Cov ntaub ntawv muaj tswv yim ntawm Ivan Vladislavovich Zholtovsky (1867-1959), tus kws kes duab vajtse zoo nkauj thiab paub zoo ntawm Italian architecture, tau rov ua zoo rau cov kws tshawb nrhiav, thiab txawm li cas los xij, tus tswv cov haujlwm tseem fught nrog ntau yam vajtse tsis sib luag thiab paradoxes.
Xyoo 1926 Zholtovsky rov qab los ntawm kev ncig xyuas peb xyoo rau Ltalis nyob rau Hmo ua ntej ntawm kev nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb kos duab kev kos duab thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv tshiab hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Asmeskas. Hauv USSR, neoclassicism (lossis theej neo-Renaissance stylization) tau txais kev txhawb nqa ntawm qhov siab tshaj, lub xeev qib - Zholtovsky tau tso cai rau kev tsim kho ntawm Lub Xeev Lub Tsev, thaum 1927-28.1 Cov qauv ntawm tus tswv yog kev kawm (thiab, ib tug yuav hais, qub-piv ua piv rau cov kev hloov tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910), tab sis niaj hnub, zoo ib yam li cov neoclassical style ntawm lub tebchaws Asmeskas, tsim kom ncav lub siab ntawm European kab lis kev cai. Muaj cov kev xav zoo ib yam nyob hauv USSR, tsuas yog Iofan yuav tsum dhau ntawm cov pej thuam ntawm New York, Zholtovsky - cov yeeb yam ntawm Washington. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb muaj pes tsawg leeg sib xyaw thiab cov yas sib piv nrog cov neoclassicism hauv Tebchaws Meskas uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov peculiarity ntawm Zholtovsky tus yam ntxwv.
Soviet architecture ntawm xyoo 1930-1950 tsis yog ib qho kev ua yeeb yam, thiab ob qho tib si Art Deco thiab neoclassicism (keeb kwm kev tsim tawm), uas tau muab rau hauv kev sib tw Palace ntawm Soviets, tau tso cai rau Moscow los sib tw nrog cov tsev kawm ntawv (architectural capitals) ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Asmeskas. Hauv New York, kev sib tw ntawm ob qhov qauv pib hauv xyoo 1920 (cov no yog cov haujlwm ntawm R. Walker thiab T. Hastings, K. Gilbert thiab R. Hood), thiab Soviet cov kws ua yeeb yam siv cov qauv qub hauv xyoo 1930, colonnades ntawm Halicarnassus mausoleum, Art Deco ribbed slabs. Monuments ntawm ob txoj kev loj hlob ib sab, thiab ib yam li nyob hauv Chicago lub tsev siab ntawm Lub Tsev Pauv Tshav tau nyob ze rau lub nroog neoclassical, yog li hauv Moscow, rau cov tib neeg sib piv los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, kev tsim Neopalladian ntawm Zholtovsky tau txhim tsa. nyob rau hauv 1934 ib txhij thiab tom ntej no mus rau lub tav ntawm lub tsev A. Ya. Langman qhov chaw pabcuam. [daim duab. ib tug]
Lub tsev nyob rau Mokhovaya los ua tus mlom tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho ntawm Soviet neo-Palladianism; nws yog qhov sib kho txoj kev saj thiab kev tsim kho vaj tsev thiab kev tsim kho zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv vaj tse ntawm Zholtovsky ib tus tuaj yeem xav tias tsis tsuas yog vam khom rau kab lis kev cai Italian muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis kuj paub txog kev paub ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Lub nroog loj tsev hauv nroog Chicago (1911) tau tawm tsam hauv nws qhov ntsuas, qhov sib piv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm rau hauv plag tsev thiab orthogonal qhib qhov rai (lossis, zoo li lwm qhov, cuam tshuam hauv hauv av). Qhov no yog li cas Zholtovsky xav, qhov no yog hom tsev ntawm txoj kev ntawm Mokhovaya Txoj Kev, cov vaj tse ntawm Xeev Lub Tsev txhab nyiaj thiab lub koom haum koom nrog Mining. [daim duab. 2, 3, 4]
Qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm Council rau kev tsim kho lub Palace ntawm Soviets (Lub Ob Hlis 28, 1932) tau hais tias kev tshawb nrhiav rau cov kws ua choj Soviet yuav tsum tau "qhia rau kev siv ntawm ob qho tshiab thiab cov txuj ci zoo tshaj plaws ntawm classical architecture, thaum cia siab rau qhov ua tiav ntawm cov cuab yeej tam sim no thiab kev tsim kho. "2 Thiab yog li ntawd, hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev yeej txoj kab kev ua tiav ntawm Iofan ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets kev sib tw, Zholtovsky xav tau kev qhia txog qhov tsis yog Palladian cov hauv paus ntawm nws txoj kev ua, tab sis txawv teb chaws.3
Tom qab kev sib tw rau Palace ntawm Soviets, Zholtovsky (hauv kev sib piv nrog L. V. Rudnev lossis I. A. Golosov) tsim me ntsis hauv Moscow, tsuas yog lub tsev ntawm Mokhovaya (1933-34). Tsis zoo li I. A. Fomin, nws tsis koom nrog kev sib tw rau kev tsim tsa lub NKTP (1934), thiab tsis pom muaj nyob hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam thiab cov chaw tswj hwm ntawm cov peev ntawm cov koomhaum koom siab. Raws li nws lub luag haujlwm, nws pom ib qho kev xa tawm ntau ntawm cov neeg Italian cov kab lis kev cai, Zholtovsky qhia txog kev zam rau Renaissance, rau ocher gamut ntawm Tuscany. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev zoo nkauj no feem ntau tsis tau txais nyob rau xyoo 1930, nws tsis cuam tshuam qhov style ntawm B. M. Iofan thiab L. V. Rudnev, I. A. Golosov thiab I. A. Fomin.
Lub tsev kawm ntawv neo-Renaissance tsis kav thawj ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig los yog xyoo 1930-50.4 Yog li, piv txwv li, cov qauv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Moscow Architectural Institute thiab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Academy of Architecture hauv 1935-36 muab tawm los ze rau qhov kev sim ntawm I. A. Golosov. Tom qab ua tsov rog, qhov tshiab neo-Renaissance tsis tau saws los rau cov tsev siab, lossis rau cov metro lossis pavilions ntawm All-Union Agricultural Exhibition. Cov thawj coj ntawm Zholtovsky lub tsev kawm ntawv tau xav tias tsis yog vim muaj pes tsawg tus tsim, tab sis vim yog qhov tsis muaj kev kos duab zoo. Lub tsev kawm ntawv Moscow neo-Renaissance tsis muaj coob leej hauv kev sib piv nrog Asmeskas neoclassicism, thiab txawm li ntawd los, nws yog Zholtovsky thiab nws cov neeg uas ua raws qee cov duab zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo 1930 hauv Soviet thiab lub ntiaj teb.
Ib qho piv txwv rau lub tsev kawm ntawv Moscow neo-Renaissance yog Asmeskas architecture ntawm xyoo 1900-10, kev nthuav dav ntawm Park Avenue hauv New York, kev ua haujlwm ntawm McKim, Mid & Dawb, uas tau ua kaum daim ntawv ntawm Italian palazzo (piv txwv li, Tiffany lub tsev nyob New York, 1906, rov tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Venetian Palazzo Grimani).5 Lub architecture ntawm teb chaws USA npau taws, ntseeg tus neeg siv khoom ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo ntawm nws txoj kev xaiv neoclassical. Thiab kev tsim qauv ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets, thiab cov tsev nyob hauv cov tsev muaj kev txhawb zog ntau ntxiv (txij li xyoo 1932), thiab tom qab ntawd cov tsev hauv tsev siab hauv Moscow - txhua qhov no, txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig, tau nrog kev ua pov thawj ntawm cov album ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab txawv teb chaws rau cov qhua tuaj noj mov Cov. Lub hom phiaj tshiab ntawm Soviet architecture yog rov qab mus ua ntej qhov kev hloov kho thiab txawv teb chaws tus qauv hais txog kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev tsim kho kom zoo, thiab qhov no tau raws nraim li cas tau lees paub hauv kev koom tes nrog Zholtovsky.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv muab lub tswv yim uas tau tsim ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, thiab tsuas yog raws li cov masters ntawm Art Nouveau tig mus rau hauv nruab nrab cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Lavxias sab qaum teb thiab Scandinavia, Zholtovsky nco qab qhov kev mob siab ntawm Italian Renaissance. Txawm li cas los xij, Petersburg tsis paub txog 9 lub tsev siab nyob ntev 100 meters. Lub tsev zoo li no tau tsim tsa thaum xyoo 1910 tsuas yog txawv teb chaws.6 Thiab yog tias nyob rau xyoo 1890 cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm Chicago lub tsev kawm ntawv, saib qhov tseeb ntau nplua mias, yas tsis yooj yim thiab qhov loj ntawm cov khoom qub, kho kom zoo nkauj lawv cov vaj tsev 15-20 theem ntawm lub tsev tag nrho, tom qab ntawd xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 tus neeg ntseeg no (thawj F. Sawyer, thiab E. Roth, thiab tom qab ntawd Zholtovsky) hauv kev lees paub ntawm txuag nyiaj thiab kev siv zog, thiab hauv tus nqi tsuas yog rau qee cov nodes thiab kev hais lus. Tag nrho cov no ua cov haujlwm ntawm Zholtovsky (nrog rau lub tsev kawm neo-Renaissance feem ntau) kuj niaj hnub, muaj txuj ci zoo nkauj.
Nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov naj npawb ntawm cov khw, kev koom nrog ntawm ntau lub qhov rais los ntawm qhov rooj yog qhov laj thawj tshiab hauv Asmeskas architecture (thawj thawj zaug xws li kev daws teeb meem, imbued nrog neo-Renaissance plig, tau npaj siab los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse R. Robertson rov qab xyoo 1894).7 Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xaiv lub qhov rais nrog thiab tsis muaj qhov viav vias tau pom zoo los ntawm txhua qhov kev paub ntawm architecture ntawm xyoo 1900-20s, los ntawm St. Petersburg Art Nouveau thiab Asmeskas neoclassicism mus rau lub tsev Italian xyoo 1920.8 Thiab yog li ntawd, ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev muag khoom ntawm thaj chaw hauv Smolenskaya Square (1940-48) thiab ntawm Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya Street (1948-50), Zholtovsky zog nuances ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov décor, tsis tas yuav mus dhau qhov ntsuas paub rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib dhos thiab cov qauv ntawm platbands hauv tus tswv ua haujlwm tau txais qee lub suab tshiab. [daim duab. 5, 6]
Siv qhov sib piv ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los phab ntsa thiab kev txiav txim siab nplua nuj txiav txim siab, thiab kev sib txuas ua ke ntawm ob txheej tsev, Zholtovsky, txawm li cas los xij, tau coj nws tus kheej cov kauj ruam mus rau qhov kawg ntawm kev kos duab. Hauv kev dai kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev nyob rau ntawm Smolenskaya Square. thiab ntawm Kaluzhskaya st. nws nco qab qhov kev xav ntawm Quattrocento (mob hlwb ntawm Scuola di San Marco thiab Koleoni Chapel hauv Bergamo), thiab yog li ua kom zoo rau kev kos duab. [daim duab. 7, 8] Thiab yog tias cov vaj tse thaj chaw ntawm xyoo 1910 ua rau ntawm Park Avenue hauv New York, ua ib qho thiab ib nrab rau ob zaug siab tshaj li Renaissance palazzo, tsis tuaj yeem dhau los ua lawv cov ntawv luam, ces Zholtovsky cov tuam tsev tau ze rau ntawm Italian cov qauv. Cov pob kws loj tshaj plaws thiab xeb ntawm Florentine palaces tuaj yeem siv rau hauv qhov loj me, txij li cuaj-lub tsev thaj av tau tsim kho kom haum rau qhov siab nrog peb-txheej ntawm Italian palazzo.
Kev nkag siab ntawm lub tsev nyob hauv ib lub tsev raws li hom kev ncaj ncees, monolith (kev sib tw hauv kev niaj hnub), tau ua ke hauv Zholtovsky ua haujlwm nrog lub tswv yim "rov tsim kho" ntawm Renaissance cov duab rau kev siv cov haujlwm ntawm Soviet lub xeev. Tsuas yog tsis yog lub tsev nyob hauv lub tsev, uas tau muaj kev pom zoo los ntawm Northern Art Nouveau, Zholtovsky siv Italian palazzo ua lub hauv paus, yog li lub tsev ntawm Lub Xeev Bank yog "tsim" rau hauv Palazzo Piccolomini hauv Pienza.9 Qhib los ntawm tus tswv ntawm Art Nouveau thiab Asmeskas neoclassicism, tus qauv no tau ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb, cov duab txheej thaum ub tau "kwv yees" mus rau cov naj npawb uas yuav tsum tau. Thiab yog tias neoclassical skyscrapers ntawm E. Roth (lossis lub tsev ntawm New York City Council, Xyoo 1913) twb tau mus deb ntawm cov tub luam (tsis paub meej, tab sis cov duab), tom qab ntawd Zholtovsky, rov qab lub tswb nrov ntawm lub Renaissance, piv txwv li, thaum ua haujlwm ntawm qhov project ntawm tus pej thuam ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub tsev koomhaum (1954), tau ze ze. mus rau cov tsim tsa tuam tsev Metropolitan Life Insurance Building nyob New York (1909).10 Cov ntaub ntawv siab (213 m) los ntawm 1909-13, lub tsev no tau pom thaj qauv ntawm Venetian Campanile ntawm San Marco.11 [daim duab. 9, 10, 11]
Zholtovsky thiab nws cov thwjtim tsis cia siab rau qhov tsim muaj ntawm kev zoo nkauj, tab sis ntawm nws qhov kev ua tau zoo ci ntsa iab, ntawm kev paub ntawm tus cwj pwm mus ib txhis ntawm Italian daim duab.12 Hauv xyoo 1930, ua haujlwm nrog lawv tau tso cai rau ib tus los ua kev ywj pheej, mus tsis muaj neeg nyiam, thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb kev coj noj coj ua tiag tiag. Qhov kev thov no ntawm kev ntseeg siab, kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj tsim kho tau coj tus tswv los ze zog rau lub sijhawm tshiab (thiab ntau dua li 1900-10s). Mloog zoo rau cov kev ntsuas ntawm cov qauv qub, qhov tseeb ntawm lawv kev tua nyob hauv cov tsev tshiab - txhua qhov no zoo nkaus li tus tswv thiab cov npoj yaig los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Txawm li cas los xij, Zholtovsky tau tso cai nyob rau hauv nqe lus cov kev hloov pauv thiab kev coj ua uas neoclassicists ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tsis xav txog. Raws li thaum tsim qhov chaw ua yeeb yam, Zholtovsky tso cai rau nws tus kheej tso dag thiab tsis yog tus tsis tseem ceeb hauv kev sib raug zoo, dawb sib xyaw, hloov kev ua kom zoo thiab txawm txav mus deb ntawm cov qauv Italian.13
Xws li kev ua si, kev ua yeeb yam hauv lub Soviet thiab lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus tau tsuas yog ua Zholtovsky nkaus xwb.14 Nws nqa cov duab Renaissance txhob txwm dhau los "palladium" coob. Thiab qhov no yog qhov zoo sib txawv ntawm Italian daim duab nws tus kheej - me me thiab grandiose,15 hypertrophied thiab ua kom zoo zoo, muaj kev sib haum xeeb - txhua qhov no hauv Ltalis tau sib cav hauv ib qho chaw kos duab, hauv kev kos duab, hauv kev ntsuas thiab qhov ntsuas ntawm cov tsev nyob sib ze tau sib koom ua ke los ntawm sijhawm. Qhov no tau paub rau Zholtovsky tsis yog los ntawm phau ntawv thiab rov hais dua, tab sis los ntawm ntau cov kev mus ncig ua si.16
Lub hom phiaj ntawm tus tswv tsis yog Palladianism nkaus xwb, tab sis qhov muaj tseeb Renaissance stylization, siv, thiab lwm yam, Italian kev xav, yas hloov kho ntawm qhov kev txiav txim canon. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm Zholtovsky's neoclassicism thiab eclecticism thiab kev cai neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1900-10s, hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws. Hauv tebchaws Asmeskas, xyoo 1900 thiab 1930, tshwj xeeb hom neoclassicism tau txais cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub xeev tus qauv. Cov tsis paub qhov tseeb ntawm kev tu tub tu kiv ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm Renaissance thiab cov qub txeeg qub teg, cov style no tau yooj yim - tsim ntawm tus nqi ntawm ib haiv neeg enlightened, nws yuav tsum tau tiag tiag qub, thiab tsis yog tus sau. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov qauv no (piv txwv li ntawm McKim, Mid & White) tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov muaj zog siab thiab muaj ntau ntawm cov qauv tsim thiab kev tsim kho. Zholtovsky, tsis zoo li Fomin (lossis cov ua tsev hauv Washington), tsis tau siv zog los tsim monumental neo-antique complexes. Nws tau nyiam los ntawm ob xyoo pua ntawm Italian Renaissance, los ntawm Brunelleschi mus rau Palladio. Tab sis ob qho tag nrho ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig thiab hauv lub caij nyoog ntawm lub txiaj ntsig kev ua yeeb yam rau xyoo 1920 thiab 1930, qhov kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm Fomin, Rudnev thiab Trotsky, nyob rau xyoo 1930 qhia meej txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj, tuaj yeem zoo li tus muaj zog ntawm cov avant. -garde. Txawm li cas los xij, Zholtovsky coj lub quattrocento ua lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov qauv, siv sijhawm thiab ua tiav, nrhiav nws tus kheej zoo, tshwj xeeb thiab txawm hais tias nyob ib leeg hauv Soviet thiab lub ntiaj teb.
Zholtovsky cov haujlwm tau ua si thiab tus kheej, yog li hauv lub tsev ntawm Cov Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Sochi hauv Sochi (1935), tus tswv tsim cov kev sib tshuam ntse tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab, baroquely nraus pediments ntawm Aldobrandini villa tau nyob ib sab ntawm peb tus txheej txheem-risalite ntawm Palladian villa Barbaro, ib qho tshiab ntawm qhov qub-portico thiab pilasters. Thiab yog tias Italian cov kws ua vaj tse (suav nrog A. Brazini, A. Mazzoni, thiab lwm yam) nyob rau xyoo 1930 tau twb hloov mus deb ntawm kev txiav txim siab zoo nkauj, ces Zholtovsky tseem pom tau tias muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb, muaj zog, zoo li F. Juvarra (hauv Turin Basilica) ntawm Superga) thiab ua kom zoo zoo, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev qub ntawm Augustus hauv Pula.17 Xyoo 1936 nws tsim cov phiaj xwm rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Kev Sau Ntawv thiab Tsev Neeg Lub Neej ntawm Nalchik (ua ke nrog G. P. Golts), xyoo 1937 - qhov haujlwm rau kev ua yeeb yam hauv Taganrog.18 Cov haujlwm no, hmoov tsis tseem nyob rau daim ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv nruab nrab-xyoo 1930s tau dhau los ua qhov ua tiav ntawm tus tswv txoj haujlwm. Kev sib piv ntawm Zholtovsky's Sochi cov txuj ci nrog A. Melon peb lub tsev siab nyob hauv Washington (tus kws kes duab A. Brown, 1926) qhia meej meej tus qauv ntawm tus tswv. Txoj kev zoo nkauj tsis yooj yim ntawm cov motives thiab cov proportions, kev ua si ua ke, tsis tshua muaj cov duab ntawm cov ntsiab lus - qhov no yog Zholtovsky's architectural style. [daim duab. 12, 13]
Txoj kev tig los ntawm kev paub daws teeb meem neo-Palladianism mus rau qhov dawb qauv ntawm Quattrocento, sau tseg NKVD lub tsev nyob ntawm Smolenskaya Square (1940-48). [daim duab. 14, 15] Pib ua ntej kev ua tsov ua rog, nws muaj tag nrho cov kev daws teeb meem tsis tseem ceeb - qhov no yog qhov sib quas ntus cornice (thawj thawj zaug xws li, la la Palazzo Strozzi, pob kws tau siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Lub Xeev Bank), a khob qhov rooj kaum pob zeb thiab tus pej thuam, cov kauj ruam tsis sib luag ntawm platbands ntawm cov qauv tsis sib xws (lub tsev ntawm Smolenskaya, nws tau sib txuas ob daim duab los ntawm Ferrara, lub sam thiaj ntawm Palazzo dei Diamanti thiab cov txig ntawm Palazzo Roverella). Thiab yog li nws tuaj yeem nqa tau txawm tias ua ntej txog lub kiv puag ncig.19 Yog li lub sam thiaj ntawm Bologna palazzo Fava (ua los ntawm Zholtovsky hauv ib lub tsev ntawm Dmitriy Ulyanov Street) nyob rau xyoo 1910 tau siv ob zaug los ntawm cov neeg tsim tsa ntawm St. Petersburg.20 [daim duab. 16] Canonical thiab counter-canonical, tag nrho cov no, imbued nrog Italian ntsuj plig, tau tsim los xav txog qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm kev niaj hnub, nws txoj kev quav rau syncope, lub siab xav ua ke nrog erudition thiab fantasy. Zholtovsky cov tuam tsev zoo li hais tias qhov khoom plig ntawm Italian daim duab nws dav dua li "palladium" kev cai. Thiab yog li ntawd, xws li kev sib txuas ua ke ntawm kev xav dawb thiab kev sib haum xeeb tsis yog kev ntshai ntawm lub lag luam kev lag luam loj tom qab American neoclassicism, lossis caij nyoog. Xws yog tus tswv txoj kev paub zoo hauv Italian architecture, xws li yog Zholtovsky's "nyob classic" hauv cov lus ntawm SO Khan-Magomedov.
Lub tsev nyob rau Smolenskaya Square embodied kev paub zoo kawg ntawm kev txiav txim Italian canon, thiab tib lub sijhawm muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm nws. Lub pej thuam ntawm lub tsev ntawm Smolenskaya ntseeg tau tias tau xaws los ntawm cov lus pom tseeb, tab sis ib qho tsis tuaj yeem pom qhov pom tseeb hloov pauv los ntawm Zholtovsky (paub qhov txawv ntawm nws los, piv txwv li, cov qhabnias neo-Renaissance ntawm McKim, Mead thiab White firm.)).21 Qhov no tsis yog ob lub tsev ua yeeb yaj kiab Florentine, tsis yog Seville pej thuam - qhov no yog monument rau kev hloov kho dawb ntawm qhov laj thawj tsis muaj qhov tsis pom daim duab. [daim duab. 17] Qhov ua qauv qhia tsis-tectonicity ntawm platbands, kev hloov pauv thiab tsis muaj kev pab hauv lawv (hauv kev sib piv ntawm cov monumentalism ntawm xyoo 1910s) - txhua qhov no ntxiv dag zog rau cov kev xav ntawm theatricality, coj tus tswv kom ze rau lub sijhawm tshiab. Zholtovsky cov tsev tau zoo li tsim rau cov tub rog A. N. Benois thiab K. A. Somov. Thiab yog li ntawd, qhov hais txog ntawm V. A. Vesnin txog tus musketeer hauv lub tsev ntawm Mokhovaya, tej zaum, yuav tau los ua tus epigraph zoo tshaj rau txhua tus ntawm Zholtovsky txoj haujlwm, xws li kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tus tswv.22
Kev zoo nkauj ntawm Zholtovsky cov phiaj xwm thiab cov tuam tsev tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tawm tsam hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm tus neeg tsim kev tswj hwm, nyob rau lub caij nyoog ntawm kev rhuav tshem ntau yam ntawm cov vaj tsev tiag tiag, kev cog qoob loo ntawm socialism realism thiab "saj" ntawm cov qhua tuaj noj mov. Zholtovsky tsis muaj qhov kev hais txhua yam yooj yim lossis qhov kev xav ntawm tub rog nyob rau txhua lub sijhawm. Thiab txawm li cas los xij, nws yog thawj zaug hauv kev tawm tsam tom qab tebchaws Russia kom ua qhov kev txiav txim zoo nkauj (Lub Xeev Lub Txhab Nyiaj Txiag), tom qab ntawd qhov kev txiav txim siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Moscow (tsev ntawm Mokhovaya), pob kws ntev tshaj plaws (tsev ntawm Smolenskaya) thiab dav tshaj portico (Lub koom haum ntawm Mining)). Pom tau tias cov tsev siab zoo, nrog rau cov xov hluav taws xob thiab cov tsev siab, tau ua txoj haujlwm them nyiaj nyob hauv USSR xyoo kev tshaib plab thiab kev tsuj. Thiab yog tias nyob rau hauv nws cov phiaj xwm lub era ntawm xyoo 1930 txawm li cas los tswj kom zoo nkauj tsis yooj yim, tsis meej pem thiab vim li cas thiaj li paub cov ntsiab lus, xyoo tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog muaj ntau qhov cuam tshuam nrog tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub xeev cov nyiaj txiag, kev tshaj tawm thiab kev lag luam. Zholtovsky yuav tsum yaum cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg yuav khoom, kom muaj sijhawm los kos thiab tshawb xyuas ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho, thiab txhua yam no thaum muaj hnub nyoog 70-80. Qhov no yog qhov kev tshoov siab nws erudition thiab txuj ci tsim, Zholtovsky kov yeej nrog qhov zoo ntawm nws lub architecture, txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm nws daim duab.
Tau ntau caum xyoo, Zholtovsky tau ua pov thawj nws txoj kev kawm, tab sis nyob rau tom qab lub sijhawm kev ua tsov ua rog, kev sib txawv ntawm tus tswv lub tuam tsev thiab "cov kev cai" neoclassicism tau pib tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws.23 Ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm Hippodrome (1951), ua yeeb yaj kiab ib txwm (1952) thiab Nemirovich-Danchenko theatre (1953), Zholtovsky sib txuas cov duab los ntawm eras sib txawv - lub Renaissance thiab teb chaws Ottoman style, motifs ntawm Brunelleschi thiab Palladio, thiab yog li txav mus deb ntawm lub tswv yim kev qog kev txawv teb chaws. assimilation ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov laus "tau kos rau ze, thiab neo-Renaissance tau los ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm kev tawm tsam cosmopolitanism xyoo 1948-53 (xyoo 1950 Zholtovsky raug rho tawm haujlwm los ntawm Moscow Architectural lub koom haum). Lub portico ntawm Hippodrome zoo li ua txhaum tag nrho cov postulates ntawm classics, tab sis tau dhau los ua ib qho kev kov yeej ntawm freethinking, nws muaj cov kev daws teeb meem uas tsis tshua muaj txawm nyob hauv Ltalis. [daim duab. 18] Yog li, cov ribbons hauv lub tympanum nco qab lub façade ntawm lub Villa Poggio a Caiano. Tus Abaca ntawm lub peev ntawm Hippodrome yog lub ntsej muag (zoo li nyob hauv lub tsev ntawm tagnrho-Lavxias Central Executive Committee hauv Sochi), zoo li nyob hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm Vesta ntawm Roman lub rooj sib tham Boarium.
Xws li cov hlau tsis txaij zoo nkauj yog cov kev hloov tshiab ntawm Zholtovsky (thawj thawj zaug lawv tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv Sochi lub tsev ntawm tagnrho-Lavxias Central Executive Committee). Lub architecture ntawm Hippodrome thiab cov xinesmas raug yog yuav luag eclectic thiab pom qhov kev hloov dawb ntawm daim duab thaum saib cov ntsiab lus neo-Renaissance. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsim ci ntsa iab ntawm cov qauv hauv cov koov yog tawm tsam thiab ua tiav inimitable, nws txhiv txhua yam. Thiab hauv qhov no, qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov ntawv dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm McKim, Mead thiab Dawb (Presbyterian Lub Koom Txoos hauv Madisson Square, 1906, tsis tau tshwj tseg), tsuas yog hais txog Zholtovsky cov txuj ci. Cov pob kws ntawm cov xinesmas raug thiab Hippodrome tau pleev xim los ntawm Zholtovsky nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav tsis zoo thiab qub. [daim duab. 19] Qhov no tsuas pom nyob hauv ltalis, ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm Milan Palazzo Guresconsulti.
Lub Soviet architecture ntawm lub 1930-50s tsis yog stylistically monolithic, raws li lub sijhawm ua ntej kev ua tsov ua rog muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Art Deco. Lub yeej ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm Zholtovsky cov haujlwm, nws zoo nkaus li, yog, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ze rau tus txheej txheem ntawm kev thiaj li hu ua. Stalinist faj tim teb chaws style. Lub tswv yim tsim ntawm xyoo 1930 los kuj tseem yuav tsum ua siab tawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog tag nrho ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntse uas Zholtovsky cov style tau kiag li tsis muaj dab tsi. Thiab yog tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm Fomin thiab Shchuko, Rudnev thiab Trotsky (lossis Speer thiab Piacentini) ntseeg tau hais tias lub ntsej muag tsis zoo rau lawv lub sijhawm, tom qab ntawd Zholtovsky's buffy, ntau majesty txawv nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1930. Nws tau cuam tshuam thiab yog vim li cas nws thiaj li tau txais kev txhawb zog ntawm cov thawj coj. Thiab tseem apolitical, timeless ua cim ntawm Zholtovsky cov style yog tshwm tag. Raws li kev coj ua Renaissance zoo nkauj, nws tso cai rau ib qho kev zais hauv kev ua si nyuaj, muaj kev sib luag thiab yas kev ua si nrog koom nrog Italian. Thiab yog li ntawd, Zholtovsky txoj kev ua yog ze rau ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm tiam no, neo-Renaissance stylization coj mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb kev nyiam kev hlub ntawm cov duab, kom deb ntawm kev muaj tiag raws li kev kos duab ntawm neo-Lavxias lossis sab qaum teb niaj hnub hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb sai thiab kev vam meej, Thawj Tswm Tebchaws Lavxias Xyoo 1905-07, thiab txoj kev twb pom los ntawm avant-garde.24
Theatricality ntawm lub neo-Renaissance, raws li nyob rau hauv nws lub sijhawm thiab niaj hnub, tau imbued nrog lub zog tshaj plaws nostalgia rau cov qub txeeg qub teg, rau ib lub caij nyoog ntawm muaj zog thiab ua kom zoo nkauj. Rau Zholtovsky thiab nws cov thwjtim, me ntsis-paub thiab lub xeev, tsis tiav thiab ua rau cov vaj tse Italian tau dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawd.25 Qhov kev tshawb no rau qhov tsis zoo, lossis txawm hais tawm, zoo li ntau yam hauv xyoo 1930, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, coj tus me (siv qhov kev txiav txim me me), kev kho kom zoo me ntsis tau ntxiv dag zog los ntawm kev ntseeg hauv tag nrho ntawm lub nroog neo-Renaissance tab tom ua. Cov. Thiab yog li ntawd, kev tsim cov tsev kawm hauv Zholtovsky ib txwm tau los tawm tsam tom qab ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag sib luag, txhawb nqa cov cim ntawm cov pob kws hlais thiab ntoo nrog cov yees.26 Txawm li cas los xij, nqa tawm hauv Moscow hauv ib daim ntawv luam, lawv tsis ua ib qho chaw ua ke txhua qhov. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev loj hlob neoclassical ntawm cov nroog hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas tseem tau ua los ntawm tus yam ntxwv tsis xws luag.
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab kev ua rog yog lub tsev ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Mining (1951). [daim duab. 20] Zoo nkauj, ntxim nyiam thiab zoo nkauj hauv Berninian style, nws tau tsim nrog lub nthab zoo li Palazzo Spada thiab loggias a la Palazzo Chiericati. Thiab ntxiv, ua ntej tus saib, nws yuav zoo li "kev sib txuas ntawm qhov tsis nkag siab." Thiab txawm hais tias hauv Tuscany (cov xim ocher ntawm cov vaj tse uas txhua qhov haujlwm ntawm tus tswv tau los), tsis muaj haujlwm los ntawm Palladio lossis Mauro Koducci, cov duab ntawm ntau pua xyoo thiab thaj tsam ntawm ltalis tau nyob ib sab ntawm Zholtovsky lub cim xeeb thiab phau ntawv sau. Ntxiv mus, Palladio kuj tau lees paub qhov kev ua si sib xws ntawm baroque thiab cov kab kev kawm (piv txwv, hauv architecture ntawm Teatro Olimpico, nyob rau sab façade ntawm loggia del Capitanio).
Qhov tsis txawv ntawm Zholtovsky cov yam ntxwv muaj nyob hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov qhabnias stylization, kev theatricality dawb thiab kev ua kom zoo nkauj eclecticism imbued nrog lub Italian ntsuj plig. Tus tswv tsis tsuas yog xaiv rau lub architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 15 thiab 16, tab sis ua ke lawv nyob hauv ib qho haujlwm, tawm tsam cov kev lim hiam thiab kev nyiam (zoo li cov rustic thiab platbands ntawm Pazzi palazzo), cov tswv yim ntawm Quattrocento thiab Palladianism.27 Lub tsev cov tsev nyob rau Smolenskaya sq. thiab ntawm B. Kaluzhskaya st. undoubtedly rov qab mus rau lub tsev hauv Medici Palazzo (xyoo pua 15), siv nws cov pob kws thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm phab ntsa. Txawm li cas los xij, Zholtovsky tsis siv qhov ntuag ntawm lub pob zeb rustic, tab sis lub tsev heaped rustic ntawm lub nroog Rome thiab Orvieto (twb tau nyob rau 16th caug xyoo). Thiab nws zoo ib yam li F. Sawyer, (hauv New York Lub Chaw Txuag Nyiaj Txiag Nruab Nrab Xyoo, 1927) nws tsoo cov plaub hau zoo nkauj thiab ua ib qho ntawm Bocchi's Bologna palazzo (16th caug xyoo).
Pib tawm ntawm lub tsev nyob rau Smolenskaya Square, kev tsim cov tshuaj zoo li tsis paub qab hau tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Zholtovsky tus yam ntxwv. Cov sib xyaw ua ke tau sib koom ua ke los ntawm cov sib luag kom yog, cov xim ocher ntawm Tuscany, qhov sib hlub zoo nkauj ntawm cov pawg thiab "nyob" silhouette ze rau Art Nouveau.28 Txoj kev ua duab li no tsis pom tias yog kev xav, tab sis ntawm kev xav.29 Nws lub hom phiaj yog tsim kom muaj cov monolithic fairytale ua ke. Cov duab ntawm Ltalis - kev lag luam hauv nroog thiab hauv nroog, qub txeeg qub teg thiab Renaissance, xyoo tom qab mus ncig txawv teb chaws, ua ke hauv Zholtovsky lub tswv yim mus rau hauv ib hom tsis muaj nyob hauv ntiaj teb ntawm nws tus kheej. Tus tswv lub hom phiaj yog hloov nws los ntawm kev nco mus rau Moscow. Xws li lub nroog, tag nrho ntawm exquisite thiab monumental architecture, tau tsim los ntawm Zholtovsky rau plaub xyoo lawm. Raws li V. A. Vesnin, lub ntiaj teb no tsuas yog kev ua yeeb yam xwb. Txawm li cas los ntseeg thiab zoo nkauj, nws tig mus rau kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj qhov "loj" classics, nws sib cuam tshuam ntawm Renaissance motives thiab cov tswv yim kos duab ntawm xyoo 1900-10 (Lavxias teb sab niaj hnub thiab Asmeskas neoclassicism), thiab tsim kev tsim txiaj thiab zoo nkauj Moscow ntawm Zholtovsky. Cov.
1 Lub sij hawm "stylization" hauv tsab xov xwm no tau nkag siab hauv qhov kev txiav txim tsis yog qhov kev txiav txim siab, raws li kev siv cov txheej txheem ntsej muag thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm qee lub caij nyoog. Qhov kev coj ua no tau dav dav hauv txoj haujlwm kev kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev ywj pheej (hauv kev xaiv thiab txhais lus ntawm cov khoom qub) uas tsim nyog hauv kev tsim qauv kev kawm lossis thaum ua haujlwm ntawm tus kheej kev txiav txim siab tsis raug tso cai hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub xeev, thiab yog li "cov cai" neoclassicism ntawm lig 19th thiab thaum ntxov Xyoo pua 20th (pib nrog cov vaj tse ntawm Parliament thiab tsev kawm ntawv hauv Vienna thiab xaus nrog tsoomfwv cov chaw hauv Washington, chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau, tsev khaws khoom qub thiab chaw qiv ntawv hauv New York thiab Chicago). Lub Neo-Renaissance ntawm xyoo 1930-50s, coj los ntawm Zholtovsky, tau txais qhov kev tso tawm ntawm eclecticism thiab niaj hnub.
2 Palace ntawm Soviets ntawm USSR. All-Union kev sib tw. M.: "Vsekohudozhnik", 1933. Pp. 56
3 Tus txheej txheem faadeade ntawm lub tsev nyob rau Mokhovaya nrog qhov kev txiav txim sib txuas ntawm 5 plag tsev yog qhov ze tshaj plaws tsis yog KV Markov lub tsev (nruab nrog 4-qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab lub qhov rai bay), thiab tsis yog rau Palladian loggia del Capitanio (ib daim qauv ntawm cov uas yog lub tsev ntawm MA Soloveichik nrog plaub-kab portico, kws kes duab vajtse MS Lyalevich, 1911), tab sis mus rau Lub Nroog Lub Nroog nyob Chicago. Cov pob kws hlais ntawm lub tsev nyob rau Mokhovaya tau raug coj los ntawm lub chaw nyob ntawm Palladio, tab sis ib zaug ntxiv tsis yog los ntawm Vecentian loggia del Capitanio, tab sis los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Venetian ntawm San Giorgio Maggiore. (saib cov duab qhia hauv tus sau tsab xov xwm "Facades ntawm Palladian Churches, Lawv Prototypes thiab Keeb Kwm")
4 Ntawm tig ntawm 19th thiab 20th xyoo pua, lub tswv yim ntawm cov neo-Renaissance stylization yog qhov tsis tshua muaj neeg pom. Nov yog rooj plaub hauv St. Petersburg (piv txwv li M. I. Wavelberg lub txhab nyiaj, 1911, lub tsev ntawm R. G. Vege, 1912), thiab txawm nyob hauv Ltalis. Kev loj hlob los ntawm kev loj hlob hauv European capitals hauv 1890-1900s tsis muaj qhov sib txuam thiab cov yas tiag tiag; A. E. Brinkman, P. P. Muratov tau nrhiav nws thiab tsis pom nws hauv Roman architecture ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Zholtovsky ua npau suav ntawm nws. Thiab, txawm li cas los xij, nws yog Ltalis uas tau ua piv txwv rau Zholtovsky - cov neeg tsim ntawm neo-Renaissance cov tsev ntawm xyoo 1890-1900 nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Florence ua haujlwm yog li muaj tseeb, meej pem, paub zoo txog kev sib raug zoo rau cov tseem.
5 Ib phau ntawv plaub-ntu ntawm McKim, Mid & White tus qauv tsim thiab cov tuam tsev tau luam tawm xyoo 1910.
6 Kev loj hlob ntawm Asmeskas neoclassicism nyiam cov xim ntawm Lavxias masters txawm tias ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, piv txwv li, ntawm cov phau ntawv ntawm GB Barkhin kuj tseem muaj Asmeskas cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm architecture ntawm 1900s yuav ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, tshwj xeeb, cov no yog cov teeb meem ntawm Architectural Record Cov.
7 Platbands, koom ua ke ntau lub qhov rais, tshwm sim hauv cov tsev ntawm I. Z. Vainshtein (1935), L. Ya. Talalaya (1937) hauv Moscow, thiab tseem tau B. R. Rubanenko siv cov txheej txheem no ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Nevsky Prospect. Hauv Leningrad (1939) Cov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub qhov rais, sib koom los ntawm ib qho profile, hauv tsev A. K. Burov ntawm Tverskaya Txoj Kev. (1938) yog cov lus teb rau ib qho ntawm thawj thaj chaw New York skyscrapers, American Trust Social Building, (kws kes duab vajtse R. Robertson, 1894), thiab, tib lub sijhawm, rau Renaissance Palazzo San Marco (ntawm Roman Piazza Venezia), yog Florentine Palazzo Bartolini. Lub façade ntawm Burov thaj chaw hauv lub tsev nyob rau ntawm B. Polyanka (1940) rov qab mus rau lub plahaum pob zeb loj ntawm lub tsev huab tais hauv Urbino.
8 Piv txwv, lub tsev studio (1906) nyob ntawm Lexington Avenue hauv New York, koov. C. Platt (1861-1933).
9 V. V. Sedov thim kev mloog rau qhov no, saib Neoclassicism hauv Moscow architecture ntawm xyoo 1920. Qhov Haujlwm Classic. No.20, 2006
10 Thiab txawm hais tias qhov ua tiav ntawm tus pej thuam ntawm Lub Nroog tau siv cov kev ua yeeb yam (lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm San Biagio hauv Montopulciano thiab cov mausoleum thaum ub ntawm Saint Remy), cov duab nws tus kheej tseem tsis tau muaj lub siab hlub yav dhau los.
11 Tom qab ua tsov rog, cov yees ntawm Novodevichy Convent tau pib ua qhov kev txhawb nqa rau "kev ua haujlwm" (piv txwv, hauv cov tsev nyob ntawm Ya. B. Belopolsky ntawm Lomonosovsky Prospect lossis B. G. Barkhin ntawm Smolenskaya Embankment). Thiab tib lub sijhawm, cov tsev ntawm Ya B Belopolsky (1953) yog hom kev teb rau lub tsev Tudor City thaj av hauv New York (1927).
12 Txhawm rau kom paub cov duab yav dhau los, txawm hais tias lawv muaj nyob ntawm cov khoom frescoes - qhov no yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv Pompeian edicules los ntawm GP Golts (cov haujlwm ntawm Meyerhold Theatre, Chamber Theatre), AV Vlasov (lub tsev ntawm All-Union Central Council ntawm Lub Koom Haum Kev Lag Luam). The facade ntawm lub tsev tshiab ntawm Union Kws kes duab vajtse ntawm USSR, nqa los ntawm A. K. Burov, yog paub tias muaj embodied lub tsev teev ntuj daim duab los ntawm fresco los ntawm Piero della Francesca hauv Arezzo.
13 Hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm Dneproges (1929), lub suab ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm Venetian Palazzo Doge tau xa mus los ntawm Zholtovsky los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm Florentine rustic.
14 Txawm tias ua ntej muag ntawm lub tsev ntawm Smolenskaya Square. nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Zholtovsky cov thwjtim, kev zam rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov motifs ntawm platbands pib taug. Cov no yog lub tsev txawb rau ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm Leninsky Prospect (kws kes duab vajtse MG Barkhin, 1939), ntawm Tsvetnoy Boulevard, thiab lwm yam tsev nyob ntawm txoj kev ntawm Fadeeva thiab Karetny Ryad, nyob rau hauv 3rd Voykovsky zeem muag.
15 Yog li, hauv kev sib piv nrog cov ntawv cog lus neoclassicism ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, cov thav ntawv ntawm ib qho kev ua yeeb yaj kiab niaj hnub nyob rau hauv Moscow yog tus kheej txhob txwm, qhov chaw pw hauv tsev nyob ntawm Smolenskaya Square. thiab lub portal ntawm lub ntsej muag sab ntawm lub tsev ntawm Kaluzhskaya (xws li lub portal tau tsim nyog raws li qhov project thiab nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Prospect Mira, tsis siv)
16 Tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Teev Npe, ib lub tsev ua yeeb yaj kiab Florentine nrog cov ntoo lim tau pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm Moscow cov tsev hauv nruab nrab xyoo 1930. Nov yog lub tsev lag luam ntawm A. K. Burov ntawm Tverskaya Street. (nrog rau motif ntawm arches los ntawm Neapolitan lub tsev fuabtais Castel Nuovo), lub tsev ntawm I. Z. Weinstein ntawm Garden Garden, E. L. Iocheles ze ntawm Arbat Square. thiab MG Barkhin ntawm Leninsky Prospect. Thiab nws yog qhov hluav taws xob nrawm nrog qhov cov tub ntxhais hluas cov kws tshaj lij ua tiav qib siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo uas ua pov thawj tus xib fwb, lawv xav tias Zholtovsky qhov kev txhim kho mus ntev ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm neo-Renaissance stylization.
17 Lub elongated proportions ntawm lub tuam tsev txheej thaum ub, ua raws Zholtovsky, yuav kis tau qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm KGB lub tsev hauv Minsk (kws kes duab vajtse MP Parusnikov, 1947) thiab Lenfilm lub tsev hauv Leningrad (lig 1940s).
18 Zholtovsky kos rau hauv nws cov qauv kev paub txog ob qho tib si ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg (hauv qhov haujlwm ntawm tsev neeg nyob hauv Nalchik lawv yog Gardsky Choj thiab Roman Septisonium), thiab cov duab ntawm Renaissance. Piv txwv li, Zholtovsky project (tagnrho-Union kev sib tw, 1931), muab tsub rau ntawm kev sib tw ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets, yuav muab cov duab ntawm Colosseum, Pharos lighthouse thiab ntu pib ntawm Caprarola villa.
19 Yog li lub qhov cub ntawm lub Florentine palazzo Gondi tshoov Zholtovsky ob qho tib si hauv xyoo Soviet (cov tuam tsev ntawm Lub Xeev Bank thiab Moscow Hippodrome), thiab ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, thaum ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev nruab nrab ntawm lub tsev ntawm haiv neeg sib tw, 1903 (lub peev ntawm lub qhov rooj nkag tau yog kev nthuav dav ntawm lub tuam tsev Vesta hauv Tivoli).
20 Lub tsev ntawm Zholtovsky ntawm txoj kev. Dmitry Ulyanov txuas nrog cov pob kws ntawm Florentine Palazzo Medici nrog lub sam thiaj ntawm Palazzo Fava hauv Bologna. Muaj tag nrho kev zam rau xws li txais, yog li cov ces kaum thiaj li tshwm hauv tsev Z. M. Rosenfeld ntawm Prechistenka, zoo li nyob hauv cov tsev ntawm Velozavodskaya txoj kev thiab hauv Novospassky dhau los. Nco ntsoov tias lub sam thiaj no tau nrov ob leeg xyoo 1910s (hauv kev dai kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev K. I. Rozenshtein, kws kes duab vajtse A. E. Belogrud, 1913 thiab lub tsev ntawm lub Rooj Sib Tham Noble, cov kws tsim vaj tsev cov kwv tij Kosyakovs, 1912), thiab thaum xyoo 1930, ntawm AA Olya, nyob hauv ib lub tsev ntawm Suvorovsky zeem muag hauv Leningrad.
21 Zholtovsky tau zoo siab tsis yog luam los ntawm European cov ntawv tshaj tawm (ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov kev tsim kho hauv New York ntawm Madison Square Garden amphitheater, 1891 nrog tus pej thuam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Seville, McKim, Mid & White lub tuam txhab lossis Metropolitan Life Insurance tsev. a la Venetian kamponila San Marco, 1909), tab sis stylization, uas yog, tsim qauv dawb hauv cov qauv qub (ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov laj thawj no yog Spanish Baroque lub tsev teev ntuj ua rau Panama-Californiaian kev nthuav qhia ntawm 1915, tus kws kos duab B. Goodhugh).
22 "Koj tawm mus rau ntawm tus ntaiv, mus rau qhov chaw tsaws tsaws thawj … koj xav tias tus deev luag poj luag txiv ntawm cov neeg ib puag ncig koj, nws zoo li koj tias tus musketeer yuav tam sim no saib sab tom qab ntawm phab ntsa, thiab koj tsis kam xav tias cov ntaiv no tau tsim lub xyoo pua 16th … "Architecture ntawm USSR. Xyoo 1934. Zaj 6, p. 13
23 Hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm Hippodrome pej thuam, koj tuaj yeem pom cov lus qhia ntawm St. Petersburg Admiralty (xyoo 1932, cov duab no tau siv los ntawm tus tswv hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm qhov kev sib tw thib peb ntawm kev sib tw rau lub Palace ntawm Soviets), thiab Moscow Kremlin, quattrocento architraves adjoin a baroque belvedere (sau los ntawm motives ntawm F. Borromini, NA thiab txawm tias Askiv neoclassicism ntawm Edwardian era ntawm xyoo 1900).
24 Yog li, nyob rau hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm theatrical scenery, Zholtovsky cov haujlwm ntawm 1953 (lub tsev loj-vaj huam sib luag thaj chaw thiab lub tsev ntawm Lub Tsev Txias nyob hauv Sokolniki), dai kom zoo nkauj nrog neo-Renaissance cartouches, chij thiab emblems, tau txhawb nqa.
25 Qhov kev txaus siab ntawm me ntsis-paub tsis txaus ntseeg tau kis thaum xyoo 1930 mus rau Spain, zoo li cov lus teb rau Rustas ntawm Infantado Palace hauv Guadalajara yog lub tsev zoo nkauj ntawm D. D. Bulgakov ntawm Mira Ave. Thiab tib lub sijhawm, nws tau nyob ze rau Moscow kev coj noj coj ua yav dhau los, kev tawm tsam sab nrauv ntawm Tsaritsyn, lub tsev loj ntawm M. K. Morozova, tus kws kes duab vajtse. V. A. Mazyrina (nrog rau ntawv qaij los ntawm huab tais hauv Salamanca). Cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv Zholtovsky qhov phiaj xwm rau Izvestia sib txuas, xyoo 1939.
26 Xws li yog, piv txwv li, Moscow hauv cov lus qhia ntawm G. P. Golts (kos duab rau kev daws cov teeb meem hauv 1935-36), xws li yog nws cov phiaj xwm rau kev ua tiav kev ua tsov rog ntawm Kiev, Stalingrad, Smolensk.
27 Txheeb xyuas cov haujlwm ntawm IV Zholtovsky nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuam ntawm cov masters ntawm Art Nouveau, GI Revzin tseem sau tseg no cov eclecticism zoo kawg nkaus, "lub ntiaj teb passism kos duab yog paradoxically anti-keeb kwm". Thiab nws muab cov lus piav qhia no, txij ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub neej nyob mus ib txhis, cov qauv ntaub ntawv kev kos duab ntawm ntau pua xyoo yog muaj vaj huam sib luag. Txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws kos yog tsuas yog xaiv thiab txuas lawv, kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb. Thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Zholtovsky los ntawm lub sijhawm Xaus Saus tau pom meej meej nrog tib lub pre-revolutionary passéism. Saib Revzin G. I., Neoclassicism hauv Lavxias architecture thaum ntxov thib nees nkaum xyoo pua. M.: 1992, pp. 62-63
28 Zholtovsky hu ua no ocher xim "luminiferous, radiant" (raws li BG Barkhin).
29 Xws li yog, piv txwv li, the architectural phantasmagorias ntawm A. I. Noarov, tsim niaj hnub no thiab tag nrho ntawm Italian cov duab.
Ntaub Ntawv
1. Palace ntawm Soviets ntawm USSR. All-Union kev sib tw. - M.: "Vsekohudozhnik", xyoo 1933.
2. Zholtovsky IV. Cov phiaj xwm thiab vaj tsev. Nkag. tsab xov xwm thiab hauv qab. mob. G. D. Oschenkova. - M.: Lub xeev tshaj tawm cov ntawv sau txog kev tsim thiab kos duab, 1955.
3. Kutseleva AA, Qhov chaw ntawm Moscow metro hauv chaw sau txog kab lis kev cai Soviet. // Architecture ntawm Stalinist Era: Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Keeb Kwm Kev Nkag Siab / Comp. thiab otv. ed. Yu. L. Kosenkova. M.: KomKniga, 2010.
4. Paperny V. Z.. Txuj Ci Ob. - M.: Cov ntawv nyeem tshiab, 2006.2nd ed., Rov muab kho, ntxiv rau.
5. Revzin GI, Neoclassicism hauv Lavxias architecture thaum ntxov thib nees nkaum xyoo pua. Moscow: 1992
6. Sedov VV Neoclassicism hauv Moscow architecture ntawm xyoo 1920 los // Project Classic. No. XX., 2007
7. Khan-Magomedov S. O. Ivan Zholtovsky. M., 2010
8. McKim, Mead & Dawb. Architecture ntawm McKim, Mead & Dawb hauv Duab thaij duab, phiaj xwm thiab nce qib. - NY.: Dover Phau Ntawv ntawm Architecture, 1990.
annotation
Tsim kev tshaj tawm ntawm I. V. Zholtovsky, tus kws tshaj lij thiab paub zoo ntawm Italian architecture, tau rov ua zoo rau cov neeg nyiam tshawb nrhiav, thiab, txawm li cas los xij, tus tswv cov haujlwm tseem nyob rau ntau qhov kev paub tsis meej thiab kev hais kwv txhiaj. Kev sib xyaw thiab cov yas sib piv nrog cov neoclassical architecture ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tso cai los soj ntsuam qhov peculiarity ntawm Zholtovsky tus yam hauv txoj kev tshiab. Hauv cov tuam tsev ntawm Zholtovsky, ib qho tuaj yeem xav tsis yog tsuas yog kev vam khom rau ntawm cov neeg Italian muaj kev coj ua zoo, tab sis kuj tseem paub txog kev paub ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas ntawm xyoo 1900-1920. Neoclassical style feem ntau pom tias yog tus kos npe ntawm Stalinist era. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1930, tus qauv neoclassical tau lees paub nyob hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas, thiab nws tau nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim thaum xyoo 1930 tias qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog, Washington, tau tsim tsa. Qhov no ua rau Zholtovsky tej hauj lwm niaj hnub, kev ua yeeb yam sib txuam. Mloog zoo rau cov kev ntsuas ntawm cov qauv qub, qhov tseeb ntawm lawv kev tua nyob hauv cov tsev tshiab - txhua qhov no zoo nkaus li tus tswv thiab cov npoj yaig los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Txawm li cas los xij, Zholtovsky tau tso cai nyob rau hauv nqe lus cov kev hloov pauv thiab kev coj ua uas neoclassicists ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tsis xav txog. Zholtovsky tej hauj lwm tau ua si thiab tus neeg. Cov duab ntawm Ltalis - kev lag luam hauv nroog thiab hauv nroog, qub txeeg qub teg thiab Renaissance, xyoo tom qab mus ncig txawv teb chaws, ua ke hauv Zholtovsky lub tswv yim mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm nws tus kheej tau tsim los ntawm nws. Tus tswv lub hom phiaj yog hloov nws los ntawm kev nco mus rau Moscow. Xws li lub nroog, tag nrho ntawm exquisite thiab monumental architecture, tau tsim los ntawm Zholtovsky rau plaub xyoo lawm.
