"Moscow eccentrics, kuv cov phooj ywg …"
Veronica Hav
Kev luam tawm lub tsev "Art-Volkhonka" ua ke nrog Cov Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Vaj Tse tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv uas tau mob siab, raws li nws yog kev coj noj coj ua los sau txog peb caug xyoo dhau los, lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Dmitry Petrovich Sukhov. Qhov no yog thawj cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog Sukhov, nws cov kws sau ntawv yog Tatyana Dudina, tus kws saib xyuas lub tsev cia khoom kos duab ntawm 18th-19th centuries, thiab Larisa Vulfina, tus kws tshaj lij-rov qab los.
Dmitry Petrovich Sukhov nyob me ntsis cuaj caum xyoo, nco txog lub sijhawm ntawm Alexander II thiab outlived Stalin rau tsib xyoos. Nws tsis tawm tsam, tsis zaum, tsis nyob hauv kev tshem tawm, tsis zoo li, piv txwv li, nws tus phooj ywg Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky lossis nws cov npoj yaig-keeb kwm Nikolai Ivanovich Brunov. Nws tau tuav txoj haujlwm fwm nws tus kheej txoj kev, yog, tshwj xeeb, tus thawj coj vaj tsev ntawm Kremlin, tab sis nws nyob tsis tshua muaj neeg nyob hauv Soviet lub sijhawm: nrog nws tus poj niam thiab tus ntxhais nyob hauv kaum plaub-meter ntoo chav saum tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm Novodevichy Convent, nws tsis tau txais kev nyiam professorial. Nws raug fwm los ntawm nws cov npoj yaig, hauv kev hwm ntawm Sukhov lawv tau npaj kev coj ua yeeb yam hmo ntuj, nws tau raug caw kom muaj kev sib tham, xyoo 1957 lawv ua kev zoo siab nws lub hnub nyoog 90 xyoos nrog kev ua yeeb yam nco txog ntawm Central House of Artists, tab sis lawv tsis nco qab kiag tom qab nws tuag. Tsuas yog GNIMA, lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm qhov chaw kos duab, qhov twg Sukhov yog tus tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Neeg Tuav Tswv Yim rau lub sijhawm ntev, tau teeb tsa thaum 1980 thib ob, thawj posthumous tso rau neeg pom nrog lub catalog.
Sukhov cov duab kos yog niaj zaus ntsib hauv kev ua haujlwm los ntawm txhua tus neeg, uas yog ib txoj kev los sis lwm qhov, kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm txheej thaum ub Lavxias yav dhau los; tab sis muaj ob peb ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv luam tawm, yog tias lawv tuaj hla muaj, tom qab ntawd. Txhua tus tau hnov txog Baranovsky; lawv nco qab Maksimov, Brunov, Ilyin, Sukhov tus tub ntxhais kawm Lev Arturovich David - lawv tsis tshua nco qab Sukhov rau nws tus kheej, thiab tseem zoo li yog tias ua li cas, nrog kev nyuaj. Ib tus tuaj yeem nkag siab txog tus sau phau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv teev npe, leej twg thaum kawg ntawm lawv cov ntawv sau qhia kev kos duab tau teb cov lus nug vim li cas lawv tau ua lawv txoj kev mob siab ua haujlwm nrog cov lus "yuav tsum nco": Dmitry Petrovich Sukhov pom nws tus kheej ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm keeb kwm, thiab phau ntawv tshiab fills cov kis no. Qhov tseeb hais tias phau ntawv hais txog Sukhov tau pib los ntawm Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture, thiab tsis yog, hais tias, los ntawm Kremlin, tuaj yeem piav qhia: nws yog nyob rau hauv GNIMA tias cov kws kes duab lub ntsiab tseem ceeb tau khaws cia, pauv los ntawm nws tus ntxhais Yevgenia Dubovskaya xyoo 1975 thiab sau cov nyiaj txiag naj npawb 38 - nws tau los ua phau ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas, txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv los ntawm Cov Tsev Khaws Keeb Kwm thiab lwm yam nyiaj kuj tau suav nrog. Cov sau phau ntawv luam tawm ntau daim ntawv teev cov duab, cov khoom siv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab tsuas yog xav paub cov dab neeg thiab paub meej txog lub neej, rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, cov neeg paub txog keeb kwm thiab cov keeb kwm hauv zej zog, yuav tsum yog xav ua tsaug rau lawv.
Tab sis ua ntej txhua yam, nws yuav tsum lees paub tias Dmitry Petrovich Sukhov tsis tshua pom tseeb ua tus kws kes duab vajtse. Hauv kev sib tw nws tau txais thib ob thiab thib peb qhov chaw, muaj koob meej, tab sis tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nws ua haujlwm nyob rau txhua qhov, pib nrog Renaissance thiab Russophile eclecticism, ua haujlwm rau cov kab ua haujlwm ntawm Art Nouveau, yog fond ntawm neoampire thiab kawm tiav los ntawm Aniltrest tshuaj cog hauv Dorogomilov hauv lub siab ntawm kev tsim kho, txawm hais tias nrog cov kab ua haujlwm, pob kws thiab lub qhov rai cua sov - nws nyuaj rau Sukhov tawm hauv kev lig kev cai, - sau Tatiana Dudina thiab Larisa Vulfina. Tab sis txawm hais tias nws txuas rau cov classics, Sukhov tsis koom nrog kev tsim Stalin's Art Deco - txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tus kws kes duab vajtse muaj hnub nyoog rau caum xyoo.
Lub sijhawm no, thaum pib ua haujlwm, xyoo 1890-1892, Sukhov tus kwv tij, tus kws tsim vajtse Sergei Ustinovich Solovyov tau xaiv nws los ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev hauv Stroganov Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Rozhdestvenka, lub tsev tam sim no Architectural lub koom haum. Dmitry Petrovich tsim sab hauv thiab ua, tus kheej saib cov khoom lag luam hauv chav ua haujlwm ntawm tsev kawm, txhua qhov chaw majolica - zoo-paub, Kuv xav tias, rau cov tub ntxhais kawm-cov kws ua vaj tsev uas tsawg kawg ib zaug dai tawm ntawm qhov chaw hauv lub tshav puam ntawm lub koom haum.
Qhov kev xav paub ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov dab neeg tau piav qhia hauv phau ntawv yog yuav ua li cas xyoo 1907 Sukhov ua ib qho kev sim ua kom tau nyiaj ntawm cov vaj tsev los ntawm kev yuav ib daim phiaj, los tsim nws tus kheej me ntoo ob-zaj lus nyob hauv tsev - ib qho ntawm cov uas txhua tus ntawm Moscow sai tab tom ua nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub tswv yim ua tsis tiav, lub tsev nrog cov phiaj xwm tau muab muag. Ib tug xav tias architecture yog qhov tsim nyog tau nyiaj rau tus phab ej ntawm phau ntawv: lub sijhawm no nws tau tsa plaub tus ntxhais. Sukhov tau ua daim ntawv thov, rov tsim kho, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog fond ntawm interiors, nplua mias rau lawv nrog kev dai, nrog rau cov vaj huam sib luag rau ntawm plafonds thiab phab ntsa - hauv ib lo lus, hauv qhov no nws yog kiag li thiab ib tug txiv neej ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev loj uas tsim los ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse yog lub tsev ntawm K. A. Bellick, ib nrab khaws cia nyob hauv Petrovsky Park ntawm Leningradskoye Highway (1914). Sukhov qhia ntau yam, pib sai sai tom qab nws kawm tiav hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Moscow, Duab puab thiab Architecture, tab sis ntau zaus nws tau qhia kev kawm hauv kev kos duab kos duab, pleev xim dej pleev xim, pleev xim rau sab hauv thiab cov rooj tog zaum, tsawg dua hauv kev tsim qauv kos duab nws tus kheej. Tom qab ntawd, thaum lub sijhawm thiab tom qab Lub Patriotic Great Tsov Rog, nws tau koom nrog tsim qauv ua yeeb yam.
Thiab tseem, qhov haujlwm ntawm Dmitry Petrovich Sukhov lub neej yog "qub txeeg qub teg." Nrog rau nws tus tij laug-hauv-txoj cai Solovyov, twb nyob hauv xyoo 1890, nws tau pib koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm Cov Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem ntawm IMAO, ntsuas cov monuments, piav qhia lawv, ua cov ntawv ceeb toom, muaj ntau cov duab kos: cov phiaj xwm, cov ntsiab lus, kev tsim kho dua tshiab, thiab tsuas yog kos duab kos duab kos - txhua yam tib lub sijhawm thiab zoo li muaj tib lub siab nyiam. Qhov haujlwm no tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj li lwm tus nyob hauv kev sib tw, thaum Sukhov koom ua thawj hauv lub koom haum cua daj cua dub, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm cov cua daj cua dub sib npaug thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau lub tuam tsev, feem ntau yog cov ntseeg, rhuav tshem los ntawm ntau pua leej. Nws tshuaj xyuas, ntsuas, kos duab ntau lub tuam tsev nyob txhua qhov chaw - hauv Moscow, hauv Pskov, hauv Crimea, koom nrog txuag cov ntseeg thiab tib lub sijhawm - kos duab Mausoleum, npaj lub tsev ntawm Lenin Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Ulyanovsk thiab tsev-tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Stalin exile hauv Solvychegodsk - tag nrho nrog kev kho kom zoo thiab ceevfaj heev ntawm cov keeb kwm teeb tsa. Sukhov tseem tsim tau lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Tolstoy hauv Yasnaya Polyana thiab Turgenev nrog Lutovinov. Kiag li ubiquitous, txiav txim los ntawm phau ntawv sau txog keeb kwm thiab cov ntawv sau loj heev, nws yog tus txiv neej, thiab ua tib zoo ua kom tiav cov xwm txheej ntawm txhua yam sib txawv: txuag cov tub ntxhais hluas Leo David, ib tus neeg muaj koob npe nyob rau yav tom ntej, los ntawm kev sau tub rog, sau ntawv hais txog kev tiv thaiv lub koom txoos., tsim qauv tshuaj cog qoob loo thiab qhuas txoj kev nco ntawm cov thawj coj kiv puag ncig. Qee yam ntshai txawm tias versatility. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem yog salutary, tej zaum; txawm hais tias nws tsis yog rau peb txiav txim rau cov neeg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb rau peb los ntawm kev qias neeg ntawm Dmitry Petrovich Sukhov thiab dab tsi peb yuav tsum txaus siab rau nws? Kuv yuav tis peb yam. Ib qho tau qhia tau zoo los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv hauv lawv phau ntawv, txuas lub npe hu ua "album" ntawm nws cov dej pleev rau tus kws kes duab vajtse phau ntawv keeb kwm. Qhov tseeb, qhov no tsis yog album, txawm hais tias nws zoo nkauj los saib cov duab - tej zaum Sukhov siv lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm nws lub neej hauv kev phem tsis zoo, tab sis nws pleev xim zoo heev, tsis muaj expressionism. Daim ntawv thov txawv ntawm cov album hauv tias cov duab no me me, thiab lawv cov lus piav qhia yog qhov loj, nrog cov ncauj lus ntxaws nrov txog txhua lub monument xim: nws tig los ua cov lus qhia rau Moscow, qee zaum ploj. Sukhov kos zoo siab, tas li, xim dej thiab etchings yog nws lub qhov hluav taws xob: los ntawm kev mus ncig ua si nws xa cov xim pleev xim dej pleev xim, pleev xim nraub qaum ntawm ntawv xa ntawv. Nov yog qhov zoo.
Qhov thib ob ntu ntawm Sukhov lub neej yog qhov tseem ceeb. Ib qho yuav tsum xav tias, rau qee qhov, ua tsaug rau nws, lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet ntawm kev kho dua tshiab thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm monuments ntawm Laus Lavxias architecture tau tsim - lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo heev, cov hnub qub uas tau yog David, Altshuller, Podyapolsky. Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias Sukhov yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov teeb meem no, tab sis tej zaum nws yog ib qho ntawm cov kev sib txuas, cov neeg ntawd, tsis muaj leej twg nws yuav tsis zoo li. Ib zaug ntxiv, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias lub tsev kawm no tau muaj kev vam meej tam sim no - tab sis nws yog ib qho muaj sia nyob, uas txhais tau tias thaum tib lub sijhawm nws tau ua zog, uas, dua, yog qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm Dmitry Petrovich.
Qhov peb ntu yog qhov nyuaj tshaj los piav, nws tsis paub tseeb. Ntawm no, ua ntej koj yuav tsum ua tibzoo saib ntawm "album" kom thiaj li paub qhov no: nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia koj tig los ntawm nws, tag nrho cov dej ntws zoo ib yam. Lawv tsis taug tus kab mob latently xav pom txog qhov kev hloov pauv sai sai, ob qho tib si ntawm xyoo nees nkaum thiab tsib caug, tus qauv, lossis ntau ntawm cov tswv yim thiab kev xav yog txawv kiag li, thiab vam khom rau hom ntawv: ntsuas, rov tsim kho lossis kos duab, dua li lub sijhawm. Thiab nws txaus ntshai hais tias yuav muaj pes tsawg yam hloov nyob rau lub sijhawm no: tsis txhob hais txog avant-garde, Sukhov pom txawm tias yog ib daim thaw - tab sis tsis muaj tshuaj cog ua rau nws tawm ib zaug pom Vasnetsov-Abramtsevo duab ntawm mummer boyar, kom tsis txhob nrag duab chaw nyob nrog paj dai ornaments. Xav txog tej yam: lub tsev xa ntawv, ib tus neeg ua haujlwm sib raug zoo xaiv cov postcards ntawm Pioneer Octobrists, thiab ib tus ntawm lawv tuaj hla ib tsab ntawv hauv ib nrab-txoj kev lis dej num.
Sukhov tsis tau sau keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias architecture, tsis ua qhov kev tshawb pom loj, thiab tsis pom zoo cov kev cai ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv kho dua tshiab, txawm hais tias nws tau koom nrog ntau yam, nws tsis yog thawj qhov twg ntawm no ib yam. Tus kws kes duab vajtse, tus tsim qauv, kos duab kos duab Sukhov tsis muaj dab tsi tuaj yeem hu ua kev ua tiav lub neej tseem ceeb. Nws qhov kev ua tiav yog txawv: nws ua tiav tawm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawv Soviet, uas peb tau siv los xav hauv qhov yooj yim uas yuav luag tsuas yog ib qho xwb - kev ua tsov ua rog, avant-garde, Stalinist classics tus naj npawb ib, kev ua tsov ua rog, Stalinist classics tus naj npawb thib ob, Khrushchev tawm tsam tawm tsam Cov. Nws tau coj lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm ob tug thawj coj, nws tau ua neej nyob hauv nws lub neej zoo li yog tias cov thawj coj no tsis muaj nyob txhua lub sijhawm. Cov kws sau phau ntawv paub tseeb tias Sukhov, tus uas kos duab iconostases ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig thiab koom nrog kev sib tw rau kev ua tus duab ntxoo ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, tseem yog tus ntseeg tag nws lub neej. Kuv yuav hais ntxiv: nws yuav yog ib tug huab tais tag nrho nws lub neej, tab sis peb yuav tsis paub. Nws nqa nws lub siab nyiam mus txog ntau dua li ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20, nws lub neej yog coj txawv txawv, latent, sib txuas nrog cov xwm txheej tiag tiag, thiab nws cov duab kos yog txhua yam pov thawj ntawm kev txuas ntxiv ntawm qee qhov kev coj ua, cia hu nws cov kev coj ua ntawm cov neeg ua koob tsheej Russophilia, yam tsis muaj peb keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm ntawm architecture yuav txawv; lawv yog cov ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev muaj peev xwm hauv zej zog ntawm "Moscow eccentrics" uas tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam thiab tsis tshua pom.
Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, los ntawm txoj kev, tias tsuas yog posthumous exhibition ntawm Sukhov ntawm Lub Xeev Tshawb Xyuas Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Imperial Academy tau ua nyob rau xyoo yim, pib ntawm kev nyiam tshiab rau Russophilia. Tej zaum nws qee qhov pab txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm cov hom tshiab niaj hnub ntawm kev tsim kho dua tshiab ntawm thaj chaw, uas tam sim no pom zoo (thiab ntau dua li Sukhov) pleev xim los ntawm Vsevolod Ryabov, uas nws cov duab tau qhia hauv txhua phau ntawv niaj hnub hais txog qub Moscow.
Peb cov keeb kwm keeb kwm tsis sib xws; Nws tsis muaj cov neeg Fabkis zoo siab lossis German scrupulousness hauv nws. Muaj ntau ntau lacunae hauv nws thiab feem ntau ib qho zoo nkauj ntxim nyiam nrog cov txheej txheem uas zoo li tau muab ib zaug thiab rau txhua qhov, tab sis tsis txhob ua pa dab tsi. Thiab lawv ua rau peb lub tswv yim hais txog lub neej tiaj, yuam kom peb xav tsis thoob txhua lub sijhawm, kawm, piv txwv, txog tus neeg uas coj kev ua si zoo nkauj ntawm Lavxias qub txeeg qub teg tsis tau tas txog xyoo 1957, dhau mus rau nws cov tub ntxhais kawm. Phau ntawv los ntawm Wulfina thiab Dudina yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev nkag siab no - nws muaj cov ntsiab lus tseeb ntau dua li kev tshaj tawm dav dav, nws hais txog dab tsi uas tsis tshua paub txog, hloov ib qho keeb kwm mus rau hauv ib nrab-hnov qab. Yog tias peb coj tam sim no hysteria ntawm "scrapie" ib sab, thiab phau ntawv tsis zoo li ua ke nrog nws nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev, nws yog sau dhau los ua siab txias rau qhov no thiab dhau ntse, luam tawm zoo - tom qab ntawd cov monograph zoo li kuj ceeb tias tsis pom: nws tsis poob rau hauv txhua qhov dej, nws tsuas yog kev tshawb fawb, tshaj tawm ntawm cov khoom tsis tshua muaj thiab zoo nkauj. Peb tsuas yog tsis tshawb nrhiav ntxiv.
