Nrog kev tso cai zoo los ntawm tus sau, peb tau tshaj tawm ib thooj ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Vladimir Ivanov "Architecture Inspired by Space. Daim Duab Ntawm Lub Neej Yav Tom Ntej Hauv Tebchaws Tus Txheej Txheem Soviet ", uas luam tawm los ntawm Borey Art Publishing House (St. Petersburg).
Kev ua yeeb yam tag nrho
Rov qab mus rau cov lus paub zoo ntawm V. I. Lenin tias xinesmas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua yeeb yam rau peb, hauv USSR, kev ua yeeb yaj kiab tau muab tso saum cov cinematic, thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab kom zoo rau kev theatricality. Lub neej Soviet tuaj yeem raug hu ua "theatrocentric". Ua raws li kab lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias ua ntej kev tawm tsam kev ua yeeb yam (hauv qhov kev ua yeeb yam, raws li Gogol, yog qhov tsim txom), Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Soviet tau nrhiav kev siv lub sijhawm zoo los paub ib tus neeg muaj lub ntsiab lus siab dua hauv kev kos duab. Rau tus neeg Soviet, mus rau kev ua yeeb yam tsis yog mus thaum yav tsaus ntuj xwb, tab sis yog ib qho kev kawm paub. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov kev ua yeeb yaj kiab tau ze dua rau ntawm kev dawb huv liturgy tshaj li qhov pom ntawm kev ua rog zoo siab.
Kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ua rau nws tsis tsuas yog coj los ua ke nrog ntau hom kev kos duab, tab sis kuj tau tshem tawm txoj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus neeg saib thiab cov xwm txheej raug ntaus tawm, ua rau nws ua ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab ntsuj plig ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Qhov kev xav tau rau kev koom ua ke tam sim no hauv Soviet txoj kev ua yeeb yaj kiab architecture ntawm txhua theem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Los ntawm cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam-koob tsheej ntawm xyoo 1920 (uas rov ua dua kab lis kev cai ntawm Renaissance txoj kev ua yeeb yam hauv xyoo pua 20) los ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab hluav taws xob thiab kev ua yeeb yaj kiab-kev sib tham ntawm Stalin era - rau tag nrho kev ua yeeb yam (ua yeeb yam hauv Veliky Novgorod) qhov twg architecture nws tus kheej tau subordinated rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua yeeb yam.
Hauv Soviet lub sijhawm, kev cog lus ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tau kov yeej: kev ua yeeb yam tsis kam ua lub meej mom ntawm haiv neeg tsawg. Yuav kom qhia txog cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntau, ntau tsim qauv kev ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau lub sijhawm los ntawm 1926 txog 1985, ntau pua lub tsev ua yeeb yam tau tsim, nrog lub siab ntawm kev tsim kho tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1960 thiab 80s. Kev ua yeeb yam tau muab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev npaj hauv nroog: yog tias nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm kev ua yeeb yam feem ntau tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem thiab chaw lag luam ntawm lub nroog (lossis tau tsim ua lub khw muag khoom), tom qab ntawd lub tsev ua yeeb yam hauv Soviet tau tsim ib ncig nws tus kheej lub nroog tshiab. lossis lub nroog tshiab rau lub quarter.
Hauv nruab nrab xyoo 1960, Tsoomfwv Soviet tau txiav txim siab tsis pom zoo pib txhim tsa cov tsev ua yeeb yam loj hauv txhua lub nroog uas muaj neeg nyob ntau dua 200,000. Lub sijhawm lawv qhov kev tsim kho, cov kev ua haujlwm ib txwm tsis tau siv, lub tebchaws lossis cheeb tsam tus yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw raug coj los ua. Feem ntau ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tau tsim los ntawm ob lub tsev tsim qauv hauv Moscow:
- Nyob hauv qab USSR Ministry of Culture, Xeev Tuam Tsev Kev Tsim Kho Kev Ua Yeeb Yam thiab Kev Lom Zem Cov Lag Luam (Giproteatr);
- Xa rau USSR State Construction Committee, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Chaw Tsim Tshuaj rau tus qauv thiab sim tsim cov chaw lom ze thiab chaw ua si (TsNIIEPim. BS Mezentsev).
Tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm tau raug coj los tshawb xyuas qhov niaj hnub thiab keeb kwm kev coj ua ntawm cov tsev ua yeeb yam, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam. Qhov no tau ua los ntawm kev siv zog los ntawm Union Union Architects ntawm USSR, cov ntawv xov xwm "Architecture ntawm USSR" thiab cov chaw tshawb fawb hauv cov chaw tsim qauv.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib tw tau tsim kho lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub neej tom ntej: kev sib tw ntawm cov tuam txhab Union Architects ntawm USSR rau kev kos duab ntawm "tag nrho kev ua yeeb yam" (thaum xyoo 1970s), cov tub ntxhais kev sib tw "Theatre rau Yav Tom Ntej Tiam" ((Xyoo 1977), Kev sib tw All-Union rau kev sib tw ua yeeb yam (1978). Cov kev sib tw no yog ib hom kev ua yeeb yam futuristic architecture: feem ntau ntawm cov phiaj xwm tsis tau npaj ncaj qha rau kev tsim kho,txawm li cas los xij, lawv muab cov kws ua vaj tsev los mus pom lawv cov tswv yim vaj tse thiab sib tham. Yog li, piv txwv li, ntau cov cai ntawm cov ntawv ua haujlwm ntawm "tag nrho kev ua yeeb yam" npaj siab los ntawm V. A. Somov tom qab tau muab nws los ua tus tsim hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv Veliky Novgorod.
Manifesto rau txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov phiaj xwm 618033 rau kev sib tw "tag nrho kev ua yeeb yam"
Kws kes duab vajtse V. A. Somov. Thaum Ntxov 1970s. Los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv daim ntawv ntiag tug (kev sau ntawv thiab cov cim sau ntawm daim tseem raug khaws cia).
1. Kev ua yeeb yam nrog qhov chaw pub dawb lossis tag nrho theem chaw, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev cuam tshuam tus saib
2. Kev tshem tawm "tsev ua yeeb yam" nrog nws cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev, neeg txawv teb chaws rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub no
3. Nthuav cov kab ke ntawm "txhais tau tias" cov neeg tuaj saib rau lub cim piv txwv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam niaj hnub no
4. Tsis muaj kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ntim: nws yog organically "zais" nyob rau hauv lwm cov ntim lossis thaj av uas tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv dhau los ntawm qhov thiaj li hu ua. tsev ua yeeb yam architecture
5. Muaj "Kev Ua Yeeb Yam Hauv Cheeb Tsam" lossis "Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam"
6. Ntawm qhov nkag mus rau lub tsev ua yeeb yam - khoom dai thiab cov cwj pwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam niaj hnub no
7. Qhov siab tshaj nkag - lub vijtsam suab paj nruag xim, nrog nws cov duab zoo "coj" [cov neeg tuaj saib] ze rau "qhov chaw" ntawm kev ua yeeb yam niaj hnub no
8. Tom qab chaw tos txais - ib qho chaw taug kev los sis chaw nce nyob hauv chav dej siab - ntsib nrog cov kws ua yeeb yam hauv cov khaub ncaws ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, zoo nkauj
9. Kev nkag tsis yog mus rau chav kuaj, tab sis mus rau theem - ua rau pom kev koom tes nrog kev ua
10. Kev pub dawb, tsis yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntsuas txhav ci ntsa iab, kev tsim kho ntawm cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm
11. Tag nrho cov thev naus laus zis ntawm kev ua tau zoo yog liab qab - sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov neeg saib hauv kev ua
12. "Qhov tshwm sim ntawm muaj", "tiv tauj nrog cov neeg ua yeeb yam"
13. Muab tag nrho cov qauv kev yooj yim ntawm kev nkag siab thiab lawv cov ntau yam hauv ib chav ua yeeb yam thaum tswj cov rooj zaum
14. Yooj Yim - volumetric - ncig - ntsig txog qhov chaw
15. Cov ntawv - siab daws - peb-tog - kev npaj
16. Kev nkag siab - bas-nyem - pem hauv ntej - ntawm cov neeg saib
17. Lub nplhaib scene nrog nws txuas ntxiv ntawm kev ua - "lub sijhawm, qhov chaw, kev txav mus los". Kev txav mus tau tshwj xeeb thiab yoog raws
18. Muaj ntau yam kev tsim qauv - tib lub sijhawm
19. Kev saib pom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov neeg saib thiab rov qab sab laj
20. Kev ua yeeb yaj kiab, raws li kev tsim kho lub tswv yim nrog rau tag nrho nws cov lus qhia qhov kev txwv - tsis xav tau - thiab hloov tau cov ua cim ntawm cov twj paj nruag uas tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv ib qho xwm txheej
21. Kev tsis tuaj yeem (cov khoom siv thiab pom) ntawm txhua qhov chaw nres tsheb, kos duab-tsim qab nthab, phab ntsa, plag tsev …
22. Kev ua yeeb yam txog yav tom ntej
Ua yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yam hauv Novgorod Txoj Kev Zoo
Xyoo 1973–87, Hyprotheatre, kws kes duab vajtse V. A. Somov
Thaum xyoo 1973 USSR Ministry of Culture tau txiav txim siab tsim lub tsev ua yeeb yam tshiab hauv Veliky Novgorod, lub nroog Lavxias yav dhau los no twb yog lub chaw ncig xyuas loj uas muaj cov chaw tsim, thiab tib lub sijhawm - chaw tsim khoom siv, qhov twg tsim kho vaj tsev thiab cov choj thiab khoom siv tau ua tiav. Yog li, ib feem ntawm lub nroog yog lub tsev cia puav pheej hauv tsev, lwm qhov yog “chaw pw”. Txog tam sim no, qhov teeb meem loj ntawm Novgorod yog qhov xav tau los txuas cov chaw no.
Ib thaj av ntawm tau muab faib rau cov kev ua yeeb yam hauv thaj chaw ua si nyob sab Sofiyskaya, sab xis nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm Volkhov, hauv "thaj chaw tsis zoo" ntawm cov keeb kwm tseem ceeb thiab lub quarter ntawm cov tuam tsev tshiab. Cov neeg tsim qauv tau muab lub luag haujlwm - ntawm ib sab, ua raws li keeb kwm cov ntsiab lus, ntawm qhov tod tes, "kom" txuas ntxiv "keeb kwm nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog, qhia rau hauv nws ib qho khoom kom haum nrog Nov Novod niaj hnub. Thiab txawm hais tias qhov kev ua yeeb yam, ntawm chav kawm, yog lub tsev tshiab tam sim no, thiab txhua lub tsev qub hais hauv nws yog cov mob heev, txawm li cas los xij, intuitively, V. A. Somov kev ua yeeb yam tig los ua qhov qub nrog cov qub Novgorod pawg ntseeg. Tawm tsam lawv cov keeb kwm yav dhau los, lub tsev ua yeeb yam tsim kom tau lub suab cosmic tshwj xeeb. Tus kws kes duab lub tswv yim yog kom twm tus neeg saib ua ntej kom pom qhov ua yeeb yam. Qhov no tau ua ob qho tib si ntawm kev them nqi ntawm cov theatrical ntsiab hauv architecture thiab ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm cov teeb pom kev zoo: nws yuav tsum xav txog cov xim marble hauv cov xim ntawm kev ua yeeb yam uas muaj nyob rau theem yav tsaus ntuj. Cov teeb cig puag ncig tau muab tso rau theem sib txawv ntawm cov tub tshwj xeeb puag ncig thaj tsam ntawm kev ua yeeb yam.
Kev ua yeeb yam yog txoj kab ke ntawm cov theem. Cov tswv yim ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab tam sim no - lub ntsej muag glaze faier, tso tawm qhov chaw ntawm cov theem hauv av theem - tau ua ke nrog cov yas ntawm Novgorod architecture. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev coj ncaj ncaj ntawm kab, kev nquag siv ntawm cov ntawv arched, tsis muaj tus neeg txhawb nqa tus ncej - thiab tag nrho cov no peb tuaj yeem nrhiav tsis tau hauv lub ntsej muag sab nraud ntawm lub tsev xwb, tab sis kuj nyob hauv nws sab hauv, feem ntau hauv chav foyer ntawm tsev ua yeeb yam.
Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws kes duab vajtse V. A. Somov pom zoo ua raws li nws lub Novgorod txhim tsa cov qauv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab tshiab, uas nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntawv ua haujlwm rau kev sib tw ntawm Union of Architects ntawm USSR. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj kev npaj yog rau kev ua yeeb yam kom "txaws tawm" sab nraum theem thiab kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua yeeb yam kom qhia tawm hauv architecture. Vim li cas qhov no ua tiav? Nyob ib ncig ntawm nruab nrab ntim, tus kws kes duab vajtse tsim ntau lub tsev pabcuam hauv tib lub qauv. Hloov pauv hloov chaw, cov pa hluav taws, ua kom huab cua nkag ua pa - txhua lub tsev no ua ib hom khoom tawm ntawm theem. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub faadeade - thiab nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog lub arcade - tus kws kes duab vajtse siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhib arches: ib koov, uas ib txwm suav tias yog kev txhawb zog, kis tau qhov tsis zoo, ua yeeb yam tsis muaj lub pob zeb. Ua tsaug rau lub tshwj xeeb cantilever ntsig txog qhov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntsiab (tus tsim qauv OG Smirnov), txoj kev daws teeb meem architectural tau txais kev sib sau sab hauv. Ib qho thiab tus qauv qub tau siv los npog chav tsev, txhawm rau npog thaj tsam ib ncig ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, thaum tsim cov chaw pabcuam thiab cov paib kos npe nyob ntawm sab xub ntiag ntawm chav ua yeeb yam.
Spatial precast-monolithic txhawb cov qhob qauv
Theatre specifications:
Daim phiaj loj - 4 hectares
Ntev ntawm ramps - 80 m
Kev ua yeeb yam muaj peev xwm - 850 rooj
Chaw Ua Si dav - 27 m
Peb-ntu scene nrog 16 qhov kev xaiv hloov
Kev ua yeeb yam ntsib nrog daus-dawb Karelian marble tsis muaj qauv
Kws kes duab vajtse V. A. Somov:
"Kuv tau yug los hauv Kherson, Ukraine, thiab qhov tseeb tau tuaj rau hauv Moscow kom nkag mus rau lub koob yees duab chav haujlwm ntawm VGIK. Tab sis kuv lig rau cov ntawv xeem, thiab yuav tsum nkag mus rau hauv Moscow Architectural Institute, uas kuv ib txwm tsis khuv xim. Txoj haujlwm ntawm ib tus neeg teb xov tooj yog nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev sib raug zoo nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib tug kws kes duab vajtse: nws yog kev daws teeb meem rau cov teeb meem ntsig txog thaj chaw, muaj pes tsawg leeg, teeb pom kev zoo, xim thiab yuav ua li cas nws nthuav tawm txhua lub sijhawm Ua ib tug koob yees duab lossis kws kes duab vajtse txhais tau tias kawm kev cai qub ntawm kev ua yeeb yam."
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Somov (yug xyoo 1928) kawm tiav los ntawm Moscow State Architectural Institute, qhov chaw uas nws tau kawm nrog Kev Kawm GB Barkhin, theorist ntawm theatre architecture (phau ntawv "Theatre Architecture", 1947) thiab tus sau ntawm txoj kev npaj rau kev tsim kho tom qab ua tiav tsov rog. ntawm Sevastopol. Tom qab, nws tau kawm nrog tus kws kes duab vajtse P. V. Krat, tus neeg mus txawv tebchaws uas kawm thiab ua haujlwm hauv Belgrade, thiab tom qab ntawd nws rov qab mus rau USSR. Nws ua haujlwm thawj zaug hauv TsNIIEP ntawm kev kho mob thiab cov tsev so, uas nws tsim lub chaw Donbass resort hauv Yalta (1958–69), thiab tom qab ntawd tom Giproteatr. Nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb yog cov tsev ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv Veliky Novgorod (1973–87) thiab hauv Blagoveshchensk (1969-2007). V. A. Somov nquag ua haujlwm rau cov duab kos ua haujlwm raws li nws tus qauv txheej txheem kos duab raws li kev hloov duab geometric.
