Kev sib sau ntawm cov khoom ntawm pej xeem cov kws kes duab vajtse ntoo tau pib tsim nyob hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Qhov Chaw Nres Nres thaum xyoo 1930s - 1940s. Hauv xyoo 1960, qhov kev sau no tau rov qab tsim dua: nws suav nrog cov khoom tawg ntawm cov neeg sab nraud thiab cov kev cai dab qhuas ntoo ua ntawm 18th - 19th xyoo pua. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau coj los ntawm kev ntoj ke mus deb uas tau npaj los ntawm Lub Tsev Khaws Khoom mus rau thaj chaw hauv thaj av Vladimir, thaj tsam Volga thiab Lav Xias Sab Qaum Teb.
Ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim cov yam ntxwv thiab kev ua kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj ntawm cov tuam tsev kev tsim vaj tse yog cov khoom pov thawj uas yog los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tsev tsis zoo hauv 18 xyoo pua Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, hom ruaj khov ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb huts, uas muaj cov cwj pwm hauv cheeb tsam thiab vaj tse, twb tau tsim nyob hauv kev kos duab ntawm pej xeem.
Yog li, lub tshav puam sab qaum teb-cov tsev tau tsim los ntawm plaub-phab ntsa, tsib-phab ntsa, rau-phab ntsa tsev pheeb suab tso rau hauv lub qab daus siab, uas tau ntxiv los ntawm cov zaj thiab nkag los ntawm ib lub ru tsev nrog cov qauv tsim hluav taws xob. Cov vaj tse ntoo qhib tau lub tsev tshwj xeeb uas tsis muaj ntoo, uas tau tis npe rau txiv neej Ntawm tus txiv neej lub cav, uas tau sawv hauv daim ntawv ntawm "theem taw kev" ntawm cov phab ntsa kawg, kab rov tav raug tso, uas tau txais kev pabcuam raws li lub hauv paus ntawm tus qauv. Tus ncej zoo li tus ncej, hu ua qaib, tau muab tso transversely rau ntawm lub viav vias, qhov qis kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov tsiaj txhu.
Lub ru tsev feem ntau yog them nrog cov laug cam. Ntawm qhov khoov ntawm kawg ntawm cov qaib, ntws cov duab plaub nyob hauv qhov chaw hla los yog cov kwj deg uas zoo li cov kwj deg tau tso pw ua ntej, qhov kawg ntawm cov uas tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog carvings. Cov vov ntoo ntawm lub ruv ntawm lub ru tsev tau tsau nrog lub cav sib tw uas muaj lub zog zoo li qub, uas yog hu ua ochlupen lossis lub khauj khaum.
Hauv ntej lub ntsej muag tig xub ntiag ntawm txoj kev tau txais kev ua tiav zoo nkauj carved. Qhov kawg ntawm oglupnya crowning lub faadeade tau dai kom zoo nrog carvings nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov duab yooj yim duab los yog duab sab nrauv. Qhov xaus ntawm lub txaj, saib xyuas lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag, tau them nrog cov carving moorings, uas hais txog qhov pom zoo ntawm lub suab ntawm lub ru tsev. Lub phuam ntoo tau nqis los nyob hauv qhov zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab kawg, khij lub hauv nruab nrab ntawm nruab nrab lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab. Sab qaum ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm qib nthab tau sib cais los ntawm pawg thawj pawg, uas tseem tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntoo, txua ntoo lossis duab zoo nkauj daim duab. ntawm cov chav nyob hauv tsev nyob, thiab nthab qhov rai.
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom pov thawj hauv kev sau ntawm Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture - tus qaib ntawm cov tsev nyob hauv lub zos Purnema, Arkhangelsk Thaj Chaw - muaj cov duab ntawm cov noog uas muaj cov noog, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov ntsiab lus zoo li qub.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ua piv txwv ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm cov vov ntawm cov vov tsev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cov thawv (ploughshare, shingles) muaj hnub. Lub sab nraud ntawm lub ploughshare tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus taw tes, ib ntu lossis ntu "zos", vim tias qhov zoo li txhua yam ntawm lub ru tsev tau txais ib qho qauv ornamental thawj. Kev sib sau ntawm Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture nthuav tawm txhua hom kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub ploughshare, qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm no yog plowshares ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Dmitrov hauv Veliky Ustyug thiab Nikolsky Lub Koom Txoos hauv Purnema.
Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tsev khaws puav pheej qauv ntawm monumental thiab zoo nkauj carving ntawm monuments ntawm ntug zos architecture ntawm thaj av Volga muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim txuj ci thiab zoo nkauj ntawm Lavxias ntoo architecture thaum xyoo 19th. Tus qauv kev tsim ntawm lub piers lossis fenders tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj kuab - pem hauv ntej lub rooj tsav hlau, uas tiv thaiv qhov xaus ntawm cov nplais (cov tais los yog kua dej) los ntawm kev lwj - cov qauv kab rov tav ntawm lub ru tsev thav duab hauv tus ncej. Kev sib txuas ntawm lub piers ntawm qhov kawg ntawm tus tub huabtais (qaum) ru tsev tau npog nrog cov laug cam luv luv (phuam lossis anemone), uas tseem tau nplua nuj dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov ntoo ornaments. Hauv qee lub tsev nyob hauv tsev nyob sab nrauv, sab nrauv kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm qhov uas nthuav tawm kom pom kev zoo nkauj rau kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov vaj tsev hauv nroog, cov ntoo txua ntoo (qee lub sijhawm nrog cov pob kws ua si), pom kev cais chav ua ke ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab ntawm lub tsev seem, kho kom zoo ntxiv ntawm lub faadeade.
Hauv cov ntoo kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub qhov rais qhib, qhov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws yog lub txiav nyom lossis cov qhov rai liab ntawm chav tsev sab saud - chav nyob nyob ntawm chav tsev thib ob ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab. Hauv cov tsev nplua nuj nyob deb nroog, kuj tseem muaj kev daws teeb meem zoo nkauj rau lub qhov rai thav duab hauv qab daus - hauv qab qis ntawm lub tsev, thaj chaw ntawm uas tau siv rau tsev neeg xav tau [1].
Dluab ntawm mermaids - sirens, pharaohs lossis bereginas - tau txais cov koob meej tshwj xeeb hauv kev dai kom zoo nkauj ntawm Volga pej xeem lub tsev nyob nruab nrab ntawm 19th caug xyoo. Lub npe "Vaj ntxwv" tau saws raws li kev ntseeg nrov, raws li uas cov tub rog ntawm Iyiv tus vaj ntxwv, nrhiav cov neeg Ixayees thaum lawv hla los ntawm Hiavtxwv Liab, poob dej thiab tig mus ua cov tsiaj zoo heev nrog cov ntses caj dab hloov ceg. Qhov motif no tau pom nyob hauv ntau yam kev hloov hauv cov décor ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm lub qhov rai thiab cov qhov rai ua yeeb yam [2].
Tus thawj stylistic feature ntawm lub cheeb tsam Volga carving ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom tsoos zoo nkauj nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj thiab kev txiav txim siab motifs ntawm Lavxias teb chaws style. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus feem ntau hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov ntoo txig qauv ntawm lub sijhawm no yog lub rosette. Hais txog qhov loj me, cov duab thiab tsim qauv, qhov kev ua kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj no tau pom qhov txawv ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb: cov no yog cov square, puag ncig, oval, pob zeb diamond-puab, semi-oval rosettes. Muaj qee kis, qhov laj thawj no ua tus coj. Lub rooj vag nplooj ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom khaws cia zoo nkauj heev hauv nws cov khoom zoo nkauj thiab qub qub ntawm kev tsim. Cov lus sib xyaw tag nrho yog nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm 16-petal rosette loj, cov qauv ntawm cov uas nyuaj los ntawm cov nplooj nrog nplooj kis thoob plaws tag nrho saum npoo ntawm lub valve - stylized acanthus tua.
Hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm lub qhov rai vias ntawm lub tsev hauv qab daus ntawm Gusenkov (Guskov) lub tsev nyob hauv lub zos ntawm Vashkino, Chkalovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Nizhny Novgorod xeev, khaws cia hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej cov nyiaj, ob ib nrab-rosettes ntawm tus kiv cua zoo li tus qauv. xws li cov qauv zoo nkauj. Ib qho ntawm lawv ua ib lub voj voog ib nrab kheej kheej hauv qab ntawm lub qhov rais qhib, lwm qhov yog sau nyob rau hauv ib daim duab peb sab pediment crowning lub casing.
Feem ntau, rosettes tau qhia raws li ib qho ntawm cov ua tiav ntawm lub qhov rai thav duab, puab thiab piers. Los ntawm peculiar ua ke nyob rau hauv ornamental teeb duab ntawm xws li ntawm rosettes, acanthus thiab lwm motifs ntawm faj tim teb chaws floral décor, cov ntsiab lus ntawm classical txiav txim nrog xam ntsiab ntawm pej xeem carving, raws li cov khoom pov thawj ntawm cov tsev khaws khoom khaws cia ua yeeb yam, thawj cov duab kos duab feem ntau yug. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev hwm no yog kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov yeeb yam thiab qaum ntu ntawm qhov rais thav duab. Tus thawj ntawm cov nkauj no feem ntau yog ua raws li kev nkag siab zoo nkauj ntawm cov ntawv txiav txim cov ntsiab lus - triglyphs, ionics, hloov kho, hniav, cov qauv tsim. Hauv kev tsim kho dawb ntawm carvers, xws li motifs tau txais hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom ua kom zoo nkauj, hauv cov qauv sib luag qhov twg cov khoom qub tau tsuas yog xam deb.
Xyoo 1870 - 1880, kev hloov pauv maj mam raws cov qauv hauv kev txua ntoo txua hauv vaj tse. Lub plasticity ntawm ornamental motifs muab txoj hauv kev rau lawv cov duab nraaj-nraaj. Cov lus tsis txaus rau lawv qhov kev pom tseeb ntawm kev tsim kho, dhau los ua cov fractional, saturated nrog cov ntsiab lus me. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav txim siab carving, ntawm cov uas tus motif ntawm Sirin noog thiab tus tsov ntxhuav stylized tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj, tau txais qhov kev tsis sib haum ntawm cov phiaj xwm, zoo li yog dissolving rau hauv ornamental "lace". Cov nyhuv "ntaub pua plag" yog tsim vim yog pluav, kho qhov ntxig ntawm carved décor, cov qauv ntawm cov uas ua rau pom lub teeb thiab lub ntsej muag tsis sib xws.
Cov nta tau pom meej meej los ntawm ob qhov rai zoo kawg nkaus los ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1880 los ntawm kev sau ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lub Tsev Muaj Vaj Tsev. Cov qhov rais zoo li no tau raug hu ua "qhov hluav taws kub qhov rais" lossis "nthab lus xaiv" thiab tau siv los taws lub nthab lossis chav ua haujlwm raug npaj nyob hauv qab ru tsev qee lub tsev. Vim yog qhov teeb meem loj ntawm cov teeb pom kev loj los ntawm cov qhov rais loj, uas qee zaum tsis nyob hauv ib qho, tab sis nyob hauv ntau phab ntsa ntawm chav, cov chav no tau hu ua "teeb". Hauv thaj av Volga thiab qee thaj tsam, muaj qee hom "teeb" viav vias nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim kho thiab dai kom zoo nkauj tau tsim. Xws li platbands, raws li txoj cai, muaj peb-ntu cov duab, uas nyob hauv nruab nrab ncua sawv ob zaug kom dav. Tus qauv tsim ntawm lub thawv muaj suav nrog cov sib ntswg sib cais cais lub qhov rai qhov loj, kev coj tus kheej sab sauv tiav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub ci ntsa iab nrog lub loog. Cov naj npawb ntawm cov kab ntawv tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm plaub mus rau yim. Nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub pediment, ib qho kev kho kom zoo nkauj tau ua, cov qauv dav dav ntawm cov uas zoo ib yam li kokoshnik nyob rau hauv cov duab. Qhov chaw hauv qab daus ntawm lub platband, ntawm qhov uas cov kem so, feem ntau zoo li zoo li peb-ntu txee, nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm hnub uas lub tsev ua lub tsev lossis tus tswv lub npe tau txua ntoo. Tus qauv tsim raug rau qee qhov kev txiav txim siab sib luag. Yog li, piv txwv li, qhov siab ntawm kem peev feem ntau yog ib feem rau lossis ib feem xya ntawm tag nrho cov kem tag nrho, thiab qhov siab pediment tau sib npaug li ib feem peb ntawm nws qhov dav [3].
Qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj tsim ntawm nthab qhov rais tau tshwm sim rau lub sijhawm no hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj tsev nyob hauv qee thaj chaw ntawm Vladimir xeev, zoo li nyob rau sab qab teb cheeb tsam ntawm Nizhny Novgorod xeev, tshwj xeeb Lyskovsky thiab Kstovsky. Lub tswv yim ntawm cov haujlwm no, uas cov khoom los ntawm Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej cov khoom ntiag tug, qhia tawm qhov sib tsoo ntawm cov txuj ci ntawm cov neeg nyiam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd "Lavxias style", uas tau hloov pauv qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov Lavxias yav dhau los ornamental thiab cov duab kos. Qhov sib txuam stylistic no feem ntau pom tau nyob rau hauv cov duab sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv sib ntswg thiab keeled niches, tig mus rau hauv cov thawv zoo li kokoshniks, hauv asymmetry thiab "ntaub pua plag" ligature ntawm carved ornament. Cov duab txiav carving ze ze sib txheeb nrog cov kev ua kom zoo ntawm lub pob zeb dawb-pob zeb carved dai ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal architectural monuments ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. [4]
Lub tsev khaws puav pheej muaj qhov piv txwv zoo ntawm kev hloov kho lig ntawm lub tsev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev tsim, thaj chaw rov qab rau tig ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Nyob rau hauv carved muaj pes tsawg leeg lub crown ib feem ntawm lub qhov rais casing nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug pediment so ntawm nkhaus, tshiab kev txoj kev ntawm kev ua ntoo yuav taug. Ntxiv rau ntawm xov dig muag cov ntsiab lus feem ntau li yav dhau los, tus txiav tawm siv cov neeg hlau txiav txuas ntawm no. Lub tshuab mechanistic ntawm cov kev ua tiav inevitably yoojyim ib qho kev sau rau ntawm stylistic ntawm ornamental motifs, uas tau ploj qhov tsis xws ntau yam ntawm cov duab kos thiab qhov sov so ntawm "tes-ua".
Hauv kev xaus, Kuv xav nco ntsoov tias cov hnoos qeev thaum pov tseg ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom khaws cia ua rau pom ntau txoj kev sib txuas thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntoo carving thiab pob zeb zoo nkauj. Lub originality ntawm kev nkag siab txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev txiav txim lub ntsiab raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm lub ntsej muag tau nthuav qhia hauv cov organic sib xyaw ntawm cov qauv tes kos duab qub hauv cov kws yees duab tam sim no ntawm cov nyob sab hauv zos thiab qhov ua kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Cov duab zoo thiab luscious plasticity ntawm "nkoj txua ntoo", cov duab zoo nkauj thiab tsis pom kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Asmeskas carving tau muab lub neej tshiab hauv kev sau cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov kws ua choj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm historicism thiab modernism. [1] Cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab tsim tus neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv kev sib txuas nrog cov tsiaj ntawv sab nrauv txiav: Krasovsky M. V. Ntoo architecture. SPb., 2005. S. 25–47.
[2] Rau lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm "pharaohs" motif thiab nws cov kev txhais ua yeeb yam hauv Lavxias carved dai ntawm xyoo pua puv 19, saib, tshwj xeeb: I. M. Bibikova. Monumental thiab zoo nkauj woodcarving // Daim duab Lavxias zoo nkauj. T. 3. XIX - thaum ntxov xyoo XX. M., 1965. S. 196; Pharaohs // Phau Ntawv Txhais Lus Mythological. Ch. ed. NOJ. Meletinsky. M., 1990. Belova O. V. Pharaohs // Slavic mythology. Phau Ntawv Txhais Lus Encyclopedic. M, 2002.
[3] Kev tsom xam ntawm cov xaj ntawm cov xaj kom sib txig sib luag ntawm lub teeb-beamed platbands: Sobolev N. N. Lavxias teb sab pej xeem woodcarving. M., 2000. S. 110.
[4] Cov kws tshawb nrhiav hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qauv nrov ntawm cov ntoo carved hauv Lavxias ntoo ntoo ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 raws li cov duab ntawm tsov ntxhuav nrog kev vam meej tails thiab Sirin noog nrog lub iconography ntawm dawb pob zeb cawm ntawm Dmitrievsky Cathedral hauv Vladimir, zoo li George lub Cathedral hauv Yuryev-Polsky: Sobolev NN Lavxias teb sab pej xeem woodcarving. M., 2000. S. 111; Bibikova I. M. Monumental thiab zoo nkauj woodcarving // Daim duab Lavxias zoo nkauj. T. 3. M., 1965. S. 187.