Cov kev sib tw rau lub tsev ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets (1932) tau tsim cov kev tshawb fawb rau cov txheej txheem tshiab Soviet hauv architecture, txawm li cas los xij, coj lawv tam sim ntawd los ntawm avant-garde, nws tsis txwv lawv kom ua tsis tau zoo ntawm cov classics. Nyob rau thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1930, cov kws txuj hauv tsev thiab cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab tau txais kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev txawv teb chaws, kev hloov tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910s. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb hauv cov txheej txheem ua ntej-kev tawm tsam uas yug los ntawm cov cuab yeej kos duab ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, lub cim ntu ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm xyoo 1920-1930, yog qhov tseeb pom, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj thiab ascetic architecture. [1] Hauv tib lub xyoo, nrog kev tsim lub tsev ntawm Lub Tsev Zej Zog ntawm German, uas tau qhib qhov geometrization ntawm cov kev txiav txim zoo nkauj (thiab qhia meej meej txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm xyoo 1930), kev npau suav, ze rau Art Deco cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub Bassein Kev sib koom tes tau kos. [2] Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm no yog sim los piav qhia qhov ntau ntawm cov kev teev dab qhuas ntawm Art Ntxov tsim kom zoo nkauj thaum ntxov thiab txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas qhov laj thawj rau qhov kev ntsuas geometrization ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm xyoo 1910-1930. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv no yuav yog I. A. Fomin thiab V. A. Shchuko, uas pib qhov kev tsim kho ntawm ob lub cim vaj tsev loj heev hauv xyoo 1928 - lub tsev ntawm Dynamo zej zog thiab lub tsev ntawm Lub Tsev Teev Ntawv muaj npe tom qab IN THIAB. Lenin hauv Moscow.
Tom qab kev sib tw rau lub Palace ntawm Soviets (1932), Soviet architecture tsim tau coj mus rau hauv tus account pre-revolutionary architecture, thiab qhov no tsis tsuas yog Palladianism lossis kev thov rov hais dua rau Behrens kev txiav txim, tab sis txaus siab rau txhua qhov architecture ntawm xyoo 1910, hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws Cov. Kev nthuav dav ntawm cov qauv kos duab thiab thaj chaw geometrization ntawm cov ntsiab lus, kev zoo nkauj ntawm qhov ua phem thiab kev sim ntawm Art Art thaum ntxov - tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem siv rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm "mastering lub cuab yeej cuab tam hauv txheej thaum ub". Thiab thawj cov piv txwv ntawm cov yas fantasy thiab geometrization (thiab yog li Art Deco) hauv Lavxias architecture tsis muaj hnub rov qab txog xyoo 1930, tab sis mus rau xyoo 1910, thaum xws li kev yooj yim ntawm cov décor tsis tau hais txog los ntawm kev nom kev tswv los yog kev lag luam.
Kev nrhav kev tsim ua thaum ntxov Art Deco ntawm xyoo 1910 tsis rov qab mus rau cov lus hauv haiv neeg European (medieval thiab classical) lossis floristic Art Nouveau, nws yog qhov kev hloov pauv yas, tsis tsim kev tsim, thiab xws li kev ua haujlwm tsis yog Saarinen. Thiab txawm hais tias ua ntej Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Tseem tshuav qee yam khoom lag luam Art Deco (ntau zaus lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov tib neeg), qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua yog qhov pom. Yog li, cov yam ntxwv ntawm Art Art thaum ntxov tuaj yeem ntes tau rau hauv cov tswv cuab ntawm St. Petersburg architecture - lub tsev ntawm Bassein Partnership (1912), nrog geometrized thiab xav tau pleev xim zoo nkauj dai kom zoo nkauj, ntxiv rau Qhov Chaw Muag Khoom Tshiab (1912), nkag chaw nres nkoj ntawm qhov uas yooj yim rau kev xav tsim nyob rau hauv New York thaum xyoo 1920.
Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, thiab tom qab lub kiv puag ncig hauv Lavxias, zoo li muaj kev sib cais tsis sib luag ob ntu ntawm kev tsim kho tus cwj pwm ntawm Lavxias architecture. [4] Qhov kev coj ua ntej-kab lis kev cai nrog nws txoj kev ua yeeb yam yas nyuaj dhau los yuav tsis muaj feem los ntawm Xaus Viaj. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev paub ntawm geometrization ntawm décor tau kawm. Yog li, qhov txuj ci ntawm qhov ntxov Art Deco ntawm St. Petersburg yog lub tsev ntawm N. P. Semenov (SG Ginger, 1914), thiab motif ntawm nws lub sam thiaj nrov tsev tau nkag mus rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm 6 lub tsev hauv xyoo 1930. [5] Hauv lub xyoo ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, qhov no tau tshwm sim ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj, npaj kom dhau los ua kev kos duab, tab sis tsis muaj kev paub txog nws lub peev xwm. Yog li, lub ntsej muag ntawm Burtsev lub tsev (1912) muaj kev sib tw yooj yim thiab tsim cov ntsiab lus tsim, qhov kawg ntawm von Hooke lub tsev (1912) tau txiav txim siab ntawm qhov tsis sib xws ntawm geometrized niche thiab lub vase, stepped brackets. [6] Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, Lavxias architecture tsis tuaj yeem yog li muaj kuab heev, tab sis nws strove rau qhov no txawm tias qhov kev ntaus ntawv, uas tau nce nws lub siab rau cov masters hauv xyoo 1930-1950.
Soviet architecture ntawm lub xyoo 1920-1930 twb tau los ua tus neeg tshaj lij ntawm lub caij nyoog, thiab qhov coarseness thiab yooj yim ntawm nws cov ntawv los ua qhov lus teb rau kev sib raug zoo thiab nyiaj txiag. Txawm li cas los xij, dab tsi yuam kom yuam kom yooj yim ntawm cov monuments ntawm xyoo 1910? Cov no yog cov cubic nkhaus ntawm R. I. Bernstein (1910) thiab lub tsev ntawm Basseynoye Koom Haum (1912), ib qho kev txiav txim me me uas tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab cov peev hauv tag nrho cov haujlwm los ntawm A. F. Bubyr, stepped nkhaus thiab cov hauv paus ntawm bay qhov rais ntawm lub tsev ntawm K. I. Kapustina (1910). Ntau cov lus qhia ntawm geometrized, caisson lub qhov rais thiab ib qho kev txiav txim tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab cov peev - tag nrho cov cuab yeej ntawm cov qauv yav tom ntej ntawm xyoo 1930s tshwm sim ua ntej Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. [7] Txawm li cas los xij, cov no yog kev nrhav tshiab ntawm European architecture thiab cov kev xav ua rau lawv cov yam ntxwv yog paub daws teeb, pom tau qhov muag. Nws yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov qauv zoo nkauj - geometrization ntawm daim ntawv kos duab.
Qhov dav ntawm cov style spectrum ntawm 1910s-1930s yog qee yam tshaj tawm los ntawm lub tsev ntawm R. A. Diederichs hauv St. Petersburg (1912), nws txoj kev ncaj ncaj juxtaposes kev lim hiam thiab kev nyiam, kev xeb thiab kev txiav txim siab tseeb. Yog li, nyob rau xyoo 1920-1930, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov "proletarian classics" tau rov qab mus rau qhov qub kev coj ua, thiab cov qauv ntawm geometrization - mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov tig ntawm 1900-1910s, thawj cov piv txwv ntawm Art Deco.
Qhov txiav txim siab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Art Deco style yog skyscrapers ntawm Asmeskas, tab sis nws cov tswv yim tseem ceeb - geometrization thiab kev mob siab rau kev xav archaism - tau tshwm sim rau thawj zaug txawm ua ntej Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. Xws li cov vaj tse ntawm Sullivan thiab Wright, lub koob yees duab ruam ua yeeb yam ntawm Saarinen, kev ua haujlwm ntawm J. Hoffmann (Stoclet Palace, 1905) thiab O. Perret (Theatre on the Champs Elysees, 1913). [8] Qhov no yog lub voj voos ntawm monuments ntawm thaum ntxov Art Deco (protoardeco) - qhov no yog qhov thib ob puag ncig ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab hauv cov lus txheej txheej tom qab Art Nouveau, ib daim ntawv tshawb nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov qhabnias classics. [9]
Qhov tshwm sim rau ob lub caij nyoog, sib cais los ntawm Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, yog siv qhov kev txiav txim siab geometrized. Hauv xyoo 1920-1930, cov kws txawj ua haujlwm pib rov qab mus rau lub tsev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev ntawm German Lub Tsev Zej Zog (P. Behrens, 1911) thiab Berlin Cov Neeg Ua Yeeb Yam (O. Kaufmann, 1914), anta porticoes ntawm lub Hall hauv Hellerau (G. Tessenov, 1910) thiab Austrian pavilion hauv Rome (J. Hoffman, 1910). [10] Thiab qhov no tsis yog lam tau lam ua, tab sis yog lub ntuj txuas ntxiv ntawm kev ua haujlwm cuam tshuam los ntawm Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. Tom qab nws ua tiav, cov nqaj hlau rau kev rov ua dua tshiab, kev yooj yim ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse ua ke nrog kev lag luam ntawm lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm cov tub rog sib txawv thiab cov kev nyiam sib txawv hauv cov thawj - qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub tuam tsev Iyiv ancient Hatshepsut, cov duab puab tshwj xeeb ntawm Bakaker lub ntxa Rome, raws li ib hom ntawm pre-classical proto-order. [11]
Lub tuam tsev skyscrapers ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas tau los ua lub cim ntawm lub caij nyoog ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930, tab sis lawv tau koom nrog hauv orbit ntawm Art Deco thiab kev txiav txim zoo architecture. Lub monumentality ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Fomin, Levinson thiab Shchuko (thiab lawv cov npoj yaig Italian) tau muab lub asceticism ntawm lawv cov haujlwm ua ib qho txawv ntxoov ntxoo ntawm archaism. Thiab cov monuments ntawm xyoo 1930 pom qhov tsim nyog imperial keeb kwm hauv Egyptian cov tuam tsev. Lub fluted pilasters ntawm lub 1910s thiab 1930s kuj rov qab mus rau qhov qub kev paub. [12] Yog li txheej txheem txheej txheej txheej puag thaum ub tau txhawb nqa kev rov ua dua tshiab lossis dua qub kev txiav txim ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb no neoarchaism uas coj qhov kev txiav txim geometrized ntawm 1910s-1930s los ze zog rau cov qauv ntawm skyscrapers.
Cov tsev khaws khoom ntawm xyoo 1925 kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris yog cov neeg sib txawv heev, thiab yog tias thawj zaug ntawm lawv tau cuam tshuam cov qauv ntawm American skyscrapers, tom kawg tau muab cov lus tshiab txhais ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. [13] Lub Grand Palais staircase ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris xyoo 1925 (tus kws kes duab vajtse S. Letrosne) tau daws qhov teeb meem elongated anta thiab, rov qab mus rau kev nrhav tshiab ntawm Hoffman thiab Perret, tseeg tsim lub tsev khaws ntaub ntawv. IN THIAB. Lenin. Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub Shchuko portico tau hais ntxiv lwm lub tsev khaws khoom ntawm lub tsev ua yeeb yam - lub tsev ntawm tus sau P. Patou. Thiab nws yog qhov kev txaus siab thoob ntiaj teb ntawm lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm xyoo 1910, tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub xyoo 1925 hauv Paris, uas tso cai rau peb xav txog cov haujlwm ntawm Fomin thiab Schuko, Langbard thiab Levinson (thiab cov kws ua haujlwm Mussolini), tsis tsuas yog kev tshwm sim hauv lub teb chaws, tab sis raws li qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm ib nthwv dej loj ntawm cov kev hloov pauv stylistic - geometrization ntawm daim ntawv kos duab, thiab nws tau pib ua haujlwm ua ntej thiab ntxiv rau qhov hloov kho ntawm xyoo 1917 [15] Xws li yog qhov kev txiav txim hauv cov haujlwm ntawm Hoffman, Tessenov, Behrens thiab Perret, thiab nws yog cov kev hloov tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910 uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm "proletarian classics" hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov masters ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Leningrad. [16]
Xyoo 1928, kev sim ua yeeb yam pib ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Moscow - kev tsim kho ntawm ib qho kev txiav txim uas yog tseeb, geometrized thiab txhais hauv Art Deco. Lub tsev ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj State, lub tsev "Dynamo" thiab lub tsev qiv ntawv. IN THIAB. Lenin raug sawv cev los ntawm peb hom qauv ntawm lub xeev tus qauv, thiab lub sijhawm ntawm xyoo 1930 yuav tau tuav hauv lawv cov kev sib tw hnyav. Thiab hauv kev sib piv nrog cov qhabnias neoclassicism, lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv rau lawv. IN THIAB. Lenin ua qauv qhia Shuko txoj kev ncaj ncees hloov mus rau qhov sib txawv - Art Deco. [17] Txawm li cas los xij, qhov chaw twg yog qhov kev txiav txim geometrized ntawm Dynamo lub tsev noj nyob hauv daim ntawv qhia style ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930? Qhov sib txawv no, uas pom tseeb ntawm qhov ua ntej-tawm tsam neoclassicism thiab kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm Fomin nyob rau xyoo 1928, yuav tsum muaj kev kho cov ntsiab lus.
Kev txav ntawm lub pendulum ntawm ob tus ncej ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev thiab tsis pom zoo ob zaug hauv lub sijhawm xyoo 1910-1930 dhau ib qho theem ntawm ib theem nruab nrab, thaum qhov kev txiav txim, monumentality tseem tsis tau raug tso tseg kiag li, tab sis ib qho kev ua tiav ntawm lub tsev zoo nkauj classical yog. twb tsis tuaj. [18] Theem no, nws zoo nkaus li, nws muaj nws lub ntsiab lus, tsis tshua txo lub zog neoclassicism los yog ua kom zoo avant-garde. Qeb no yuav tsum pom nws lub npe, sib lawv liag thiab stylistic. Lub tsev tsim qauv ntawm xyoo 1930 yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau cov qauv sib txawv - los ntawm neo-Renaissance mus rau "ribbed style". Ntawm lawv yog cov neoclassical ceg ntawm Art Deco, piv txwv ntawm cov uas tuaj yeem nrhiav pom hauv Rome thiab Paris, Leningrad thiab Moscow. [19]
Fomin kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s zoo li yog qhov khoom plig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm "proletarian classics." Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov qauv no, nws theej pom tseeb tsis yog kev sib txuas nrog cov kab lis kev cai qub, tab sis kev txhob txwm deb ntawm nws. Feem ntau ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv no (zoo li yog khoom ntawm kev tawm tsam hloov kho) tau ua tiav nyob rau tebchaws Ltalis. Mussolini cov kws kes duab vajtse, nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo zoo li Fomin, nrog qhov sib txig sib luag ua ke coj los ua qhov kev zoo nkauj no, tsim ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov tswv yim qub thiab avant-garde. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev sib zog no yog qhov muaj kev sib cav ntawm cov neeg European ntaus. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev zoo nkauj no tau deb ntawm cov classics uas yog qhov hloov pauv yas ntawm nws thawj tus tswv, lub qhov ntxa ntawm Baker, los ntawm txoj kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub rooj sib tham Roman.
Lub interstyle geometrized kev txiav txim ntawm xyoo 1910-1930s (piv txwv li, hauv portico ntawm kev kho dua tshiab ntawm Rome University of Piacentini, 1933) tsis muaj qhov muaj cov yam ntxwv tsis tseem ceeb ntawm cov classics - yas qauv ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg thiab cov Renaissance. Kev tsis pom nws txoj kev zoo nkauj thiab ntxim nyiam, nws nqa qhov sib txawv kiag li, tsis yog xim "kev pom kev pom". Lub motives ntawm neoarchaic thiab avant-garde muaj ntau palpable hauv nws. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov duality no uas coj xws li kev txiav txim ze rau cov qauv ntawm American skyscrapers - Art Deco. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm geometrization ntawm architectural daim ntawv uas tau pauv ntawm cov duab puab ntawm Chrysler Lub Tsev Hais txog ntawm Gothic, nws zoo li, tau kov yeej los ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse xyoo 1930 hauv kev sib raug nrog cov txheej txheem txheej thaum ub.
Lub elongated colonnades ntawm Moscow lub tsev "Dynamo" thiab Leningrad House ntawm Soviets, nws yuav zoo li, nyob rau hauv txoj kev pom tseeb rov qab mus rau ib qho chaw - cov kev tsim granite ntawm Behrens. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tsev "Dynamo" tsis yog nws qhov kev hais ncaj qha, nws embodied geometrization twb dhau los ntawm daim ntawv classical, thiab tib lub sijhawm qhib tshaj tawm qhov thib ob, txawm tias ntau cov pov thawj txheej thaum ub - Roman qhov ntxa ntawm Baker (qhov no yog nws sib txawv los ntawm portico ntawm Piacentini). Qhov no tau tso cai rau Fomin los tsim qhov tsis txaus ntshai ntawm cov pob zeb tsis sib haum, lub taub hau loj (monumental monument) - ob qho tib si sib luag los ntawm kev tsim kho, neoclassicism thiab kos duab dai, thiab tib lub sijhawm txuam nrog lawv.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Art Deco hauv architecture - lub geometrization ntawm cov qauv keeb kwm, yas thiab kev sib xyaw neoarchaism, duality (piv txwv li ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm kev coj ua thiab avant-garde, scenery thiab asceticism), rov hais dua mus rau kev nrhav kev tsim tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910 - kuj tseem yog tus yam ntxwv. ntawm cov style ntawm American skyscrapers thiab thiab rau qhov kev txiav txim geometrized ntawm xyoo 1910-1930. Qhov no tso cai rau peb xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev txiav txim architecture ntawm xyoo 1910-1930 tsis yog ua kom yooj yim, "ua rau tsis zoo" classics, tab sis kom pom nyob hauv nws qee cov ntsiab lus tshiab - cov neoclassical ceg ntawm Art Deco, nkag siab los ntawm Art Deco tsis tsuas yog "ribbed style" ntawm cov tsev siab, tab sis ntau qhov kev sib haum xeeb ntawm tus ncej ntawm cov qhabnias classics thiab avant-garde abstraction.
Lub neoclassical ceg ntawm Art Deco muab kev sib koom ua ke tag nrho ntawm monuments ntawm xyoo 1910-1930, tsim ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov cwj pwm, lossis ntau dua qhov tseeb, ntawm lawv cov epicenters. Thiab nws yog lo lus "Art Deco" uas qhia hauv lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo rau xyoo ntawm kev tsim thiab rau txoj kev ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv qub. Piv txwv li, pob rau ntawm lub tshuab raj nplaim uas tsis muaj lub peev hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov pob kws sib xyaw tau yooj yim rau ib qhov loj loj, siv rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Fomin, tau ze rau qhov kev sim ntawm J. Hoffmann - Austil pavilions hauv Rome (1910) thiab Cologne (1914), lub tsev Villa Primavezi hauv Vienna (1913). Nrog rau hom no Fomin txiav txim siab - Polytechnic lub koom haum hauv Ivanovo-Voznesensk (1928), Moscow lub koom haum kev tswj hwm thaj av (1934), sab hauv Sverdlova Square metro chaw nres tsheb (tam sim no Teatralnaya, 1936).
Qhov ntsuas ntawm geometrization ntawm cov qauv keeb kwm, raws li cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm Art Deco style, tau coj tus yam ntxwv ntawm Asmeskas cov tuam txhab ua qauv thiab kev txiav txim siab architecture ntawm xyoo 1910-1930. Tsuas yog Gothic lub tuam txhab lossis cov qub qub qub txooj qub pib ua geometrized, tab sis cov txheej txheem classical, thiab yog li ntawd nws cov peev thiab pob kws tau yooj yim dua los sis ploj tag nrho. Qhov kev hloov pauv no hauv lub siab ntawm Art Deco tau hloov pauv - los ntawm cov khoom kim heev (lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj npe tom qab VI Lenin) mus rau ascetic (lub tsev "Dynamo"). Txawm li cas los xij, pab pawg ntawm cov monuments tseem muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ua ke txoj kev cai - kev xyeej ntawm cov txheej txheem classical canon thiab feem ntau txawm hais tias ntawm monumentality nws tus kheej, kev qhia txog ntawm qhov kev ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas ntau lub tsev hauv ltalis ntawm Mussolini era, cov pavilions ua hauv Paris rau xyoo 1937 tso tawm tau daws. [21] Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Leningrad Art Deco yog tus ua haujlwm ntawm E. A. Levinson. [22]
Ib qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm xyoo 1920-1930 yog qhov muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab muaj ntau yam ntawm cov kev sib txuam thiab cov kev teev dab qhuas, xws li cov neeg ua skyscrapers ntawm Asmeskas thiab qhov kev txiav txim siab geometrized ntawm 1910-1930s. Nws yog qhov kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm neoarchaic thiab avant-garde, kev coj ua (ib qho khoom ua ntej yog khoom zoo nkauj) thiab daim ntawv tshiab, tsis tshua muaj neeg paub txog kev ua haujlwm, cov cim ntawm kev hais lus zoo yog lub tsev ntawm "Dynamo" Fomin (1928) thiab Palace ntawm Kev vam meej hauv Loos (1939). Cia peb taw qhia tias nws tau hais meej txog qhov interstyle monuments thiab kev txav uas tau nrov tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev vam meej hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930, zoo li nws tau nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe (Ltalis), AsmeskasSR thiab Asmeskas. Lub siab ntawm kev coj ua thiab kev tsim kho tshiab tau tuaj yeem txaus siab rau feem ntau.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib tw rau Palace ntawm Soviets (1932-1934), lossis theej, lawv cov xwm txheej ob, ua rau nws txhais tau txoj haujlwm ntawm "paub txog cov tswv cuab txheej thaum ub" nyob rau ntau txoj kev. Xyoo 1934, Fomin ua rau ntawm kev sib tw ntawm Cov Tib Neeg Lub Tsev Haujlwm Sib Txawv ntawm Kev Ua Lag Luam Loj (NKTP) nrog kev hloov kho kom zoo nkauj rau hauv cov duab thiab ob yam hauv kev kos duab. Nws qhov txawv ntawm cov neoclassicism qhabnias yog qhov pom tseeb, nws yog nws uas tsim cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb nyob rau ntawd. Hauv nruab nrab xyoo 1930, cov style no tau ua tiav hauv ntau lub tsev ntawm Moscow, xws li cov qauv no tau tsim los ntawm L. V. Rudnev rov qab rau xyoo 1933 - lub tsev ua haujlwm ntawm Academy ntawm RKKA. M. V. Frunze thiab Pab Pawg Tib Neeg Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm Arbatskaya. [23] Cov tuam tsev no feem ntau suav hais tias yog kev piv txwv ntawm kev hu ua. totalitarian architecture. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tswv yim yas ntawm cov qauv no, qhov kev txiav txim siab geometrized thiab lub qhov rais-caissons tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv kev coj ntawm European cov tswv ntawm xyoo 1910-1920s - G. Vago thiab O. Perret. Thiab Fomin tswj kom tshaj lawv nyob hauv nws cov version ntawm NKTP. [24] Hauv nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nplai thiab ntau qhov tseem ceeb, nws tau sib piv tsuas yog rau cov phiaj xwm ntawm E. L. [25].
Fomin kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tig ntawm 1920s thiab 1930s pom tseeb embodied kev sib haum xeeb stylistic. [26] Txawm li cas los xij, hauv nws qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws, cov ntawv sau, cov Fomin cov qauv xyoo ntawd muaj peev xwm hais tau thiab muaj cai los ntawm thaj chaw. Qhov no yog qhov project ntawm NKTP, thiab kos duab zoo nkauj, qhov qhia ua tau zoo thiab ua tiav tau zoo hauv nws nrog lub zog tsis tshua muaj. Thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov style tshiab no hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm Fomin tau ua raws li hauv qab no - "kev sib sau, lub zog, yooj yim, tus qauv, qhov tsis sib xws thiab tshiab" [10, p. 205]. Thiab qhov no yog qhov kev pom zoo los ntawm ob qho kev twv yeeb yaj kiab thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Rooj Sib Tham Thib Peb ntawm lub nroog City Council, qhia los ntawm Fomin. [27]
Fomin kev tsim kho yog kev sib piv ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsiab lus geometrized thiab cov neoclassical motif ntawm cov hneev nti loj, cov txheej txheem yas ntawm xyoo 1910 thiab cov duab ntawm Basilica ntawm Maxentius. Qhov no tso cai Fomin los sib tw nrog ob qho tib si "ribbed style" thiab Neo-Renaissance. Thiab tej zaum tus tswv txawm surpassed Zholtovsky hauv lawv cov kev sib tw kev sib tw. Yog li qhov interstyle geometrized kev txiav txim tso cai rau Fomin ob qho tib si los nthuav qhia nws lub sijhawm thiab muab lus teb rau cov kev nrhav tshiab ntawm kev tawm tsam ua ntej Petersburg.
Rau Leningrad architectural tsev kawm ntawv, lub caij nyoog ntawm xyoo 1930 yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev vam meej tiag tiag, thiab nws tus tswv tau pom lawv tus kheej hauv neoclassicism thiab kos duab dai. Xyoo 1933 V. A. Shchuko thiab V. G. Gelfreich koom nrog B. M. Iofan thiab pib ua haujlwm ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets, raws li lub tsev siab tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Thiab nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo tom qab kev yeej ntawm "ribbed style" ntawm kev sib tw ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets hauv Lavxias architecture, muaj kev nthuav dav rau kev sim ua yas (Art Deco). Txawm li cas los xij, nws kav ntev li ob lossis peb xyoos, los ntawm xyoo 1936 cov sawv cev ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tau dhau los ua kev pov hwm (nyob rau xyoo 1937 phau ntawv Xov Xwm Architecture Abroad raug kaw). [28]
I. A. Fomin, tom qab kev koom tes nrog kev sib tw hauv NKTP kev sib tw (1934), rov qab mus rau qhov kev xav ntawm neoclassicism kev lim hiam, nws lub siab nyiam rau Roman Porta Maggiore thiab nws cov phiaj xwm ua ntej ntawm chaw nres tsheb Nikolaev (1912) - qhov no yog li cas nws qhov kev qhuas loj ntawm lub ntsej muag. ntawm lub tsev ntawm Council of People's Commissars ntawm Ukrainian SSR hauv Kiev yuav raug daws. Hauv tib lub xyoo 1936, ntawm kev sib tw ntawm Leningrad House of Soviets, monumental version ntawm N. A. Trotsky, nws tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab loj ntawm P. Behrens thiab qhov rusticum ntawm Mikhailovsky Castle. Qhov no yog cov lus teb ntawm Soviet cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab rau cov duab zoo nkauj thiab kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm kev tawm tsam ua ntej Petersbur Thiab nws yog nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm 1900-1910s tias stylistic tendencies ntawm lub sijhawm sib nrug - geometrization thiab monumentalization ntawm daim ntawv architectural - pom lawv lub hauv paus. Xws yog lub sijhawm yav dhau los ntawm ob hom kev coj ntawm xyoo 1930s - neoclassicism thiab kos duab dai.
[1] Twb tau nyob hauv qhov haujlwm ntawm masters ntawm qhov hloov ntawm lub xyoo pua, floristic cov ntsiab lus coexist nrog geometrized sawv daws yuav. Thiab yog tsev loj ntawm S. P. Ryabushinsky (1900) tau dhau los ua lub ntsiab ntawm Art Nouveau, tom qab ntawd lub tsev loj ntawm A. I. Derozhinskaya (1901) twb muaj cov yam ntxwv ze ntawm Art Deco. Qhov zoo sib xws "hais ob hom lus" tuaj yeem raug sau tseg hauv Otto Wagner, raws li kev kos duab ntawm thaum ntxov Art Deco hauv Vienna yog lub tsev teev ntuj am Steinhof (1903). [2] Facades ntawm grandiose tsev ntawm Bassein koom tes, pib los ntawm E. F. Virrikh thiab A. I. Zazersky, raug tua, raws li tau qhia los ntawm V. G. Lisovsky thiab R. M. Gachot, muaj tswv yim duet ntawm A. F. Bubyr thiab N. V. Vasilyeva. [5, p. 190] [3] Hauv St. Petersburg, qee qhov kev ntsuas duab thiab ze ntawm Art Deco cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem pom hauv lub tsev - Lub Chaw Sib Koom Siab Thib Ob (Lidval, 1907), Lub Tsev ntawm Cov Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci (Dmitriev, 1911), KI Kapustin chav tsev cov tsev (1907), Bernstein (1910), M. A. von Hooke (1912), A. E. Burtseva (1912), F. M. thiab M. M. Bogomoltsev (1912), EP Mikhailova (1913), AL Sagalova (1913), NP Semenova (1914) thiab lwm tus. [4], tab sis tomqab kev hloov pauv hloov chaw thiab cov kauj ruam tu siab ntawm kev hloov pauv tiam. Xyoo 1916 M. M. tuag. Peretyatkovich, tom qab kiv puag ncig cov thawj coj ntawm Petersburg architecture - F. I. Lidval, M. S. Lalevich thiab N. V. Vasiliev (yuav ua haujlwm nyob hauv tebchaws Asmeskas), nws tus kws sau ntawv A. F. Bubyr tuag nyob rau xyoo 1919 [5] Thiab nws yog thaum xyoo 1930 uas yog lub sam thiaj fluted ntawm N. P. Semenova tau muaj cov npe nrov tsis tau paub txog. Yog li hauv Leningrad nws yog siv los ntawm E. A. Levinson (hauv lub tsev muag khoom ntawm Karpovka, 1931-1934 thiab Lensovet Lub Tsev ntawm Kab lis kev cai, 1931-38), V. O. Munts (nyob hauv ib lub tsev nyob rau Lev Tolstoy Street, 1934), L. E. Ass thiab A. S. Grinzberg (lub tsev nyob ntawm Ligovsky prospect, 1935) A. A. Ol (hauv lub tsev muag khoom ntawm Tkachey Street, 1936), thiab D. D. Bulgakov nyob rau hauv Moscow (nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev nyob rau hauv Garden Vaj, 1935). Nco ntsoov tias txoj hmoo ntawm S. G. Ginger xaus kev txom nyem, xyoo 1933 nws tau raug ntes thiab tua hauv 1937. [6] Ruam nkhaus ntawm lub tsev ntawm S. М. Lipavsky (1912) thiab von Hooke (1912) yog cov lus teb rau cov lus sib xws ntawm Suomi Bank hauv Helsinki (A. Lindgren, 1911). [7] Nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub tsev ntawm Northern Insurance Society (1909), lub tsev ntawm Moscow Cov Tub Lag Luam Hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv (1912), lub tsev ntawm Stroganov kev cob qhia (1914), thiab lwm yam tau raug daws nrog kev npau suav-geometrized kev txiav txim siab. [8] tus kws ua haujlwm, E. Saarinen cov npoj yaig - S. Lindqvist (Lub Tsev ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Hluav Taws Xob, 1909 thiab Villa Ensi, 1910 hauv Helsinki, Hauv lub zos Hall hauv Mikkeli, 1910), A. Lindgren (lub tsev zoo nkauj ntawm Suomi Bank hauv Helsinki, 1912), L. Sonka (Lub tsev teev ntuj Kalio, 1908 thiab tsev txauv khoom lag luam, 1910 hauv Helsinki), V. Penttilä (tsev txhab nyiaj hauv Lahti, 1913), thiab lwm yam.[9] Thiab cov qauv ntawm Art Art thaum ntxov tsis tau qis dua hauv kev nplua nuj rau cov xwm txheej ntawm 1925 kev ua yeeb yam, thiab xws li tsis yog cov haujlwm ntawm J. Hoffman lossis F. L. Wright, tab sis cov khoom hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Cov no yog, piv txwv li, Teitz kav khw hauv Dusseldorf (JM Olbrich, 1909), lub tsev Yaj Ntxhais hauv Amsterdam (Van der Mei, 1910), thiab lwm yam. Ib qho kev hloov zoo heev ntawm Art Art thaum ntxov hauv Milan yog tsim los ntawm cov ntxa ntawm xyoo 1900 -10s nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm tojntxas thiab chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau grandiose, pib los ntawm W. Stacchini xyoo 1912. [10] Antovy kev txiav txim tseem tau nqa tawm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Behrens (Continental AG lub Hoobkas hauv Hannover, 1912), Bonatza (chaw nres tsheb hauv Stuttgart, los ntawm 1914). O. Wagner yog ib tus thawj uas tau siv cov kev txiav txim siab, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv tus tswv txoj haujlwm (Vienna monuments ntawm Karlplatz, 1905 thiab ze rau lub nroog tsev cia puav pheej, 1909), nws tseem tsis tau muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, tsis-tectonic elongation. Hauv xyoo 1912, Wagner paub txog nws lub zeem muag ntawm qhov kev ntsuas qhov muag tab sis muaj kev sib haum xeeb hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm nws lub tsev hauv Vienna. [11] Peb hais ntxiv tias qhov laj thawj rau geometrization tuaj yeem yog ob qho qub archaic thiab avant-garde. Thiab thawj lub tuam tsev uas cov tswv yim no tau sib xyaw ua ke yog Wright's Unity Temple hauv Chicago (1906), qhov no tau ua yeeb yam zoo kawg nkaus ntawm kev ua yeeb yam Art Deco thaum ntxov. [12] Lub channeled pilasters tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab cov peev hauv xyoo 1910-1930 tau rov qab tsis ntau rau cov kab lis kev cai ib txwm muaj li qub lawm - cov tuam tsev ntawm Persepolis, Npanpiloos, Egypt, thiab thawj zaug tau tshwm sim hauv Hoffman (Villa Primavezi hauv Vienna, 1913, pavilion hauv Cologne, 1914). Hauv xyoo 1920-1930, cov no yog cov tib neeg ua haujlwm ntawm I. A. Fomin, Leningrad tsev ntawm L. V. Rudnev (Koom Haum Textile, 1929), N. A. Trotsky (lub tsev nyob ntawm Stachek Square, 1934) thiab lwm tus. [13] Nco ntsoov tias kev tsim qauv neoclassical yog cov yam ntxwv tsis yog ntawm Cov Neeg Sau Ntawv Lub Tsev, yog ib qho ntawm cov zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov tsev zoo nkauj ntawm 1925 exhibition, tab sis kuj tseem ua haujlwm ntawm kev lees paub. masters tshiab style - J. E. Rulman (rooj tog thiab nruab nrab ntawm "Lub Tsev Ntawm Kev Sib Sau"), G. Ponti (vases hauv pavilion ntawm Ltalis), Tamara de Lempitskaya (Tuileries Salon thiab Poj Niam Tus Poj Niam). [14] Qhov kev txiav txim me me ntawm Patu pavilion, rov ua qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub tsev noj mov Baker lub qhov ntxa, tsis zoo ib yam li ntawm cov vaj tsev loj ntawm lub tsev ntawm "Dynamo" lub neej ntawm Fomin, tab sis ib zaug ntxiv, tom qab ib ncua ntev, rov qab kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910 thiab lawv keeb kwm keeb kwm, kos duab los ntawm kev saib pom cov neeg qub. Ib qho puag ncig zoo sib xws, tubistic kev txiav txim tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab cov peev tau los ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm I. G. Langbard - Central Tsev Tub Ceev Xwm (1934) thiab lub tsev ntawm Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci Kev Tshawb Fawb (1935) hauv Minsk. [15] Antoye porticos tau txais - lub tsev ntawm Central Executive Committee thiab Council ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Rau Tsoomfwv Meskas ntawm USSR (cov kws ua haujlwm DM thiab BM Iofana, 1927), Dynamo chaw ntau pob (kws kes duab vajtse A. Ya. Langman, 1928), tsev ntawm Kab lis kev cai ntawm lub tsev tshaj tawm Pravda (tus kws kes duab vajtse NM Molokov, 1937), lub tsev pheebsuab ntawm Byelorussian SSR ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam ntawm All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VNSimbirtsev, BG Barkhin, 1939) hauv Moscow, ntxiv rau Tsev Kawm Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws. (kws kes duab vajtse L. Yu. Galperin, A. I. Knyazev, 1938) hauv Leningrad. [16] Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, qhov kev txiav txim nyiaj geometrized tau muab tawm tsis yog lub tswv yim txuj ci, ib yam li xyoo 1910, tab sis yog ib hom kev ciaj sia. Cov qauv no paub tseeb tias yuav tsum koom siab nrog tsoomfwv tshiab. Thiab qhov no, zoo li, yuav tsum Fomin hu nws cov haujlwm "liab dorica" thiab "proletarian classics". [10, p. 181] [17] Tus style ntawm ib sab ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv im. IN THIAB. Lenin yog qhov tseeb ua rau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm Art Art style - los ntawm cov duab geometrized ntawm Saarinen (qhov chaw nres tsheb hauv Helsinki, 1910) rau Asmeskas cov piv txwv, piv txwv li lub tsev ntawm Shakespeare Library hauv Washington, P. Crete, txij xyoo 1929. Thiab thawj thawj zaug no muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub siab ntsaum portico thiab ib sab Shchuko thiab Gelfreich npaj siab rau lub ntsej muag ntsej muag tsim nrog cov ntsej muag rov qab xyoo 1924, thaum ua haujlwm hauv Leningrad ntawm lub tsev me ntawm Volkhovskaya pas dej tau hluav taws xob chaw nres tsheb. [18] Lub pendulum kev txav hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm Soviet architecture kuj tseem sau tseg los ntawm BM Kirikov [3, p. 96–103] [19] VL Hait hauv nws qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub tsev tsim qauv ntawm xyoo 1910 thiab 1930s hais txog qhov neoclassical version ntawm Art Deco - tus neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm O. Perret, cov qauv ntawm cov pavilions ua hauv Paris rau xyoo 1937 tso rau neeg pom, ua haujlwm los ntawm I. A. A. Fomin thiab lwm cov kws ua choj hauv Soviet, thiab cov tuam tsev ntawm P. Crete hauv Asmeskas, M. Piacentini hauv tebchaws Ltalis, thiab lwm yam [9, p. 211, 212] [20] Ib txheej tsev tag nrho nrog kev siv ante kev txiav txim siab tuaj yeem nrhiav pom hauv tebchaws Ltalis, ua ntej txhua yam, cov thawj coj (kws kes duab vajtse M. Piacentini, 1933) thiab propylaea (A. Foschini, 1932) ntawm University hauv Loos. Xws li cov palaces kev ncaj ncees hauv Palermo (G. Rapisardi, 1938), Latina (O. Frezotti, 1936), Catanier (F. Fichera, 1937), Palazzo Littorio hauv Bergamo (A. Bergonzo, 1939), nrog rau ntau yam khoom hauv Bolzano, Genoa, Naples, Forlì, thiab lwm yam, cais cov vaj tse ntawm Roman khaub ncaws ua ke EUR (1939). [21] Hauv Paris, qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov teeb meem tau raug daws - Lub Theatre ntawm O. Perret ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam hauv xyoo 1925, Palais Port-Dore (A. Laprad, 1931), Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Ministry of Public Works (O. Perret, 1936), Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Niaj hnub nimno Art (1937) thiab Palais de Chaillot (1937). Cov qauv sib txig sib luag ntawm cov qauv ntoo Lavxias ntawm xyoo 1930 thiab cov qauv ntawm kev nthuav qhia xyoo 1937 hauv Paris tseem tau sau tseg los ntawm V. L. Siab. [9, p. 221] [22] Yog li cov tswv ntawm E. A. Levinson cov hlau: ib pawg sib txuas ntawm cov tsev nyob ntawm Ivanovskaya Txoj Kev nyob ze ntawm Lomonosovskaya metro chaw nres tsheb (txij li xyoo 1937) thiab lub tsev rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm NKVMF ntawm Petrovskaya Embankment (1938) hauv Leningrad, zoo li lub tsev nyob ntawm North-Western Thaj Chaw ntawm All-Union Kev Ua Yeeb Yam Hauv Tebchaws Moscow (1939, tsis tau tshwj tseg). Nco ntsoov tias tus neeg siv tsis ncaj rau Levinson tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov xyoo los ntawm cov dej num ntawm Ivan Alexandrovich Fomin (1872-1936) - Lub Tsev Huab Cua ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Tshuab hauv Moscow (1932) thiab kev ua yeeb yam hauv Ashgabat (1934) yog qhov yooj yim piav qhia: nws ntev- lub sij hawm co-sau EA Levinson yog Igor Ivanovich Fomin (1904-1989). [23] Nco ntsoov tias lub ntsiab lus no ntawm lub caisson ntim, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog obelisks (zoo li Rudnev hauv lub tsev ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev rau Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm Arbatskaya, 1933), tau thov los ntawm Shchuko thiab Gelfreich nyob rau hauv plaub puag ncig ntawm DS kev sib tw (1932) Cov. [24] Windows-caissons tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv tsev ua yeeb yaj kiab ntawm lub Champs Elysees hauv Paris (O. Perret, 1910) thiab Villa Kovarovic, yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov cubism hauv architecture ntawm Prague (J. Chohol, 1912). Xyoo 1920, cov txheej txheem no pib daws qhov loj ntau, zoo li yuav tsum vov lawv nrog cov ntaub npog, xws li yog cov haujlwm ntawm Perret thiab Vago ntawm kev sib tw rau lub tsev ntawm Pab Koomtes ntawm Haiv Neeg hauv Geneva (1928). Thiab thawj thawj zaug lub tswv yim hais txog lub siab ntim hauv lub caisson tau npaj los ntawm Joseph Vago ntawm kev sib tw Chicago Tribune (1922). [25] Xyoo 1934, lub ntsej muag ntev ntev ntawm NKTP, tig mus rau Red Square thiab tsim nrog lub hauv paus theem, colonnade thiab caissons, yog cov lus teb rau Bulle qhov haujlwm, sab hauv chav tsev qiv ntawv (1785). Xyoo 1935, cov duab no tau tsim los ntawm "eponymous" sab hauv ntawm chaw nres tsheb metro "Biblioteka im. IN THIAB. Lenin "(kws kes duab vajtse AI Gontskevich). [26] Txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv ascet interstyle kev txiav txim siab yog qhov tshwj xeeb nws qhov tsis txaus siab, thiab qhov no tau hais meej meej ua rau nws txawv ntawm "qhov kub thiab txias" ntawm cov classics. Txawm li cas los xij, paub txog qhov kev phom sij ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab ntawm kev hais tawm thiab kev hloov pauv, Fomin nyob rau xyoo 1930s tau pom tshiab tshiab kev sib txuas - kev daws teeb meem ntawm qhov dej num NKTP (1934), thiab tom qab ntawd qhov kev xeb xaj ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Tebchaws hauv Kiev (1936). [27] Yog li cov haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Thib Peb ntawm Pawg Tswj Hwm Hauv Nroog Moscow, coj los ntawm IA Fomin, ze rau Art Deco. Cov no tau ua haujlwm ntawm G. T. Krutikov thiab V. S. Popov, tsim ntawm qhov kev sib txuas ntawm neoclassicism thiab kos duab dai - qhov haujlwm ntawm lub tsev ntawm Cov Tsev Yeeb Yam Suab Mezhrabpomfilm thiab Park Kultury metro chaw nres tsheb (1935), cov phiaj xwm ntawm A. N. Dushkin thiab K. I. Solomonov - Lub Tsev ntawm Cov Xov Tooj Cua thiab Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Marx-Engels-Lenin, MA Minkus - lub tsev ntawm tsoomfwv chaw nres tsheb ntawm Kotelnicheskaya emb., Raws li zoo li kev ua haujlwm ntawm KISolomonov, daws los ntawm pob tw thiab caissons - qhov haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Sib Txuas Lus hauv Sochi, thiab cov tsev ntawm lub chaw sib txuas xovtooj tsis zoo ntawm cov koog tsev kawm ntawv Frunzensky, uas tau ua nyob rau ntawm Garden Garden hauv Moscow. [28] Kev tshaj tawm nyob rau ob lub hlis, kaum tsab xov xwm tseem ceeb txij thaum ntxov 1936 tau hais kom tsis yog tawm tsam lub tswv yim ntawm avant-garde lossis kos duab dai kom zoo nkauj, tab sis tawm tsam kev tsim muaj tswv yim nws tus kheej. Raws li qhia los ntawm A. I. Morozov, cov no yog - "Tsis meej pem hloov suab paj nruag" (Lub Ib Hlis 28), "Ballet falsehood" (Lub Ob Hlis 6), "Tawm tsam tsis raws cai thiab" sab laug ugliness "hauv kos duab" (Lub Ob Hlis 14), "Stairway ua rau tsis muaj dab tsi" (Lub Ob Hlis 18), "Cacophony hauv Architecture" (Lub Ob Hlis 20), "Ntawm Tus Tsim thiab" Rov Qab "Tus Saib Xyuas" (Lub Peb Hlis 1), "Ntawm Patchwork Artists" (Lub Peb Hlis 4), "Away from Life" (Lub Peb Hlis 6), " Formalist Antics hauv kev pleev xim "(Lub Ob Hlis 24)," Ntawm kev xav hauv kev pleev xim "(Lub Peb Hlis 26). Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo, lawv tau ntxiv los ntawm "Tus kws kos duab Soviet thiab lub ntsiab lus" thiab "Tawm tsam Cov Qauv Hauv Hauv Kos Duab." [7, p. 38]
Cov Ntawv Hmoob
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