeb.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tagnrho-Union qhib kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw (1931), raws li nws yog ib qho kev coj los sau tseg, cim rau pej xeem tig ntawm lub zog rau keeb kwm. 2 Txawm li cas los xij, lub DS tau raug lees txais rau kev tsim kho tsis yog nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ribbed style (Art Deco), qhov no yog cov lus teb rau ob qho tib si constructivism thiab neoclassicism. Crowned nrog tus mlom ntawm Lenin (80 m) teb rau tus pej thuam ntawm kev ywj pheej (46 m), lub Palace ntawm Soviets tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev sib tw ntawm USSR thiab Asmeskas. Thiab yog li ntawd, Iofan, uas ua haujlwm rau DS ua lub tsev siab tshaj plaws nyob hauv ntiaj teb, tau coj tus qauv ntawm cov neeg Amelikas uas tau nce siab tshaj plaws lawm. Thiab nws yog nrog qhov no tias kev mus ncig ntawm Soviet cov kws ua choj mus rau Tebchaws Asmeskas (1934) tau txuas nrog. Cov ntaub ntawv kos duab kos duab sib txuas ua ke kuj xav tau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis.
Lub Ntauwd ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets los ua ib lub cim ntawm Soviet siab qhov kev xav ua, qhov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm tus caws pliav style, theej tawm hauv USSR. Txawm li cas los xij, siv nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv Minsk (1934-38), txoj kev ntaus pob ribbed tsis yog qhov tsim muaj ntawm Iofan. Ntawm qhov kev sib tw DS, nws tau sawv cev tsis yog los ntawm cov haujlwm los ntawm Hamilton thiab Iofan (uas tau txais nqi zog thib 1), tab sis los ntawm cov lus thov los ntawm Langbard thiab Chechulin, tom qab ntawd Dushkin thiab Shchuko, zoo li Pelzig thiab Perret, uas tau hais txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm ribbed style (Art Deco) raws li tseev tsim ntiaj teb cov kws kes duab vajtse zam …
Iofan qhov haujlwm tau tso cai rau Moscow los sib tw nrog cov kev sib tw ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab Asmeskas Art Deco, tab sis kev sib xyaw ntawm DS tau rov qab mus rau European kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm xyoo 1910-20s. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas Century Hall hauv Breslau tau muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm architecture ntawm DS. Thiab yog tias tus qauv tsim thiab cov tsev zoo nkauj ntawm cov dome tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab rau cov duab kos ntawm daim duab DS xyoo 1933, tom qab ntawd txij li xyoo 1934, raws li Iofan, lub tsev loj thiab cov tsev me me tau them nrog tus vauv tav. Thiab nws yog Chav Tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua, ua nyob rau hauv tsuas yog ib xyoos thiab ib nrab xyoo 1911-13 (tus kws kes duab vajtse M. Berg), uas tau ua pov thawj kev siv qhov ua tau ntawm kev txhim kho xws li grandiose dome.
Xyoo 1933, lub Palace ntawm lub Soviets siv daim ntawv ntawm telescopic ribbed ntauwd. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm xyoo 1930, lub ntsiab lus no twb tau tsim nyob hauv ntau txoj haujlwm, yog li xyoo 1926 tus kws kes duab vajtse Hauv Nroog tau thov cov qauv no rau Metropolitan Opera tsev hauv New York, siv tib lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm pej thuam thiab lub tog raj kheej. [daim duab. 1, 2] Xyoo 1928, Langbard ua txoj haujlwm zoo sib xws ntawm kev sib tw ua yeeb yam hauv Kharkov. Thiab nws yog nws leej twg, pib hauv xyoo 1934, tau tso cai rau kev siv ntawm kev sim ua qauv - kev tsim kho ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv Minsk hauv cov vaj tse ubno-telescopic architecture ntawm DS. Txawm li cas los xij, sab nrauv ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets yuav muaj qhov zoo nkauj tshaj qhov qub: cov thooj voos kheej kheej uas qis dua qhov siab hauv Iofan qhov haujlwm tau daws los ntawm txoj kev sib luag, ntxiv ntev txuas pylons (tav).
Cov theem kawg ntawm kev sib tw xyoo 1932 tau muaj pov thawj txaus siab rau qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ntawm cov koom haum keeb kwm rau DS. 3 Nyob rau theem no, cov qhua tuaj noj mov feem ntau yuav qhia cov nkauj nrog DS prototypes, thiab nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov no yog, ntawm lwm yam, phau ntawv los ntawm H. Ferris "Metropolis of the Future" (1929) thiab zaj duab xis ntawm tib yam npe los ntawm Fritz Lang "Metropolis" (1927). Xyoo 1933, lub tswvyim ntawm DS tau hloov pauv loj heev (kev ua qauv qhia tau nws cov txiaj ntsig): lub tsev xov tooj ribbed-telescopic tau txais cov khoom tshiab tshiab (xws li hauv Saarinen tus qauv tsim rau Pab Koomtes Pab Koomtes ntawm Tebchaws, 1928 thiab Ludwig cov lus pom zoo ntawm kev sib tw DS 1931-32), thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - kev npaj txhij txog thiab grandiose cim lub peev xwm. 4 [daim duab. 3] DS tau ua kom pom tseeb tias yog tus yeej ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab hla kev ntseeg Vajtswv thiab kev ua tiav ntawm Western ntiaj teb, thiab yog li ntawd nws tau nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Tswv Yexus tus Cawmseej thiab, raws li qhov project, siab dua li cov tuam tsev hauv skyscrapers. ntawm New York. Lub hauv paus ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tus qauv "DS skyscraper" yog daim duab ntawm Ntauwd ntawm Babel (raws li kev tsim kho ntawm A. Kircher hauv 1679). [daim duab. tsib]
Xyoo 1932, kev sib tw thib peb thiab thib plaub ntawm qhov kev sib tw yeej ua ob lub tswv yim ntawm DS, ua lub tsev nrog cov keeb kwm keeb kwm zoo thiab ua kom paub daws teeb, tsim kom muaj, sib xyaws. Thiab cov kev xaiv hauv lub Tsib Hlis 1933 ntawm "tshiab" style, uas yog, Iofan's ribbed-telescopic architecture, ciali txhais tau tias qhov kev kov yeej ntawm lub tswvyim thib ob. [daim duab. 1] Lub sijhawm no, uas yog, tom qab lub ntsej muag lub tswv yim ntawm lub tswv yim loj heev ntawm Lenin (50-75 m siab) thiab kev hloov ntawm DS rau hauv nws cov taug ko taw, lub sijhawm rov los xav txog tectonics thiab lub cim ntawm lub DS yuav tsum tau tuaj rau cov sau phau ntawv. Ntxiv mus, kev daws teeb meem ntawm Council rau kev tsim kho lub Palace ntawm Soviets (Tsib Hlis 10, 1933) tsis hais dab tsi txog tus thib ob, txawm tias xav paub ntau tshaj thiab nyuaj ua haujlwm, ua kom cov DS ua lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. [2, p. 59] Txawm li cas los xij, kev xaiv ntawm cov style hauv lub Tsib Hlis 1933 yog, raws li nws zoo li, twb tau cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv lub luag haujlwm, thiab txawm tias muaj kev tshawb pom ntawm tus yuam sij rau kev daws teeb meem.
Iofan's ribbed style tiag tiag ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tig DS rau hauv skyscraper. Txawm li cas los xij, the telescopic ribbed shape of the DS, uas tsis muaj lub koom haum muaj keeb kwm hais txog xyoo 1934, kev npaj txhij txog nws tau ua nws daim ntawv ntawm Tower of Babel tom qab Kircher txoj kev tsim kho. Txog Lub Ob Hlis 1934, Iofan tso tawm qhov kawg tsim ntawm kev nqaj, ruam ntauwd 415 meters siab, ua ke ntawm ob lub tswvyim DS. [daim duab. 20] Leej twg tuaj yeem nrhiav Kircher kev kos duab thiab hais txog lub tswv yim kev hloov pauv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm DS mus rau hauv cov duab ntawm Ntauwd ntawm Babel tseem yog qhov tsis meej. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no puas tau ua lub tsev tau ua tiav, pom kev pom zoo rau pom. Lub hauv paus ntu nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg tsis ntseeg kev nrhiav tau muaj nuj nqi pom, ploj thiab nrhiav-tom qab cov ntsiab lus cim. Cia peb rov ua qhov kev xav, qhov kev txiav txim siab tig lub Palace ntawm Soviets mus rau lub tsev siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, nws zoo li, feem ntau yuav yog vim qhov tseeb tau pom tias architecture tau pom tias tsis tsuas yog tso cai los daws qhov faadeade ntawm cov ntawv sau qhov siab, tab sis kuj cim tau lub cim muaj zog, thiab nws, nyeg, tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj nthuav dav. [daim duab. tsib]
Lub neoarchaic yieldingness thiab mausoleum ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets, txawm li cas los xij, pom lwm qhov, muaj feem cuam tshuam. Lub zog silhouette ntawm cov ruam tshaj plaws ntawm qhov chaw Rockefeller yog suav nrog tag nrho cov kev ua haujlwm los ntawm Iofan ntawm xyoo 1930s - ob qho tib si hauv cov phiaj xwm ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets thiab Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Chaw Ua Haujlwm ntawm Hnyav (tom qab NKTP), thiab hauv cov tsev khaws khoom. ntawm USSR ntawm cov rooj nthuav qhia thoob ntiaj teb xyoo 1937 thiab 1939. (nco ntsoov tias qhov kev tsim motif zoo ntawm cov qib qis, rov ua dua ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm Rockefeller Center ntawm ob lub ntsej muag, thawj zaug tau thov thaum xyoo 1922 Chicago Tribune kev sib tw hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm cov kwv tij Luckhard).
Cov lus sib xyaw ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets yog cov lus teb rau ntau qhov txawv teb chaws, thiab rov qab mus, ntxiv rau Asmeskas skyscrapers (thiab Ferris duab), rau European tej yaam num thiab cov tuam tsev, thiab ua ntej txhua yam, mus rau lub tsev ntauwd los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Metropolis" (uas tau muab lub tswv yim ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm ribbed-telescopic ntauwd thiab geometrized buttresses, thiab tej zaum tau cuam tshuam cov kev sib xyaw ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab). [daim duab. 6] Lwm cov duab sib xyaw ua ke ntawm DS yog lub telescopic turret ntawm Rex xinesmas hauv Paris (kws kes duab vajtse O. Bloison, 1931-32) thiab muab kauv lub ntxa ntawm tsev neeg Bernocchi tsev hauv Milan (1931-36), ntxiv rau lub tsev Sacre- Coeur lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Brussels (tus kws kes duab A. van Huffel, los ntawm 1922), thiab lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Notre Dame de Rensy hauv Paris (kws kes duab vajtse O. Perret, 1922). [daim duab. 7,8,9]
Lub chaw thau khoom duab kos duab ntawm USSR pavilion hauv Paris kuj tau tsim los ntawm cov tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm European masters ntawm Art Deco era, Main Pavilion ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam hauv Brussels (1931-35) thiab cov duab zoo nkauj los ntawm Frederic Focht ntawm Xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s. [daim duab. 10, 11] Ob qho DS thiab Paris Pavilion ntawm 1937 tau dhau lawv lub qauv ntawm qhov loj me, kev qhia ntawm cov ntawv thiab lub koob meej, thiab txawm li ntawd los, lawv koom tes hauv lub ntiaj teb architectural ntsiab lus ntawm lawv lub sijhawm tau pom tseeb thiab tseem ceeb.
Cov ntawv kawg ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets (Lub Ob Hlis 1934) tau sib txawv hauv qhov siab thiab style los ntawm cov cuab yeej kos npe tau npaj rau theem ntawm kev sib tw xyoo 1931-32, ntau yam kev hloov ntawm avant-garde thiab keeb kwm. 5 Xyoo 1933, lub tswv yim los txhim kho ib tus pej thuam loj ntawm Lenin thiab nce qhov siab ntawm lub tsev mus rau cov ntaub ntawv 415 meters tau yug los. Thiab nws yog daim duab ua pob (Art Deco) uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm daws tau qhov zoo ntawm lub architecture ntawm DS, thiab dhau lub New York skyscrapers los ntawm lawv tus kheej txhais tau tias. Kev sib tw hauv qhov siab yuav tsum muaj kev sib tw hauv cov style. Lub pob tw, cannellised fa facade saum npoo tsis muaj kev txwv txog qhov loj thiab me me, thiab tsis muaj lub décor hauv cov classics. Txhua qhov no yooj yim thaum tsim qauv hauv lub sijhawm luv. [daim duab. 12] Nws tseem nyob twj ywm tsuas yog xaiv cov qauv tsim kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub pylons (pob tw), txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov khoom yas ntawm cov ntsej muag ntawm DS.
Kev daws qhov teeb meem ntawm ib feem ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets yuav zoo ib yam li cov khoom ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj npe tom qab Lenin (thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, muab kev koom tes ntawm venerable architects V. A. Shchuko thiab V. G. Gelfreikh raws li co-sau ntawm Iofan).6 Ntxiv mus, lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, cov kab rov tav (tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab cov peev) thiab cannellated pilasters tau txais lub cim ntawm kev zam thoob ntiaj teb hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930. Lawv tau nthuav tawm hauv cov qauv kos duab ntawm skyscrapers thiab pavilions ntawm Parisian exhibitions ntawm 1925 thiab 1937, thiab tuaj yeem raug hu ua hom cim kev kos npe ntawm lub caij nyoog sib nrug. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau raug coj los rau cov tswv yim qub thiab kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910, thiab, tshwj xeeb, rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm J. Hoffman. Xws li cov txuj ci kev nyab xeeb ntawm Art Deco era, nraus los ntawm Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, thiab rov qab saib ntawm nws cov style.
Neoarchaic cannellized lub xub pwg hniav thiab taw qhia neo-Gothic imposts (tav) - tag nrho cov no tau los ua lwm txoj hauv kev txiav txim plaub rau xyoo 1920 thiab 1930, thiab cov kev tshawb nrhiav no tau pib nyob hauv Europe thaum ntxov li xyoo 1910. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas cov tsev nyob hauv New York thiab Moscow tau daws, xws li cov vaj tse ntawm Langman thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Iofan, channel pylons ntawm Spartakovskaya metro chaw nres tsheb, ntxiv rau cov style ntawm USSR pavilions ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam ntawm 1937 thiab 1939, qhov no yuav tsum yog daim ntawv foos DS. 7
Kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev DS skyscraper tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm Great Patriotic War, thiab tsis muaj lwm lub tuam tsev vuas vais hauv Moscow thaum xyoo 1930. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees paub qhov muaj tshwm sim ntawm txoj siv tawv (thiab yog li Art Deco) hauv USSR. Tsis ntev ua ntej thiab sai li sai tau tom qab yeej qhov kev sib tw hauv DS, kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Hamilton thiab Iofan tau nqis tes ua hauv txhua chav ntawm cov tsev nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Moscow.8 Cov no yog cov ua haujlwm los ntawm A. Ya. Langman - lub tsev ntawm qhov chaw pabcuam (txij li xyoo 1934) thiab lub tsev nyob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm NKVD nrog lub plooj ntsaws, lub tsev ntawm Lub Xeev Cov Ntaub Ntawv (tus kws kes duab AF Vokhonsky, 1936) thiab Metrostroy Tsev (ntxiv mus, DFFridman hauv xyoo 1930 yog) tus sau ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov phiaj xwm thiab cov tuam tsev hauv ib hom kab (ribbed style), zoo li Gosplan Garage, 1936 (nco ntsoov tias qhov project ntawm NKTP los ntawm K. S. Melnikov tseem tau npog nrog flutes thiab pob tw, 1934).9 Hauv cov qauv zoo sib xws, thaum ntxov ua qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1920, cov tuam tsev ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv rau lawv. IN THIAB. Lenin (cov kws ua vaj tsev V. A. Shchuko thiab V. G. Gelfreikh, txij li xyoo 1928) thiab Main Post Office nrog Gothic tav (architects I. I. Rerberg, 1925-27), ntxiv rau lub tsev ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Marx thiab Engels (kws kes duab S. E. Chernyshov, Xyoo 1925–27) thiab lub tsev lag luam ntawm Central Executive Committee ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev Rau Cov Neeg Sawv Cev (cov kws ua vaj tsev D. thiab B. Iofana, 1927-31). Xws li cov pob qij txha ntawm NKVD lub chaw ua haujlwm (A. Ya. Langman, 1934) thiab ATC ntawm thaj av Frunzensky (kws kes duab vajtse KISolomonov, 1934), plooj plooj ntawm cov pej xeem Cov Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm Thaj Av (LV Rudnev, txij xyoo 1939)), thiab tsuas yog cov tuam tsev Moscow pab txhim kho qhov pom kev zoo ntawm DS Iofan. 10
Kev Tsim Kho Kom Zoo Nkauj Art tsis yog nkag mus rau hauv Chav Kho Mob Hlau, tab sis lawv tau txhob txwm tshaj tawm txawv teb (thiab yog li lub tsheb zam). Tias yog vim li cas lo lus "Art Deco", raws li cov lus sib piv rau cov ribbed style ntawm skyscrapers thiab DS, tso cai rau ib qho los dav dav thiab sib piv cov qauv ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas, Tebchaws Europe thiab USSR. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tshua muaj qhov nyuaj los piav qhia txog ntawm ib thaj tsam ntawm cov ntsiab lus "Art Deco".
Lub sijhawm tsim khoom ntawm xyoo 1930 tau npaj txhij los qhia txog kev nthuav dav ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev kos duab, txhawm rau khaws nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, tam sim no thiab keeb kwm. Qhov no ib txwm muaj rau USSR thiab, rau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, rau Tebchaws Meskas. Neoarchaic nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab, tib lub sijhawm, futuristic vim lawv cov ntaub ntawv qhov siab, cov dej num ntawm DS thiab NKTP Iofan tau los ua lub cim ntawm ob qhov xwm ntawm Art Deco. Yog li nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm DS, ntau cov duab ntawm cov qub txua qub thiab tshiab tsim lub laj lim tswv yim thiab kev ua tiav (suav nrog cov kauv tsim ntawm Tatlin thiab Ludwig yees) tau ua ke. 11
Txawm li cas los xij, lub tuam tsev skyscrapers ntawm Tebchaws Meskas kuj tseem raug tsim los ntawm ntau cov keeb kwm kev nyiam thiab European kev tsim kho tshiab xyoo 1910-20s - German Expressionism thiab Amsterdam lub tsev kawm ntawv (piv txwv li New York Xov Tooj Tuam Txhab tuam txhab, kws kes duab vajtse R. Walker, Xyoo 1929). Qhov kev ntaus pob zeb ua si tau raug kaw rau kev ua tiav, ua ntej txhua yam, nrog Gothic thiab Romanesque, tab sis nws cov neoarchaic hauv paus tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau xyoo 1910s-1930, lub neoarchaic mausoleum yuav dhau los ua kev txais tos thoob ntiaj teb.12
Xyoo 1929, Mausoleum nto moo ntawm V. I. Lenin.13 Archaic hauv cov qauv thiab avant-garde hauv plasticity, Lenin lub Mausoleum tau los ua cov qauv qhia meej tshaj plaws ntawm lub caij nyoog thiab stylistic duality ntawm xyoo 1920-1930 thiab nws cov style - Art Deco, qhia ob qho tib si rau yav dhau los thiab yav tom ntej - qhov no tau ua li cas DS tau ua. Nco ntsoov tias lub duality ntawm Mausoleum thiab lub Palace ntawm Soviets, qhov tseem ceeb tsim ntawm lub caij nyoog Soviet, tau ua kom pom tsis tsuas yog kev ua yeeb yam tsis zoo (nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub npe hu ua Stalinist Empire style), tab sis qhov tsis muaj lub xeev tau hais meej cov qauv thiab cov nquag nrhiav cov txheej txheem kos duab.
Archaic thiab medieval motives, nrog rau kev tsim kho tshiab tam sim no ntawm xyoo 1910s - xws li yog cov style duality ntawm lub siab nce siab ntawm cov vaj tse xyoo 1920 thiab 30s. Thiab qhov ntau yam sib luag ntawm cov style thiab prototypes yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob qho tib si rau ntawm cov skyscrapers thiab rau Soviet architecture.14 Thiab nws yog Art Deco uas ntxias Soviet cov kws kes duab vajtse thiab cov qhua tuaj yeem ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm thiab qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov zoo li pheej hmoo, sib xyaw ntawm cov tsoos, classical thiab hloov kho, tsim cov tswv yim. Cov qauv ntawm DS interiors yuav nco txog cov piv txwv txawv teb chaws, piv txwv li, qhov chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau hauv Philadelphia (1934) lossis Texas State Hall hauv Dallas (1936), yog li Art Deco, ib qho yuav hais, tig los ua lub hauv paus stylistic ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua. Stalinist faj tim teb chaws style. 15
Art Deco, Niaj hnub nimno thiab Avant-garde - qhov kev tawm tsam zoo nkauj ntawm cov qauv no tau muaj ntau haiv neeg, thiab nws tau nyob rau tib lub xyoo, uas yog, ua ntej Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, tias lawv cov tswv yim ua haujlwm tau tsim. Thiab yog li ntawd, Art Deco polymorphism tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, tab sis zoo li yog ib daim duab kos duab ntawm xyoo 1900-10. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm architecture uas (hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1920, thiab nyob rau hauv USSR thaum pib xyoo 1930) tau mus txog nws lub peev xwm txawv tshaj plaws, nws yuav zoo li tias qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv lo lus " Daim Duab Hnav "ua raws li kev paub caij nyoog zoo dua li tsim cov ntawv zoo nkauj ib qho yooj yim pom. Lub sij hawm "Art Deco" yuav zoo li txhais tau tias tsuas yog lub caij nyoog xwb, tab sis tsis yog qhov style.16
Polymorphism, uas yog, ntau yam ntawm cov qauv thiab cov laj thawj - qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov style ntawm skyscrapers, pavilions ntawm 1925 tso rau neeg pom thiab Soviet architecture - cov kev sib tw ua haujlwm ntawm DS thiab NKTP, architecture ntawm Moscow siab siab, chaw nres tsheb thiab pavilions. ntawm All-Union Lub Tsev Muag Khoom Hauv Tebchaws.
Thiab txawm li cas los xij, kev sib koom tes ntawm cov khoom siv stylistic, hais rau tib cov keeb kwm yav dhau los, ua rau nws ua tau rau ib pab pawg ntawm cov phiaj xwm thiab cov tuam tsev, thiab tham txog cov kev nyiam sib tshooj (tsis pub dhau lub moj khaum ntawm Art Deco) raws li qhov kev tshwm sim thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov no yog li cas Iofan thiab Fridman, Chechulin thiab Dushkin, cov tuam txhab ua haujlwm sab nrauv coj los ntawm Graham, Holabert thiab Hood ua haujlwm. 17 [daim duab. 13-17] Qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsej muag tau txiav txim siab los ntawm Saarinen qhov project ntawm kev sib tw Chicago Tribune (1922).
Lub ribbed style ntawm skyscrapers thiab lub Palace ntawm Soviets tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas ntxiv rau cov lus nug ntawm etymology thiab semantics ntawm lo lus "Art Deco". Rov qab los rau European architecture ua ntej-kev ua tsov ua rog khoom kim heev ntawm Art Nouveau, cov chav ua yeeb yam ntawm xyoo 1925 hauv Paris tsis muaj cov cim neo-Gothic ribs ntawm American skyscrapers ua ke nrog neo-Aztec ledges, lossis muaj zog tshaj plaws futuristic, technocrat pathos (raws li hauv zaj duab xis Metropolis). Xyoo 1925 kev ua yeeb yam tsis qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kos duab deco tho los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas - Wright, uas ua haujlwm thaum ntxov Art Deco ntawm xyoo 1900-10, thiab Sullivan, uas nyob rau xyoo 1890 tau pom cov kev sib xyaw ntawm ascetic impost thiab ib qho me me uas tau siv hauv lub tiaj -Qhia txog. Tsis muaj cov neeg koom nrog kev sib tw rau Chicago Tribune tsev thaum xyoo 1925 kev ua yeeb yam, suav nrog cov kws sau ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab uas twb tau ua lawm - Hood (los ntawm Lub Tsev Radiator, 1924), Corbet thiab Ferris, Walker thiab Goodhugh. Thiab nws yog qhov kev sib tw Chicago Tribune (Lub Rau Hli-Kaum Ob Hlis 1922), rhuav tshem cov txheej txheem ntawm keeb kwm, thawj thawj zaug qhia tag nrho cov kev xaiv ua tau rau lub tuam tsev sab nrauv - ob qho tib si thim rov qab thiab daws hauv Art Deco (fantasy-geometrized).
Thiab txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev nthuav qhia hauv Paris xyoo 1925 yog cua daj cua dub tawg ntawm kev tsim kho kom zoo nkauj uas txhom tau cov neeg lub siab thiab cov neeg yuav khoom ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Tshiab. Xyoo 1925 kev ua yeeb yam tau teeb tsa tus qauv tshiab rau kev ua yeeb yam zoo thiab tus qauv tshiab ntawm kev zoo nkauj, thiab tau muab cov style ntawm 1920s thiab 1930s nws lub npe. Kev siv cov qauv ntawm cov qauv Parisian hauv kev tsim qauv zoo nkauj ntawm Asmeskas skyscrapers txuas nrog ob qho xwm txheej, thiab hauv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau muab cov qauv txhais ntawm cov yees ntawm cov yees thaum xyoo 1920 thiab 1930.
Lub hauv paus yas ntawm Art Deco tau muaj ntau haiv neeg, tab sis txhawm rau kom cov style tshiab los ua qhov chaw, ib qho kev sib sau ua ke, tectonic kuj tseem xav tau. Kev tu lub pob taws thiab yielding, Art Deco tus kws tshawb fawb nrhiav tsim kom muaj cov duab tshiab uas ua rau txhua tus xav tsis thoob - Saarinen tus qauv tsim ntawm Chicago Tribune kev sib tw. Ntxiv mus, lub loog tshiab no tau tshwm sim hauv Saarinen cov haujlwm ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1900-10, uas yog, ua ntej thiab ntxiv rau cov cai ntawm New York zoning txoj cai ntawm 1916. Thaum lees paub txog cov cawv ntawm cov duab ntawm Corbett thiab Ferris (lawv qhov Jan 1922 qhov project - cov yees rau txoj cai zoning txoj cai), nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov tseeb Corbett pib ua haujlwm hauv Art Deco style 10-15 xyoo tom qab tshaj li Saarinen.18
Lub tsev teev hawm ua tswv cuab ntawm Art Deco kuj tau ua los ntawm Kallio lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Helsinki (tus kws kes duab L. Sonck, 1908) thiab lub Tsev Teev Ntuj nyob hauv Liverpool (kws kes duab vajtse G. Scott, 1910). Txawm li cas los xij, ua haujlwm ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hauv Helsinki (1910), Saarinen tau dhau los ua qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua los ntawm kev rov kuaj dua mus rau kev tsim kho tshiab, los ntawm neo-Romanesque loog rau hom tshiab. Lub Saarinen Yees ntawm lub xyoo 1910-20s (thiab tom qab ntawd Art Art skyscrapers) kos npe tsis yog tus lej ntawm neo-Romanesque, tab sis lub tectonics ntawm lub stupa. Nws yog qhov hloov ntawm medieval (thiab yog li kev txiav txim siab) motives nrog archaic sawv daws yuav, thiab yog vim li cas thiaj li stalactite-Art Art Deco tus yees tau kev hlub heev. Lub ntsiab ntawm cov khoom sib txuam ua ke no yog kev sib txuam ntawm cov duab muaj zog ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los - Gothic thiab archaic (Nyiaj Txiag) cov cim kev tsim qauv.
Nyob rau hauv 1922 Saarinen sensationally txuas neo-Gothic tav nrog neo-Aztec txoj phuam. Thiab qhov ntawd yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov txheej txheem ntawm Art Deco skyscraper yuav yog. Neoarchaic tectonics, qhov sib piv ntawm ib qho keeb kwm tom qab thiab cov suab nkauj zoo nkauj, qhov kev xav tau zoo tshaj plaws geometrized décor - cov no yog cov tswv yim kos duab ntawm Saarinen nyob rau xyoo 1910, ua cov yam ntxwv ntawm skyscrapers thiab DS., Gulf Tsev hauv Husten, 1929). Cov tswv yim ntawm monumentalization, kev nthuav dav ntawm cov cuab yeej kos duab thiab muaj kev ywj pheej zoo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm qhov kev mob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Saarinen kev ua haujlwm thaum ntxov li xyoo 1910, thaum lawv tsis yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov loj me uas tsis tau pom lossis kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab / lossis cawv ntawm kev niaj hnub no). Nws nyuam qhuav yog lub zog tshiab.
Lub Art Deco style pom lub tsev ua daim ntawv loj undivided, nrog nyuam qhuav tsim tawm suab, thiab qhov no yog dab tsi ua rau nws cuam tshuam tsis yog rau Gothic, tab sis rau cov archaic. Qhov no yog 90-meter Monument mus rau Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm haiv neeg hauv Leipzig, 1898-1913 (kws kes duab vajtse B. Schmitz). [daim duab. 3.4] Nws cov lus pom zoo lub sij hawm tau hais kom ua los ntawm kev qhia lub ntiaj teb tectonics, thiab nws yog qhov no uas yuav ua rau cov qauv ntawm Saarinen. Nws cov haujlwm rau Lub Parliament nyob rau hauv Helsinki (1908) thiab lub tsev ntawm Pab Koomtes ntawm Cov Neeg Koom Tes hauv Geneva (1928), thiab tom qab ntawd rau DC Iofan, tau rov ua dua lub silhouette ntawm German loj heev (thiab rau Iofan no monumental, telescopic daim ntawv ntawm lub lub tsev tau paub zoo, qhov no tau meej meej tus tswv ua ntej-ua tiav kev ua tiav - Ua kev txhim kho nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm Bulle, qhov haujlwm ntawm Hnub Ua Kev Nco, 1916 qhib siab kwv yees lub silhouette ntawm DS, 1932-33). [10, p. 28] Yog li cov tsev ntawm xyoo 1910, lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob ntawm chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau hauv Helsinki thiab Monument hauv Leipzig yuav npaj cov qauv kev nthuav dav ntawm Art Deco ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s - cov haujlwm ntawm Chicago Tribune thiab cov Palace ntawm Soviets, ntsig txog. Qhov no yog qhov thoob ntiaj teb (cosmopolitan) hauv paus ntawm Iofan hom.
Cov kev sib tw rau lub tsev ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets tau cim qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm "kev paub txog cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv keeb kwm", tab sis lub zog thiab kev qhia ntawm Iofan qhov project tau rov qab mus rau qhov sib txawv, tsis yog classical, tab sis tej thaj chaw deb hauv lub sijhawm thiab chaw archaic Buddhist kev lig kev cai (kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm DS tuaj yeem yog lub tuam tsev Wat Arun hauv Npaskoj). Thiab txawm hais tias daim duab txheej thaum ub lawv tus kheej yuav tsis tau siv nyob rau hauv cov chaw dai kom zoo nkauj, nws yog lub npe hu ua neoarchaic ledge motif uas muaj kev sib haum xeeb, muaj kev daws teeb meem zoo silhouette ntawm lub tsev thiab muab nws cov yam ntxwv ntawm Art Deco. Archaic tectonism tau tuaj yeem tsim txhua daim ntawv thiab qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm nws lub zog thiab muab rau Art Deco, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov style tshiab thiab neoclassicism yog lub silhouette ntawm tus mlom stupa.19 [daim duab. 18] Nyob rau hauv kev xav ntawm Art Deco masters, qhov sib txawv me me hauv qhov siab cov tuam tsev qub tau hloov mus ua tus tuam tsev tuam tsev, ntau zaus dhau ntawm lawv qhov loj me. Nws tau txaus rau cov kws tsim txuj ci los nthuav cov monuments ntawm yav dhau los mus rau qhov ntau thiab tsawg qhov tsis tau pom dua tshiab thiab muaj ntau ntxiv rau, ntau suav cov pob kws tau dhau los ua cov plag tsev, pilasters - bay qhov rais.
Art Deco yees sawv cev ib qho kev hloov pauv tsis meej ntawm cov lus yas, ib qho kev tsis lees paub ntawm tag nrho, kev txiav txim siab zoo tag nrho ntawm cov keeb kwm keeb kwm. Lub Gothic cathedrals, tsis yog lub tuam tsev txheej thaum ub ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab cov tebchaws Esxias yav qab teb tau zoo li ntawd, thiab tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau theem ntawm silhouette thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, lawv txoj kev sib txuas nrog Art Deco yog pom tseeb. Lub tectonics ntawm cov tuam tsev pob zeb ntau rau cov chaw nyob deb nroog thiab kev coj noj coj ua thiab tsim txoj kev sib koom tes tshiab hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm skyscrapers - Art Deco. Thiab nws yog Gothic-Nyiaj Pov tsab ntawv uas yuav coj ua ke cov duab ntawm xws masters sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm sib nrug raws li G. Pelzig thiab J. Chernikhov, H. Ferris thiab B. Iofan.20
Cov kaus mom ntawm Moscow lub tsev siab nyob ib puag ncig lub Palace ntawm Soviets rov ua dua Ferris tus qauv nrog tsis tshua pom cov pyramidal yees. Yog li hauv lub nroog ntawm Art Deco era, peb lub tuam tsev kev coj ua ke tau sib xyaw - ntau lub turret ntawm Gothic, cov tuam tsev taw qhia ntawm Is Nrias teb, Qhab Meem teb thiab Thaib teb, cov duab Aztec thiab Mayan faus rau hauv cov nroj ntsuab. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm cov kev coj noj coj ua no, qhov kev sib txuam no ntawm Art Deco uas ua rau cov qauv ntawm Asmeskas cov tuam txhab ua haujlwm muaj feem xyuam nrog cov dej num ntawm DS thiab NKTP, rau Moscow cov tsev siab nyob rau xyoo 1950.
Lub Palace ntawm Soviets tau txiav txim siab los ua monument rau qhov kev txiav txim tshiab thiab nws tau txiav txim siab los ua nws cov duab "universal". Cov tuam tsev txheej thaum ub thiab rov tsim kho cov duab ntawm Kircher Ntauwd ntawm Babel, kev tsim kho ntawm Berg thiab Schmitz thaum xyoo 1910, kev tsim qauv ntawm Ferris thiab Saarinen xyoo 1920 - lub Palace ntawm Soviets yog lub zoo meej fusion ntawm tag nrho cov duab, nws raug pleev xim nrog txuj ci. Txawm li cas los xij, vim li cas DS ho tsis siv tom qab ua tsov rog? Kev tsim kho ntawm DS tau tsa ntau qhov kev ua xyem xyav thiab cov lus nug, los ntawm cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm thiab qhov tsim nyog mus ua haujlwm thiab nyiaj txiag. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev tsim kho ntawm DS skyscraper (yuav tsum yog tsuas yog lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb) tau ua tsis tau zoo nrog kev sib tw uas tsis zoo nyob hauv qhov kev sib tw no rau cov ntawv sau tseg. Nyob hauv New York, lub sijhawm twg los xij, ib qho kev txhim kho pob zeb loj nyob ua kom tau li 10 lub tsev, ua raws li txoj haujlwm tshaj lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Imperial - qhov no yog Metropolitan Insurance Building, 410 m siab.21 [daim duab. 19, 20]
Yog li, lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog los sau thiab piv cov qauv, thiab piav qhia txog keeb kwm yav dhau los, lossis theej lub hauv paus, tsis muaj tus qauv ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets yuav tsis muaj chaw. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm lo lus "Art Deco" uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hais txog kev koom tes ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets hauv kev sib tw ntawm kev tawm tswv yim lub zog thiab nws txoj kev sib raug zoo rau kev coj ua txawv txawv. Thiab tsuas yog ua piv txwv ntawm Art Deco, qhov haujlwm ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets tau kos rau hauv kev hloov ntawm kev tsim kho hauv ntiaj teb rau ntau caum xyoo, nws tau txais kev nrhiav caj ceg, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj ua tiav kev tshawb nrhiav kev zoo nkauj uas tau pib xyoo 1910. Qhov kev tsim ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ribbed skyscraper tau dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj meej tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhim kho hauv USSR ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm Art Deco, thiab lub Palace ntawm Soviets los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov kab ke ntawm kev koom tes, tsis nyob hauv kev sib cais, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus thoob ntiaj teb, nws qhov zoo thiab qhov zoo yog pom tseeb. Daim duab kawg ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets tsis yog rau lub sijhawm thaum sib tw xwb, tab sis los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov keeb kwm thiab cov qauv tam sim no, kev xaiv ntawm lawv, lawv txoj kev tsim kho tshiab thiab txhim kho qhov qhia tau ntawm cov tswv yim nyob hauv lawv. Cov. Xws li yog lub luag haujlwm thiab kev tsim txiaj ntawm B. M. Iofan.
1 Lo lus "ribbed style" hauv tsab xov xwm no yog to taub, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog "hom loj", tab sis raws li ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm qee cov txheej txheem kos duab ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov haujlwm thiab cov tsev. Cov lus txhais lo lus "nruj" thiab "expressionism" tsis siv nyob rau hauv kab lus no rau cov thim duab ntawm sab saud ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s.
2 Cov kev sib tw rau cov haujlwm ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets txuas ntxiv nrog kev cuam tshuam thaum lub sijhawm 1931-1933, thawj theem ua ntej, tuav thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1931, tau hais meej txog txoj kev sib tw. Tom qab ntawd, thaum Lub Xya Hli-Kaum Ob Hlis ntawm tib lub xyoo, qhov thib ob, tagnrho-Union qhib kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw tau muaj, uas tau coj ua ke 160 cov haujlwm, suav nrog 24 los ntawm tus tswv txawv teb chaws. Nws qhov tshwm sim yog qhov tso tseg ntawm avant-garde aesthetics (txoj cai ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 28, 1932, uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho ntawm Soviet architecture nyob rau xyoo 1930, tau hu rau cov kws ua haujlwm mus nrhiav kev tshawb nrhiav "siv ob qho tshiab thiab cov tswv yim zoo tshaj ntawm cov architecture dhau los ". Thaum lub Peb Hlis-Lub Xya Hli 1932, qhov thib peb ncig los tau - kev sib tw ntawm 12 pawg. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1932 - Lub Ob Hlis 1933, zaum kawg plaub ntawm 5 pab tub rog tau coj qhov chaw. Maj mam, qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets pib loj hlob, los ntawm Tsib Hlis 1933 qhov siab tau 260 meters, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1934 - 415 metres, [saib. 6, p. 70, 71; 9, p. 80, 84, 113, 115].
3 Keeb kwm kev ua qauv kuj tau tshwm sim hauv cov haujlwm ntawm All-Union kev sib tw (1931), cov no yog cov kauv puab "a la Babel Tower" (Iofan, Ludwig), cov duab ntawm cov mausoleum ntawm Tsitsilia Metella (Golosov), tsib-taw qhia tus qauv ntawm Villa Caprarola (Chechulin, Ludwig), cov tsev so Pharos thiab cov ovos Colosseum (Zholtovsky, Golts). Hauv kev sib tw thib peb (1932), cov kws txawj ua haujlwm rov qab lub pej thuam ntawm St. Petersburg Admiralty (Zholtovsky), lub ntsej muag zoo li lub khob hliav qab ntawm Augustus (Chechulin). Hauv qhov thib plaub puag ncig - arcades ntawm lub basilica hauv Vicenza (Schuko thiab Gelfreich) thiab oval ntawm Colosseum (ib pab neeg muaj xws li: Alabyan, Mordvinov, Simbirtsev, Doditsa, Dushkin, Vlasov), thiab lub suab sib luag ntawm Doge lub palazzo yog kwv yees hauv plaub qhov project, tshwj tsis yog rau Iofan cov ntawv.
4 Xyoo 1931, lub sijhawm sib tw ua ntej, G. M. Hauv qhov project DS, Ludwig yog thawj tus tshaj tawm tsib tsib taw qhia "ib la Villa Caprarola" cov qauv (qhov haujlwm no tau muab lub tswv yim tsis yog rau cov tsim ntawm Red Army Theatre, tab sis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam Chechulin's version, 1932). Txawm li cas los xij, tsib lub hnub qub tsis tau dhau los ua qhov pib ntawm DS. Tom ntej ob qho haujlwm dhau los ntawm DS Ludwig (1932) tau ua pov thawj pom tseeb txog lub zog ntawm tectonic thinning ntawm tus pej thuam (version ntawm qhov thib peb puag ncig) thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov duab ntxiag ntawm lub tsev (version ntawm plaub puag ncig). Thiab qhov no yog raws nraim li neoarchism ntawm qhov kawg version ntawm Iofan's DS yuav zoo li. Rov qab hais tias Heinrich Ludwig, yog ib tus kws tshaj lij uas muaj peev xwm tshaj tawm thaum xyoo 1920 - 1930, tau raug tsuj nyob rau xyoo 1938, tab sis muaj txoj sia nyob thiab xyoo 1953 koom nrog kev sib tw rau Pantheon hauv Moscow, tawm tswv yim txog lwm qhov haujlwm hauv kev ua qauv ntawm DS [8, p. 79, 96, 113, 152].
5 Nws yuav zoo li hauv kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov DS muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws cov neeg tsim tau rov mus rau qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub xov tooj ntsa ntauwd ntsia hlau nrog tus pej thuam uas tau thov los ntawm Iofan rov qab rau hauv thawj puag ncig xyoo 1931, tab sis cov teev thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub pej thuam hloov pauv. Iofan xyoo 1931 txoj haujlwm pom [4, p. 140-143]
6 Nco ntsoov tias Iofan cov pabcuam yog hais ncaj qha rau cov masters uas tsis yog tsuas yog yeej cov neeg siv khoom kev ntseeg siab xyoo 1920, tabsis tseem nkag siab txog qhov "tshiab no"; nyob rau hauv kev sib tw thib 3 ntawm xyoo 1932 kev sib tw, Shchuko thiab Gelfreich tau thov ob daim ntawv cog lus ntawm DS.
7 Raws li xyoo 1938 qhov project, ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub pavilion ntawm Spartakovskaya metro chaw nres tsheb (tam sim no Baumanskaya), Iofan npaj los npog ob sab ntawm pylons nrog flutes, uas yog, nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li cov node no tau daws nyob rau tom qab chaw ua haujlwm nyob Chicago (1932) (nws tau ua qee qhov sib txawv).
8 Cov piv txwv zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom nyob sab nraud Moscow: cov no yog DK im. Gorky (A. I. Gegello, 1927), Lub koom haum Textile (L. V. Rudnev, 1929), lub tsev nyob rau ntawm Stachek Square (N. A. Trotsky, 1934) thiab lub tsev ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Kulakov (1936), lub tsev ntawm Voenmorov (E. A. Levinson, 1938), kuj yog ib lub khw muag khoom hauv Kiev (D. F. Fridman, 1938). I. G. Thaum tig ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930, Langbard tsim cov phiaj xwm hauv cov qauv sib txig sib luag, nws txhim tsa tsoomfwv cov tsev hauv Minsk (1930-1934) thiab Mogilev (1938), thiab kuj tau tsim lub tsev ntawm Soviets hauv Stalingrad (1932) Cov.
9 D. F. Fridman thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Mossovet Rhiav kev ua haujlwm No. 5, uas nws tau taw qhia txog xyoo 1930, tau sau txog ntau txoj haujlwm hauv qhov kev sib tw, nrog rau cov haujlwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv Sverdlovsk (1932), Tashkent (1934), Red Army theatre hauv Moscow (cov qauv xyoo 1932, 1933 xyoo) thiab lub tsev ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Liab thiab Tub Rog hauv Kronstadt (1933), nrog rau kev kos duab ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm Rostov thiab Smolenskaya embankments (1934) thiab cov npe nrov ntawm lub tsev ntawm pej xeem sawv cev. ntawm Kev Lag Luam Loj (1934).
10 Nco ntsoov tias kev nrhav tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910, qhov kev paub ntawm German Expressionism thiab American Art Deco A. Ya. Langman pom nws muaj sia nyob, kawm nyob Vienna xyoo 1904-1911 thiab mus xyuas tebchaws Yelemes thiab Asmeskas xyoo 1930-1931.
11 Yog li, qhov project DS ua ke ob qho tib si cov duab (Bulle's monumentalism thiab telescopic daim ntawv ntawm Mausoleum ntawm Augustus) thiab avant-garde (tier ntauwd "Hlau Tsev" los ntawm B. Taut ntawm ib qho chaw ua yeeb yam hauv Leipzig (1913) thiab tus pej thuam nto moo ntawm Qhov Peb Leeg Thoob Ntiaj Teb los ntawm VE Tatlin, 1919) thiab daim phiaj kauv los ntawm cov phiaj xwm ntawm G. M. Ludwig, Palace of Labour (1923) thiab DS (1932).
12 "Mausoleum-zoo li" cov qauv kuj tau npaj siab los ntawm European cov kws kes duab vajtse, cov no yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm A. Sauvage - lub tuam tsev zoo li tus ncej ntawm Primavera ntawm xyoo 1925 kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris (nco ntsoov tias ntau ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub tsev muag khoom tau pom cov qauv qhia pyramidal) thiab cov thawj coj lub khw muag khoom Samariten (1926), nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov vaj tsev nyob ze ntawm Port Mayo (1931) thiab Holden cov tuam tsev monumental hauv London - Lub Tsev Hloov Mus (1927) thiab Senate Tsev (1932). Ib qho ntxiv, monuments zoo li lub mausoleum yog muab los ntawm cov neeg koom hauv kev sib tw rau kev tsim tsa ntawm Lub Koom Haum Pab Koom Tes ntawm Lub Tebchaws hauv Geneva (1928) - E. Saarinen thiab J. Vago, G. Pelzig thiab O. Perret.
13 Thiab yog tias thaum xub thawj me nplai ntawm Mausoleum ntawm V. I. Lenin tuaj yeem ua rau DS gigantomania, tom qab ntawd cov neeg muaj zog ntawm yav tom ntej tus pej thuam tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov laj thawj rau tsis kam lees siv DS.
14 Yog li, piv txwv li, Art Deco tau ua lag luam zoo tag nrho ntawm canelures - los ntawm tej yam me me ntawm American skyscrapers hauv architecture (lossis, piv txwv li, hauv VIEM thaj chaw tsim vaj tsev, kws kes duab vaj tse N Lansere, 1933) rau grandiose, sib npaug ntawm lub qhov rai kauj ruam, zoo li, piv txwv li, hauv Kharkov Palace ntawm Tus Ua Haujlwm (tus kws kes duab AI Dmitriev, 1928) lossis qhov haujlwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv Yekaterinoslav N. A. Trotsky (1924), zoo li A. Loos qhov kev pom zoo ntawm kev sib tw Chicago Tribune (1922) thiab New York skyscraper Irving Trust Company Lub Tuam Tsev, koov. R. Walker (1931). Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub raj nplaim-thias hnub tim rov qab los rau ntawm lub tsev sab nrauv thaum hnub tim 18 xyoo pua, muaj kev sib hlub hauv lub nroog Desere de Retz ze Paris.
15 Lub phiaj xwm ntawm interiors ntawm DS 1946, saib [17, p. 162].
16 Kev tsim vaj tse ntawm cov tsev siab nyob hauv tebchaws Asmeskas thaum xyoo 1920 - 1930 tuaj yeem muab faib ua tsib pawg - cov neoclassical, neo-gothic, avant-garde, neoarchaic, lossis fantasy-geometrized tivthaiv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm lossis tsim kom muaj kev sib luag. interstyle alloy. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm kev sib txauv ntawm no thaum xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 tau sib txig sib luag hauv cov nroog hauv Asmeskas.
17 Yog li, qhov sib thooj sib thooj muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem ntes tau ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm lub tsev tswj hwm (kws kes duab vajtse BM Iofan, 1948) thiab Palmolive Lub Tsev hauv Chicago (kws kes duab vajtse Holabert thiab Ruth, 1927–1929), qhov haujlwm ntawm Central House of Aeroflot (kws kes duab vajtse D) N. Chechulin, Rhiav ntawm Moscow City Council No. 2, 1934) thiab Riverside Plaza lub tsev hauv Chicago (kws kes duab vajtse.ruaj "Holabert thiab Ruth", 1925-1929). Iofan qhov dej num NKTP (1936) tau raug tshoov siab los ntawm ob lub tsev hauv New York los ntawm R. Hood, Rockefeller Center ribbed slab (1932) thiab McGraw Hill Building (1931). Friedman qhov kev sib tw tsim rau NKTP lub tsev (1934) yog cov lus teb rau Chicago ua haujlwm ntawm Graham, Anderson, Probst thiab White, Civic Opera Building (1929) thiab Foreman Building (1930).
18 Lub sijhawm sib tw ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm lub tuam tsev (Lub Ib Hlis 1922) tshwm sim hauv Corbet thiab Ferris ua ntej 6 lub hlis ua ntej kev sib tw rau Chicago Tribune (Lub Rau Hli - Kaum Ob Hlis 1922), tab sis nws yog Saarinen qhov haujlwm uas txiav txim siab qhov zoo nkauj ntawm America lub Art Deco. Lub phiaj xwm ntawm Corbet, uas kuj koom nrog kev sib tw, tau daws qhov teeb meem ntawm tus ntsuj plig tshiab neo-Gothic (16, p. 39, 85, 220).
19 Thiab rau Iofan qhov tsis txaus siab no rau cov hauj sam lub tuam tsev ib txwm ua, raws li nws zoo li, meej pem heev, nws txaus los saib nws daim duab ntawm daim duab DS xyoo 1933, saib [4, p. 164].
20 Qee qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov laj kab hauv nruab nrab cov tuam tsev ဗုဒ္ဓ nruab nrab thiab cov tsev teev ntuj thaum ub yog qhia los ntawm N. L. Pavlov, saib [5, p. 147, 150], tus yam ntxwv ntawm Hauj sam thiab txheej nruab nrab txheej nruab nrab ntawm cov masters xyoo 1910s - 1930 tau sau tseg hauv phau ntawv Expressionist Architecture [15, p. 52-54].
21 Nws yog qhov tsim nyog nyob ntawm no kom rov qab keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev sib tw rau cov npe ntawm lub tsev siab tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb thaum Lub Plaub Hlis - Tsib Hlis 1930. Kev tsim kho ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Nyiaj Txiag ntawm Manhattan hauv New York thaum pib kwv yees qhov siab ntawm 260 m, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm dhau ntawm cov ntawv sau tseg ntev ntev - Lub Tsev Woolworth (1913, 241 m). Tab sis raws li qhov kev kawm paub tias qhov tau tshaj tawm qhov siab ntawm Chrysler Lub Tsev tab tom tsim kho yog 280 m, tus kws tsim qauv ntawm Bank of Manhattan, txhawm rau khaws lawv cov neeg siab nyob siab, txiav txim siab txuas ntxiv qhov siab raug tsim, thiab yog li, thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 1930, qhov siab ntawm lawv cov pej thuam yog 283 m. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsim ntawm Chrysler Lub Tsev tseem mus rau qhov ua kom yuam kev. 38 m siab siab ntawm cov kab hlau loj tau muab zais tsis pub dhau hauv lub tsev thiab tau txhim tsa rau saum lub Tsib Hlis 1930, ua rau muaj ntaub ntawv 318 m ntawm Chrysler Lub Tsev. Lenin ntawm DS tus pej thuam yuav sawv siab tshaj lub ntuj Moscow, sab saum toj ntawm Metropolitan Insurance Building yuav nce siab dua.
Ntaub Ntawv
1. "Architecture ntawm USSR", 1934, No. 10.
2. Palace ntawm Soviets ntawm USSR. All-Union kev sib tw. M.: "Vsekohudozhnik", xyoo 1933.
3. Zueva P. P. Skyscrapers ntawm New York, 1900-1920. / Architecture thiab kev tsim kho RAASN. M.: ACADEMIA. 2006. No. 4.
4. Italie Palace ntawm lub Soviets. - M.: MUAR - 2007.
5. Pavlov N. L., Thaj. Tshuaj khib. Cov tuam tsev. Archaic ntug hauv lub architecture ntawm Indo-Europeans. M. 2003
6. Ryabushin A. V. Keeb kwm ntawm Soviet architecture, 1917-1954 Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1985
7. Khan-Magomedov S. O. Cov qauv kos duab ntawm Soviet avant-garde. Nqe 1. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1996
8. Khan-Magomedov S. O. Heinrich Ludwig. Cov neeg tsim ntawm avant-garde. - Moscow: Lavxias Avant-garde Foundation, 2007.
9. Khmelnitsky D. S. Stalin's Architecture: Psychology thiab Style. - M.: Kev vam meej-kab lis kev cai, 2007.
10. Eigel I. Yu Boris Iofan - Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1978.
11. Christ-Janer A. Eliel Saarinen: Finnish-American Kws kes duab vajtse thiab xib fwb Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984
12. Ferriss H. Lub Metropolis ntawm Tag kis. Dover Phau Ntawv Sau Txog Lub Vaj Tse. - NY.: Dover Cov Ntawv Tshaj Tawm, 2005.
13. Minkowski H. Vermutungen über den Turm zu Babe L. Freren, Luca Verlag, xyoo 1991
14. New York 1930: Architecture thiab Urbanism Ntawm Ob Ntiaj Teb Kev Sib Tw / Stern R. A. M. Gilmartin G. F. Mellins T. - NY.: Rizzoli, 1994.
15. Pehnt W. Tus qauv qhia qauv siab. - London: Thames & Hudson, 1973.
16. Solomonson K. Kev Sib Tw Chicago Pawg Sib Tw Hauv Tshav Zog: Skyscraper Tsim thiab Kev Hloov Pauv Hauv Xyoo 1920. - Chicago: University Ntawm Chicago Xovxwm, 2003.
17. Turannei des Schonen. Kws kes duab vajtse der Stalin - Zeit. - Tsev khaws puav pheej Wien / Osterreichisches plaub tsiaj angewandte Kunst Prestel-Verlag, 1994.
18. Weber E. Art Deco hauv North America. Hong Kong: Phau Ntawv Bison, 1987
annotation
Xyoo 1920 thiab 30s, txoj kev ua xyoob ntoo los ua lub ntsej muag thoob ntiaj teb. Embodied hauv lub architecture ntawm skyscrapers hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nws tau los ua lub hauv paus rau tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm Soviet cov kws ua vaj tsev hauv xyoo 1930. Thiab nws tau nyob rau hauv cov qauv no tias qhov kawg nkaus ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets ntawm B. M. Iofan (1934). Cov kev sib tw rau kev tsim tsa lub Tsev Palace ntawm Soviets tau dhau los ua qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm Soviet architecture; Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog txoj kev nyiam ua lub ntsej muag (Art Deco) uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm daws tau qhov zoo ntawm lub tsev ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets (415 m siab) thiab dhau New York skyscrapers ua tsaug rau lawv tus kheej cov tswv yim. Lub Palace ntawm Soviets yog yuav tsum yog Moscow cov lus teb rau New York cov tuam tsev, thiab tshwj xeeb hauv Metropolitan Insurance Building, uas tau pib xyoo 1932 nrog qhov siab siab txog 410 m. Kev sib tw hauv qhov siab yuav tsum muaj kev sib tw hauv cov qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev hais tawm ntawm Iofan qhov haujlwm tau hais txog tsis yog rau tam sim no, cov tswv yim niaj hnub ntawm xyoo 1910s-1930, tab sis kuj hais txog kev qub kev cai thiab cov duab ntawm Tower of Babel (tom qab rov tsim kho los ntawm A. Kircher, 1679). Art Deco skyscrapers sawv cev ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus yas, ib qho kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov décor ntawm cov keeb kwm keeb kwm, thiab tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau theem ntawm silhouette thiab tectonics, kev sib txuas ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg thiab nruab nrab cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab Art Deco yog pom tseeb. Yog li, tus tsim ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim duab pob ribbed skyscraper tau dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj meej tshaj plaws ntawm kev nthuav dav hauv USSR ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm Art Deco, thiab lub Palace ntawm Soviets los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no.
