"Avangard" yog qhov puav pheej, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas yog "los txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas ua qauv qub txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho lawv txoj haujlwm kev loj hlob thiab kev koom tes hauv kev tsim kho tshiab tamsis no." Nws tau tsim tawm hauv 2009 los ntawm Bart Goldhoorn ua ke nrog Lavxias Avant-garde Foundation, thiab xyoo no nws tau txais txiaj ntsig thib ob. Cov kev sib tw muaj ntau theem: thawj, cov koom (lawv muaj hnub nyoog txog 33 xyoos) nthuav tawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv sau txog, tom qab ntawd 20 tus kws sau ntawv xaiv los ntawm pawg neeg txiav txim siab ua thawj txoj haujlwm (xyoo no lawv tsim chav nyeem ntawv), thiab tom qab ntawd pawg neeg txiav txim plaub. finalists uas sib tw rau cov npe ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws hluas kws kes duab vajtse. Kev lig kev cai, tej yaam num ntawm qhov thib ob puag ncig tau pom nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Arch ntawm Moscow - xyoo no 20 lub tswv yim ntawm chav nyeem ntawv thoob ntiaj teb tau muab tso rau thawj theem ntawm Lub Tsev Nruab Nrab ntawm Cov Kws Ua Yeeb Yam, ntawm ib sab ntawm Skolkovo sawv. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev sib tw kawg tseem tseem ua rau Krymsky Val - Lub Kaum Hlis 18, 4 mini-kev nthuav qhia tau muab tso rau ntawm mezzanine pem teb nrog nws qhov kev tsim txom tsis qab nthab.
Ob lub hlis tas los ntawm Nikita Bogachkin (Moscow Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Architectural Institute 2001), Andrey Voronov (St. Petersburg Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci Kev Tshawb Fawb, Duab puab thiab Architecture muaj npe tom qab IERepin 2006), Danir Safiullin (Kazan State University of Architecture thiab Civil Engineering 2005) thiab Igor Chirkin (Moscow Architectural Institute 2008) ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tsev kawm qib siab. Qhov kev tso cai no tsis tau tawm xiav: xyoo tas los, Bart Goldhoorn tau tsim cov kev sib tw rau txoj kev npaj tswv yim rau thaj chaw tsev kawm ntawv ntawm National National Technologies University "MISIS", uas yuav ua kom tiav nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Project A101, thiab tom qab ntawd txiav txim siab kom yoog tau TOR rau cov tuam tsev hluas. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab yav tom ntej, cov naj npawb ntawm cov chaw pw thiab thaj chaw ua si tseem tsis hloov, tab sis lub tsev kawm ntawv nws tus kheej hauv TZ tshiab tau tsiv los ntawm 5 km ntawm Kaluzhskoye Kev Loj mus rau Moscow, uas yog Novye Cheryomushki. Nws tau los ua txaus siab heev rau tus saib xyuas yuav ua li cas raws nraim cov tub ntxhais hluas tsim qauv yuav haum pawg kev kawm rau hauv cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm ntawm kab tias cov tsev kawm ntawv nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv peev. Ib txoj haujlwm sib raug zoo ntxiv tau muab tso ntawm lawv ua ntej: tsib lub tuam tsev, uas Cheryomushki muaj npe nrov, yuav tsum tsis txhob rhuav tshem, tab sis kev kos duab thiab yoog raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub tsev kawm txuj ci. Thiab txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov neeg ua tiav ntawm "Avangard" los ntawm kev tsim cov hom los ntawm kos, taug kev mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm Holland, Belgium thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees raug npaj rau lawv lub caij ntuj sov. Tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov khoom plig tau kuj tau muab coj los tsim hauv European: thawj zaug, txhua tus kws kes duab tuav txoj cai tiv thaiv pej xeem ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kws txiav txim plaub tau tawm suab los pov npav.
Lub quarter, raug faib tawm los ntawm tus kws saib xyuas rau kev tsim MISiS thaj chaw tsev kawm ntawv, yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm Profsoyuznaya thiab Novye Cheryomushki metro chaw nres tsheb thiab muaj ciam ntawm Profsoyuznaya, Garibaldi, kws kes duab vajtse Vlasov txoj kev thiab Nakhimovsky zeem muag. Ntawm qhov pom ntawm no - tsuas yog Orkestrion Concert Hall, hloov dua siab tshiab los ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab qub, thiab lub tsev nyob sib ze ntawm cov tsev kawm txuj ci, lub ntsiab ntoo tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlaws uas yog lub tsev INION RAS. Lub laconicism ntawm ib puag ncig kev lag luam nyob rau xyoo 1960, ntxiv rau qhov xav tau los khaws thiab rov xav txog tsib lub tsev muaj, tau muaj kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov phiaj xwm ntawm "avant-garde" cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab: qhov tseeb, tsis muaj leej twg ntawm tus kawg nkaus mus dhau mus ua qauv txheej txheem ntawm modernism.
Hauv qhov project Nikita Bogachkin, uas yog thawj tus uas hais rau pawg neeg pab txiav txim, qhov no tau pom qhov tseeb tiag tiag. Tus kws qhia ntawv cov vaj tsev ntawm no muaj cov lapidary duab plaub lossis U-shaped lub hom phiaj, thiab lub tsev qiv ntawv yog qhov ntim nrog qhov ntau ntawm stylobate, ib feem ntawm qhov uas tau tsa sab saud hauv av thiab hloov mus rau hauv console taw qhia ntawm lub metro thiab INION. Ob qhov chaw ntawm thaj av no thiab nws daim ntawv tsim, yog li ntawd, yuam peb los txhais nws li "peb cov lus teb rau Chamberlain," uas yog, ib hom kev taw kev ntawm kev hwm rau lub tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam. Yog tias peb tham txog tus qauv ntawm tag nrho thaj chaw tsev kawm ntawv, Nikita Bogachkin tsom rau thaj chaw sib txuas lus: qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg taug kev khiav mus rau ntawm txoj kev Profsoyuznaya Txoj Kev, thiab cov vaj tse tseem ceeb yog strung rau nws, los ntawm cov chav tsev mus rau cov tsev pheeb suab ib ntus thiab cafes, ntawm qhov muaj xis rooj loog. Cov tuam tsev lawv tus kheej feem ntau muaj atriums, kuj tsim rau lub neej kev ua neej, uas hloov lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv mus rau hauv cov kab ke ntawm kev qhib thiab kaw cov chaw pej xeem. Bogachkin kuj ua tib zoo xav tawm cov phiaj xwm kev thauj mus los: piv txwv li, nws tsim lwm txoj hauv kev rau Txoj Kev Profsoyuznaya Txoj Kev, uas tsis tshua muaj neeg thauj khoom thiab hauv nws lub xeev tam sim no pom ntawm thaj chaw tsuas yog yuav tiv tsis taus. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws kes duab vajtse tshem tawm cov vaj tse raws Nakhimovsky Prospekt sab nraud ib ncig ntawm lub nroog nroog - tsim nyob rau xyoo 1980 thiab 90s, stylistically nws txawv heev dhau ntawm thawj Cheryomushki.
Tau pub cov yees ntawm lub caij Soviet lig thiab Andrei Voronov, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau ua ntau dhau - raws Nakhimovsky Prospect, tus kws kes duab vajtse tau tso chaw nres tsheb kom zoo. Tab sis txhua lub tsev muaj tsib-chav uas twb muaj lawm Voronov ua tib zoo khaws thiab ntxiv nrog cov khoom ntim tam sim no ntawm cov qauv zoo sib xws, ua rau muaj kev txwv nruj ntawm ob qho tib si, zoo li tiv thaiv lub hauv paus kev kawm tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw hauv tsev kawm ntawv los ntawm sab nraud kev nkag mus. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias tib lub sijhawm, txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm thaj chaw kawm tau hloov los ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv ua qhov haujlwm rau thaj chaw - ob lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab lub tsev qiv ntawv tau raug daws raws li qhov muaj ntau ntawm cov duab sib txawv. Ib feem, cov tuam tsev no tau khawb rau hauv av yog li ntawd feem ntau ntawm cov txuj ci thiab cov chaw kawm tau muab zais los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg tsis paub, thiab sab saum toj, kev tsim kho kom zoo nkauj thiab hloov mus rau hauv thaj chaw taug kev, lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo li ua ib txoj hauv kev sib cais uas tsis tshua muaj. Cov.
Danir Safiullin, ntawm qhov tsis sib thooj, sib xyaw ua ke ntawm xya lub tsev kawm ua ib qho yooj yim. Hauv phiaj xwm, nws zoo ib yam li tsab ntawv P, uas, nrog nws nruab nrab ntoo khaub lig, ntsej muag rue Garibaldi. Lub tsev qiv ntawv yog qhov chaw nce qis, siab ntev, uas yog nyob ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab cov vaj tse thiab cov tsev nyob (rau feem ntau, ntawm chav kawm, qub-tsib lub tsev vaj tse) yog nyob rau sab xis ntawm lub nroog, ze rau Nakhimovsky Avenue. Hauv nws txoj haujlwm, Safiullin tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau lub tshav puam: hauv lub tsev kawm sib koom ua ke muaj ob peb lub tshav puam (txhua tus nrog nws tus kheej cov nroj tsuag) npaj rau ntau lub tsev sib txawv, thiab ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv thiab cov kis las tseem ceeb muaj lub tshav puam loj ntawm lub nroog thoob plaws qhov tseem ceeb. Cov.
Thiab thaum kawg, Igor Chirkin sim ua kom lub tsev kawm ntawv lub quarter yog qhov dav thiab ntsuab li sai tau. Rau qhov no, tus kws kes duab vajtse ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm hauv stylobate ib txwm muaj rau txhua lub tsev, thiab, nyeg, nws ua lub ru tsev ntsuab. Lub tiaj ua si tau nyob ib puag ncig ntawm xya lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab nws qhov chaw yog lub tog raj kheej translucent ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv, xeeb los ntawm Chirkin yog ib hom kev ncig xyuas thaj av, los ntawm qhov nws yuav yooj yim kom tau txais mus rau txhua lub tsev thiab chaw nyob hauv thaj chaw tsev kawm ntawv. Ua kom lub tsev tsib-ជាន់, tus kws kes duab vajtse hais kom coj los sib txuas ua ke kom thiaj li nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov tsev yuav muaj kev lom zem loog - thaj chaw ntiag tug ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv, thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, nws tseem ua rau pom muaj xwm txheej ntxiv rau cov tsis muaj lub tsev dav heev - ntawm ob sab "kab" koj tuaj yeem tso ib lossis ntau dua. Raws Nakhimovsky Prospect, tus kws kes duab vajtse tsim tus qauv tsim ua lag luam - lub tsev ntev heev nrog ntau cov xwm txheej, nthuav dav nco txog ntawm kev sim ntau lub tsev nkag ntawm tib 1960-70. Sab nraub qaum, ib kis las kis las yog sib txuas nrog nws - qhov tseeb, nws txiav los ntawm "phaj" ntawm lub lag luam incubator, tig mus rau txoj kev, uas, raws li tus kws tsim vaj tsev, hais txog lub nroog thoob plaws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom no.
Pawg neeg pab txiav txim, uas suav nrog cov kws ua haujlwm Yuri Grigoryan, Anton Mosin, Nikita Tokarev, thiab MISIS tus kws tswj hwm Dmitry Livanov, tus thawj saib xyuas haujlwm ntawm Project Russia magazine Alexei Muratov thiab tus neeg hauv nroog Alexander Vysokovsky, tsis tuaj yeem sau npe tus yeej rau lub sijhawm ntev. Raws li Yuri Grigoryan tom qab tau hais, txawm tias kev xaiv tau txiav txim siab tsis suav tus nqi zog txhua, vim tias cov kws tshaj lij xav pom "cov haujlwm sib txawv me ntsis." Tej zaum cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lawv yog cov neeg kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm kev sib txuas hauv tsev kawm ntawv mus rau qhov kev txhim kho uas twb muaj lawm, txij li lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo raws li txoj hauv kev los txhim kho cov duab ntawm thaj chaw pw, tab sis yuav luag txhua qhov kawg tsim tau tus kheej lub nroog hauv nroog. Cov kws tshaj lij tau lees paub txog Igor Chirkin qhov haujlwm, tau sau nrog cov chaw ntsuab thiab thaj chaw dawb, raws li qhov qhib feem ntau rau megalopolis thiab tib lub sijhawm muaj txiaj ntsig txhim kho ib puag ncig ntawm Cheryomushki.
Hauv kev xaus, peb nco ntsoov tias cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm cov neeg muaj yeej lub npe xaus rau qhov kev ua yeeb yaj kiab Avangard nqi zog, txij li cov npaj tau tsis nco qab nqa tus nqi zog mus rau Lub Tsev Nruab Nrab ntawm Kws Ua Yeeb Yam, thiab nws cov nyiaj tau sib npaug (10 txhiab daus las) yuav pauv mus rau Igor Chirkin tom qab. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws kes duab vajtse zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias yuav muaj sijhawm los nthuav kev nthuav qhia tus kheej ntawm Moscow Architecture Biennale rau xyoo tom ntej.
