"Chaw Haujlwm Hauv Tsev" Chilihaus - lub cim ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees xyoo 1920 thiab tseem ceeb ntawm Hamburg, UNESCO lub ntiaj teb cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm - thiab lub tsev pob zeb nto moo tshaj plaws.
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Qaum Teb Tebchaws Yelemees yog lub tebchaws ntawm cov av ntsa: nws tau ua lub tsev tseem ceeb cov ntaub ntawv no rau ib txhiab xyoo. Tsis tsuas yog lub tsev nyob deb nroog tau tsim los ntawm nws, tab sis kuj tseem yog Gothic cathedrals, uas tsis qis dua ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab kev zoo nkauj rau lawv cov pob zeb ua haujlwm hauv lwm thaj tsam thiab lub teb chaws. Yog li ntawd, cov thwv cib, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov plaub hau clinker, tau ua nyob ntawm no rau niaj hnub no heev ruaj thiab ntxim nyiam. Nws tsis plam nws cov tsos thiab lub zog txawm tias tom qab kaum xyoo lossis tom qab ib xyoo - uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw noo thiab cua hlob ntawm qhov no ntawm Tebchaws Europe.
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Cib yog cov khoom qub, tab sis nws yog nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees xyoo 1920 uas cov kws ua qauv, uas paub zoo txog nws cov kev ua tau zoo, xam pom tias yuav ua li cas siv nws rau cov tsev tshiab, sim hauv tsev - hauv lawv lub siab, nrog kev qhuas nws. rau kev kub ceev, nplai, kev xav tau. Qhov no yog li cas brick expressionism tau yug los - qhov qhia tau zoo ntawm lub ntsej muag kev tsim qauv uas sib txuas cov peev txheej ntawm North German clinker thiab muaj kev paub txog cov ntsej muag hauv nroog, cov duab ntawm cib Gothic thiab cov ncauj lus tshiab kawg hauv kos duab thiab kos duab.
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Tus tswv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no yog Fritz Höger, thiab nws lub tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog "chav ua haujlwm tsev" Chilihaus, tus qauv zoo hauv Hamburg. Nws tau tsim xyoo 1922–1924 yog thawj lub tsev tshiab "Kontorsky Cheeb Tsam", uas hloov chaw yuav luag tag kev deb tsis deb ntawm chaw nres nkoj, chaw nres tsheb hauv nruab nrab thiab cov tsev khaws khoom ntawm lub npe nrov ntawm Speicherstadt. Tom qab tag nrho, Hamburg, lub nroog nplua nuj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua puv 19 tau chaotically ua raws li cov txheej txheem hauv nruab nrab tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb rau kev nplij siab thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm nws cov neeg nyob. Txawm hais tias tom qab teeb meem phom sij thaum xyoo 1842, thaj chaw qub ntawm thaj av tau rov qab, yog li me me tias ntau thaj av 60 thaj chaw nyob tom qab ntawm Chilihaus. Tsuas yog tom qab kis tus kab mob sib kis uas tau ploj mus yuav luag cuaj txhiab lub neej nyob xyoo 1892 puas tau cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog xav txog kev tsim kho tshiab los ntawm txoj kev yuav cov av ntau heev los ntawm cov tswv.
Txhawm rau cais tawm tag nrho cov rov qab ntawm cov thaj chaw, nws tau txiav txim siab hloov lub hom phiaj ntawm cheeb tsam - hloov chaw nyob, tsim nws, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub, nrog cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv tsev, suav rau cov tuam txhab pabcuam chaw nres nkoj loj - thauj khoom, kev lag luam, kev tuav pov hwm. Qhov no tseem yog qhov kev tsim kho tshiab - kev tsim kho cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv tsev rau kev xauj tsev hauv feem, thiab tsis yog los ntawm lub tuam txhab tshwj xeeb rau lawv tus kheej cov kev xav tau, pib tsuas yog mus txog thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Tus qauv npaj ntawm "Kontorsky District" tau npaj nrog kev pab los ntawm kev sib tw hauv xyoo 1914-1915: txoj kev tau loj thiab ncaj, thiab cov kab ke ntawm txoj kab kev tsheb kuj tseem raug ntxiv. Raws li cov qauv tshiab, ib lossis ob lub tsev nyob tau nyob txhua qhov thaiv.
Kev tsim kho pib tom qab Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, thaum lub teb chaws Yelemees plunged mus rau hauv lub abyss ntawm kev lag luam tsis txaus ntseeg siab tsis txaus ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv lub Hanseatic Hamburg, txij li kev qub txeeg qub teg - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv nroog trading hauv Tebchaws Europe, qhov xwm txheej loj tau hnov tshwj xeeb heev. Qhov no yog vim li cas Chilihaus, thawj lub tsev hauv "Kontorskiy koog tsev kawm ntawv", pom rau nws loj thoob plaws hauv Hamburg, tau dhau los ua rau cov neeg nyob hauv lub cim ntawm kev tawm tsam tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev cia siab rau yav tom ntej - kuj tau ua tsaug rau nws cov yam ntxwv tshiab niaj hnub no. Cov.
Nws tus neeg muas zaub yog Henry Brarens Sloman, Hamburg tus neeg nplua nuj tshaj lij. Tus neeg Askiv, nws ua nws txoj hmoov zoo los ntawm kev ua lag luam mining thiab muab Chilean nitrate rau Europe - los ntawm Chile, qhov uas nws siv tag nrho 32 xyoo. Nws xav hu nws lub chaw ua haujlwm Sloman House, tab sis lub nroog twb muaj ib qho, thiab pom tau zoo heev - los ntawm nws cov neeg txheeb ze, cov tswv ntawm lub tuam txhab thauj khoom. Yog li ntawd, Sloman tau mob siab ua nws lub tsev rau lub tebchaws uas muab nws txoj kev nplua nuj. Nws tau txais ob daim phiaj nyob rau ob sab ntawm Fischertvite Lane thiab muab txoj haujlwm no rau ntau tus kws ua haujlwm ib zaug. Fritz Höger, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tus kws sau ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm loj thiab zoo nkauj clinker cov tsev hauv thiab ib puag ncig Hamburg, tau thov cov kev xaiv tshiab uas zoo nkaus li cov neeg siv khoom thiab lub nroog tseem tsis txaus ntseeg heev, tab sis nws tau raug xaiv.
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Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws kes duab vajtse feem ntau ua raws li cov xwm txheej: ib qho ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm qhov chaw tau tig mus ua qhov ntse vim qhov tshiab txoj kab pheeb ces kaum txoj kev tshiab, thiab kom tsis txhob tawm ntawm feem tsis muaj kev txhim kho, lub tsev tau txais nws lub npe nrov "ntswg". Txoj kev tshav ntuj ntawm lub qab teb "sab" ntawm lub tsev tseem rov ua cov contour ntawm txoj cai tswj hwm thaj av, tab sis lub tsev ntawm tub ceev xwm chaw sau cia ua ntej rau ntawm "stern" kiag li. Tab sis tseem muaj qhov ua neeg paub qab hau hauv qhov no: Hamburg lub tsev tswj hwm, coj los ntawm tus thawj coj vaj tsev ntawm lub nroog, Fritz Schumacher, tau npaj los ua kom cov ntsiab lus ntawm thaj chaw yooj yim dua los ntawm kev sib pauv thaj chaw nrog cov vaj tse nyob sib ze lossis lwm txoj hauv kev., tab sis Höger nws tus kheej tau nyiam los ntawm qhov kev ua si uas muaj kab nkhaus.
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Cov qhua tuaj noj mov thiab cov tub ceev xwm muaj lus nug txog qhov project ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus: lawv ntshai tias lub faadeade nrog ntau lub qhov rais yuav zoo li tsis zoo (muaj 2800 ntawm lawv nyob hauv lub tsev, suav nrog lub tshav puam, 2800), thiab cov theem tiav zoo li tshiab heev. rau lawv. Hauv Hamburg, txij xyoo 1913, ib txoj cai tau tsim tsa tias cov tsev uas siab tshaj 24 metres yuav tsum txav rov qab los ntawm txoj kab liab ntawm txoj kev ntawm kaum ntawm 60 degrees kom tsis txhob thaiv lub hnub ci rau cov neeg nyob ze, tab sis qhov no feem ntau tau siv ib qho nthab ru tsev, thiab tsis zoo li no txawv tsev. Lwm qhov dawm taw yog Fischertvite txoj kab, uas tau txiav tawm thaj chaw ib nrab. Höger cia nws los ntawm Chilihaus, npaj rau qhov no nruab nrab lub tshav puam nrog cov rooj vag hauv daim ntawv ntawm Tudor tsawg kawg arches - nws ntseeg tau tias cov duab ntawm kev hla raug xaiv los ntawm Rhuav tshem tom qab tus qauv ntawm nws tus kheej lub tsev, qhov twg nws pom meej txog ntawm tus tswv ntawm Askiv keeb kwm. Yog li hauv Chilihaus muaj ntau ntau li peb lub loog hloov ntawm ib lossis ob qhov xav tau los taws lub chaw sab hauv.
Cov kev hloov tshiab no yuam kom Fritz Höger xa cov ntaub ntawv tsim qauv 17 zaug rau kev pom zoo los ntawm cov thawj coj hauv tsev. Tab sis txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim kho pib muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab tus thawj kws tsim vaj tsev Schumacher txawm tsim lub xwmfab me me nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm Chilihaus "lub qhov ntswg" - yog li ntawd nws cov ces kaum sab hnub tuaj, uas tseem pom tias yog cov ntse tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, tau pom meej meej.
Tab sis, txawm tias muaj lub kaum ntse ntse no, Chilihaus yuav tsis tau tsim nyog qhov kev sib piv poetic nrog lub trout, tus dav dawb hau lossis tis, lub dav hlau mus los ntawm lub ntiaj chaw lossis lub chij tsis tuaj yeem ua cua, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj - thiab tseem ceeb tshaj rau Hamburg - nrog dej hiav txwv loj loj liner - yog tias tsis yog rau cov khoom siv ntawm lub ntsej muag, clinker, thiab nws txoj kev sib txuas lus nrog kev xav dav dav ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse.
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Cib, raws li nws tau hais, yog tus raug rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab rau Hamburg, yog li Schumacher xeeb "Kontorsky District" yog lub cib. Cov Chilihaus façades tau ntseeg tias tau noj 4,8 lab clinker los ntawm Bockhorn cov chaw ua haujlwm ze Wilhelmshaven, thiab qhov no tsis yog cov khoom siv zoo ib yam. Peb tsis paub xyov yuav ua li cas thiaj tau, tab sis Fritz Höger, txaus siab rau qhov tshwm sim, tau lees tias nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb xaiv cov cib uas tsis sib luag, khoov duav vim cov cua kub hnyav thaum tua hluav taws, yas, uas qhov ib txwm xim liab tau txais tus zaj sawv, xiav, xim av los ntawm qhov kub siab "ci ci". Xws li clinker, los ntawm txoj kev, tseem tuaj yeem pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov chaw haujlwm hauv Lower Saxony (Wittmunder Klinker, Torfbrandklinker).
Höger txaus siab rau North German cib tsis ntseeg siab rau nws ntau yam xim thiab textures, sensual tactility. Tus kws kes duab vajtse ntseeg tias hauv peb tiam neeg nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau "lub nroog loj Hanseatic ntawm lub neej tom ntej" ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Hamburg, tab sis tam sim no nws yog qhov tseem ceeb los kuaj, hlau thiab kov lub cib no kom txog thaum koj nkag siab thiab nyiam nws. Nws yog tus clinker uas muab, tus sau Chilihaus ntseeg, rau lub tsev loj loj no ob qho kev tshoov siab thiab nqus.
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Höger tau raug hu los ntawm nws lub caij nyoog ib tus tswv ntawm kev ua hauj lwm xov, uas nws tau ua qauv qhia. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm Chilihaus tau ua si los ntawm cov lus sib dhos zoo ntawm ntsug, yuav luag Gothic profiles ua los ntawm cov cib muab ntawm kaum ntawm 45 degrees rau ib leeg. Ua tsaug rau cov tshuaj no nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab txo - uas yog, thaum ntsia raws lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag - ntau lub qhov rais, zoo li yog tias ua rau lub ntsa ploj, ploj, thiab cov khoom tawv, yas "lub cev" ntawm lub tsev rov tshwm. Kev txhais lus ntawm architecture yuav luag zoo li duab puab, thiab cib ua cov khoom siv rau kev puab, tau los ua cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev nthuav dav cib, uas yog thawj zaug thiab feem ntau tau pom nyob hauv Chilihaus.
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Cov chaw nyob rau ntawm lub ntsej muag zoo li muaj sia: ntawm thaj chaw tiaj, lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj Brandenburg masonry tau siv (ob rab diav - lub poke), nyob rau hauv thawj lub pob zeb tsom qhia rau "pob tw", thiab saum nws, hnub qub, pob zeb diamond thiab zoo li Lattice pattern yog tsim.
Lub tsev loj loj no - thawj lub tuam tsev hauv Hamburg nrog qhov siab ntawm 42 meters, thiab nrog thaj tsam ntawm 36,000 m2 - tej zaum lub tsev loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees ntawm nws lub sijhawm - zoo li tus neeg tsim thiab ciaj sia los ntawm hauv av mus rau hauv lub duav. ntawm lub ru tsev. Nws cov ntsej muag nyob rau tib lub sijhawm zoo li ib lub tsho ntaub zoo nkauj thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo nkauj filigree. Qhov sov sov thiab lub zog ntawm lub clinker tau hais meej los ntawm cov décor ceramic los ntawm Richard Kuol thiab nws lub rooj cob qhia. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov kev ua haujlwm yog Andean condor, tus noog heraldic ntawm Chile, ntawm "hneev" ntawm Chilihaus zoo li lub nkoj tiag tiag, thiab cov rooj qhib me me ntawm ob sab ntawm lub ces kaum - zoo li yog lub npuas ua npuas uas nws txiav (tam sim no muaj ib lub tsev noj mov nrog tus kheej cov lus piav qhia Lub Cib, yog li leej twg tuaj yeem mus sab hauv).
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Tus plas thiab tus tsiaj ntses, tus heron thiab bears, yaj thiab tus penguin tau muab zais rau hauv cov nplooj ntawm ceramic ntawm cov pavilions: qhov no yog ob qho tag nrho cov cim lus dab neeg hais txog ntawm Chile thiab kev npau suav dawb ntawm kev tuaj Art Deco era.
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Chilihaus nqa lub koob npe thoob ntiaj teb rau Höger, uas tom qab ntawd tau tsim ntau lub tsev ntxiv hauv Hamburg, suav nrog Sprinkenhof hla kev los ntawm nws tus tswv, thiab Brocheck House hauv plawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog, nrog rau cov tsev hauv Berlin, Wilhelmhaven, Hanover. Tag nrho ntawm lawv, ntawm chav kawm, tau hnav nrog clinker.
Tab sis Chilihaus nws tus kheej tau ua nto moo: cov duab zoo nkauj "los ntawm lub qhov ntswg" sai sai thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb, thiab nws tib lub sijhawm sib luag thiab meej, nquag pom thiab muaj lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj tshoov siab thiab paj huam. Nws txawm ua tus neeg tawm tswv yim ntawm kev tshaj tawm xov xwm luam tawm los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam Hauv Tebchaws German - nrog rau cov npe nrov thiab cov tuam tsev zoo nkauj. Nws yog nyob rau xyoo 1920, thiab niaj hnub no Chilihaus tseem haum rau ntau lub tuam txhab thiab cov koom haum, tab sis nws tseem muaj nyob hauv UNESCO ntiaj teb cov npe cuab yeej cuab tam thiab hauv kev nyeem ntawv ntawm architecture, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, nws tseem boggles txoj kev xav, thiab nws qhov txawv tsis tau yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho tau poob nws expressiveness tshaj yav dhau los yuav luag ib puas xyoo. Cov neeg hu rau Chilihaus yog lub tuam tsev zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb - lawv zoo li yog kiag li.
Chilehaus hauv Hamburg
Kws kes duab vajtse: Fritz Höger
Tus neeg siv khoom: Henry Brarens Sloman
Thaj tsam tag nrho: 36,000 m2
Hnub xaus ua tiav: 1924
