Tus kws kes duab vajtse Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov tuag tom qab nws tau paub txog lub nroog Moscow hluav taws hauv 1812. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, ntau yam uas nws ua tau ploj lawm. Muaj ntau ntau thiab ntau lub tsev txuas ntxiv tau tsim, uas nws cov dej num tau kos npe - pom zoo los ntawm Kazakov ua tus thawj saib xyuas Lub Chaw Haujlwm Expedition of Kremlin, qhov tseeb, yog tus thawj coj vaj tsev ntawm Moscow. Tsis yog txhua lub tsev los ntawm cov npe hu ua Kazakov's Albums tau tsim los ntawm nws, thiab tsis tau qhov architecture ntawm paub tab Moscow classicism yog muaj tseeb Kazakov, thiab tsis yog tus qub capricious Bazhenov, nws tus kws qhia, tus tswv ntawm Fabkis classicism thiab ua Masonic pseudo-Gothic. Kazakov yog tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm ib tus serf uas tau tsim lossis pom zoo ntau lub tuam tsev thiab chaw loj ntawm lub qub peev ntawm qhov tig ntawm 18th-19th xyoo pua, tus kws tshaj lij tsis muaj Bazhenov ntau dhau. Xws li tus tswv tau lees tias lawv lub zog khov kho thiab tsuas yog kev ntseeg tau sib sau ua ke - ib zaug lossis ob zaug - xaiv tus qauv, ua nws txoj cai thiab txoj cai, thiab, yog li ntawd, txhais cov era. Kazakov yog ib tug tswv ntawm Catherine lub hauv paus lus Fabkis, classicism, thiab pseudo-Gothic. Rau Moscow, nws yog lub ntsej muag ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm architecture dhau ntawm lub xyoo pua paub 18th. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tiag tiag rau kev mob siab rau phau ntawv (muaj ntau ntawm lawv) thiab cov ntawv teev kev nthuav qhia rau tus tswv.
Kev nthuav tawm tam sim no tsuas yog xws li, loj, khoom, "npaj" rau 280 hnub yug hnub. Txij li thaum nrhiav lub tsev cia puav pheej, qhov no yog Kazakov plaub qhov kev nthuav qhia ua ntej, cov neeg ua noj ua haus piav qhia. Thiab nws tau nyob hauv chav tsev ntawm Talyzins 'lub tsev, lub tsev loj ntawm Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lub Tsev Nruab Nrab ntawm Pib Vozdvizhenka - lub tsev los ntawm Kazakov cov yeeb yaj kiab. Muaj peb tus neeg ua haujlwm: tus kws tshaj lij keeb kwm, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev cia puav pheej ntev, kev sau ntawv tshaj tawm txog Lvov thiab Bazhenov, Zoya Zolotnitskaya, Tatyana Ivanova, tus kws saib xyuas cov nyiaj ntawm cov duab ntawm 18-19 centuries, cov khoom uas ua los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov kev nthuav dav, thiab Vladimir Sedov, tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Haujlwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas ntawm Moscow State University.
Lub rooj nthuav dav tau muab faib ua cov ntsiab lus, ib chav nyob hauv chav suite - ib lub ntsiab lus. Tus tsim qauv tsim ua khoom siv Agniya Sterligova tau muab nws cov xim rau txhua lub tsev, cim nws nrog tus qauv convex rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm sab laug, nrog uas tus enfilade yog txoj kab, thiab txuas ntxiv nrog cov phiajcim xim kos npe. Cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev tso khoom, nqa khoom pov thawj ntxiv, coj xim tib yam - peb hais, kev kho dua tshiab, tsis yog hais txog ncaj qha rau Kazakov, tab sis sawv cev rau lub sijhawm. Peb tab tom tham txog pre-hluav taws Moscow, yog li ntawm no los ntawm cov rooj tog zaum classicism los ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej cov nyiaj, tawg tsam ntawm cov ntoo gilded ntawm iconostases thiab qee qhov laj thawj ntawm ob peb tus qauv cork los ntawm Antonio Kiki, tsis nkag siab txog tus hero, tab sis qhia cov kev txaus siab ntawm lub Hnub nyoog ntawm Enlightenment nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm cov qauv qub. Kazakov nws tus kheej tau saib ncaj qha rau lawv, ib puag ncig los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ntoo iconostases, ob qho tib si classicistic thiab txiv hmap "Naryshkinsky", los ntawm cov duab me me oval duab.
Txhua lub rooj zaum no, ntawm ib sab tes, xav tau los ntxiv ntau yam khoom siv rau kev ua yeeb yam - nws tsis yooj yim los nthuav tawm cov lus piav qhia muaj ib qho, txawm tias zoo heev, cov duab kos; tab sis lawv kuj tiv thaiv lawv lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev txhawb zog nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog, cov sawv cev ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm Matvey Fedorovich lub sijhawm tau sau nrog. Ntawm cov kab ntawv xim loj zuj zus tawm ntawm qhov sawv, muaj ob phau ntawv (ib qho txawv ntawm qhov tsis sib thooj, tab sis txoj kev siv los qhia phau ntawv ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam hauv chav ua yeeb yam, koj tsis tuaj yeem tawm ntawm nws, tab sis nws lees tias nws muaj tshwm sim thiab nco txog nws), lossis plaster lossis ntoo tawg - lawv zoo li, thiab tej zaum ua haujlwm, ua cov ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm kev tsim qauv, uas tsuas yog ua los ntawm cov duab kos, cov phiaj xwm, saib cov dej. Cia peb hloov ntawm cov kev tsis haum daim duab mus rau cov kev tsis meej ntawm cov decontextualized lub tsev thiab showcase nthuav dav. Thiab saib cov khoom nruab nrab ntawm cov enfilade ntawm lub tsev Talyzin, nws tseem yog cov khoom pov thawj ntawm no, nrog cov kab ntawv, cov khoom lag luam marble thiab hauv cov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig. Hauv kev ua kab ke qub dhau los, lub tsev haujlwm tau faib tawm raws cov kab ntawm txhua txoj kab, hauv ib qho nook ncig ntawm lub ces kaum, lawv qhia sab hauv ntawm "Chav Golden" ntawm Demidov lub tsev hauv Gorokhovsky Lane, ib qho ntawm Kazakov kev muaj sia nyob thiab zoo kawg nkaus ua haujlwm.
Cov xim muaj ntau xim kuj tseem ua rau tus saib pom qhov xwm txheej zoo, vim tias qhov no los yog tus qhua lub phuam kauv caj dab tsis muaj, tsis muaj, thiab yuav poob rau hauv kev sib tw, koom nrog hauv kev nthuav tawm kev ua si. Xim - los ntawm cov nyiam duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm cov classicism, tej zaum me ntsis ci: kub, xiav, ntsuab, liab dawb, pseudo-gothic liab - txeeb chaw ntawm sab hauv ntawm txoj kev hauv thaj chaw ntau ntawm cov ntsej muag pob zeb diamond xeb ntawm thawj qib ntawm lub Yawg Kremlin Palace. Peb nco ntsoov: lub tsev ntawm Talyzins yog daj nyob hauv cov duab, tab sis tom qab qhov kev kho kawg dhau los ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm tus thawj coj David Sargsyan nws tseem zoo li grey, thiab tam sim no cov xim sab hauv zoo li hais: "pleev xim rau kuv", xaiv cov xim Cov.
Cov kev sib ntxiv hais txog Kazakov ntau dua thiab ncaj qha - tus qauv ntawm Petrovskoe-Knyazhishchevo qub txeeg qub teg, zoo dua lub npe hu ua Petrovskoe-Alabino, nyob hauv thaj chaw Aprelevka raws Kievskoe txoj kev loj ntawm sab xis, yog tias koj mus ntawm Moscow. Nws lub tsev tseem ceeb yog Palladian "Villa Rotunda" nrog plaub lub porticoes, cov tuaj fab thiab ib chav tsev hauv lub tsev nruab nrab. Tam sim no muaj ib lub qhov loj nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tsev, muaj ib zaug peb tau hais tias thaum tsov rog tsoo pob dome, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tig tawm tias nws tsuas yog poob los ntawm kev tsis saib xyuas, poob rau hauv qab daus. Tab sis cov kem ntawm lub tsev tseem saib heev imposing, Pyranesian, zoo li ib thooj ntawm "Lavxias antiquity", nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo uas cov sau phau ntawv ntawm 1958 qauv ua raws li Antonio Kiki nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv Paestum. Thiab nws yog qhov tsis meej kiag li uas yog qhov zoo dua, txhawm rau rov ua lub tsev lossis tso nws li qhov kev hlub no. Tab sis nws yuav poob.
Ib feem ntawm kev nthuav tawm tas mus li ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej txuas nrog kev nthuav tawm - tus qauv ntawm Grand Kremlin Palace ntawm Bazhenov, uas Kazakov ua haujlwm thaum tseem kawm. Koj tuaj yeem yuam kev mus rau hauv chav nrog cov qauv, uas ib txwm pom muaj nuj nqis dua, ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam, lub qhov rooj qhib thiab tus qauv tsim nyog dua.
Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, niaj hnub txuas ntxiv - ob cov ntxaij vab tshaus nrog kev tsim kho dua ntawm Kremlin thiab Tverskaya Txoj Kev ntawm lub sijhawm thaum lawv tau rov tsim kho dua tshiab nyob hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm Kazakov. Peb-txheej qauv kev tsim kho dua tshiab tau raug coj los ntawm pab pawg ntawm Moscow Cov Tub Ntxhais Kawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv raws li kev taw qhia ntawm Yulia Klimenko Cov qauv tsis muaj neeg tuaj kos npe, cov ntawv sau, thiab dav dav, tab sis peb lub sijhawm, kev sib cuam tshuam, vim lawv tau ua si zoo li cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm cov ntxaij vab tshaus, thiab muab cov neeg niaj hnub kov-ntsuas phoo. Lub Kremlin muab tawm los ua qhov kev nyiam me ntsis, tab sis kev tsim kho Tverskaya Street zoo nkaus li ntxim nyiam thiab kev qhia, nyob rau hauv luv luv, txoj kab ntawm lub tuam tsev kim tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub nroog tsis txhua saib zoo li tam sim no Tverskaya, uas yog, txhua, tshwj tsis yog hais tias lub Tsev khaws puav pheej qub dhau los, aka tus thawj saib xyuas pej xeem, tuaj yeem muab tam sim no peb muaj qee lub tswv yim. Yam txawv - kos txoj kev tsim kho ntawm Tverskaya Txoj Kev raws li Kazakov's Albums, kos duab los ntawm V. V. Kuznetsov raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm E. A. Beletskaya, 1952-1953. Nws yog tom qab ntawd peb nkag siab tias peb tau tuaj tsis yog kawm txog Kazakov txoj haujlwm dua, tab sis kom pom lub nroog uas nws ua haujlwm, thiab nkag siab txog dab tsi tshwm sim, dab tsi tau hloov hauv lub nroog no, muaj pes tsawg lub tuam tsev tawm ntawm ntau pua lub tsev teev hawm. thiab tswb yees. Lub nroog tseem dhau los ua lub suab tawm dhau los - ib hom apotheosis: chav kawg yog oval, thaum kawg muaj daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Moscow, raws cov phab ntsa muaj dej pleev xim los ntawm Quarenghi thiab Kazakov.
Lub caij no, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog kev lom zem ntawm cov rooj zaum thiab cov qauv, txawm hais tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lub Tsev Khaws Tawm yog cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm Kazakov thiab nws cov neeg niaj hnub los ntawm cov nyiaj hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej. Cov. Nws yog nws leej twg yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas thiab "raus" hauv nws: muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus, kev tua yeej zoo kawg li, txawm tias ib qho cais ntawm cov lus curatorial tau mob siab rau Kazakov kev kos duab: "… qhov nthuav ntau tshaj yog kev ua haujlwm. nyob rau hauv ib txoj kab kaj lug - hauv xaum thiab kua mem. "Tseeb, nyob rau qee qhov chaw cov duab kos zoo li zoo li tus ntoo hluav taws xob rau tooj liab uas nws nyuaj rau ntseeg tias nws yog cwj mem, thiab tsis yog txaug ntoo. Tab sis yog hais tias cwj mem txhais tau tias qhov tshwj xeeb, tsis yog ib qho khoom siv. Txawm hais tias muaj etchings ntawm no ib yam nkaus thiab - tshwj xeeb, raws li tus tsim ntawm Khodynka teb. Thiab paub qhov txawv ntawm cov cwj mem kos duab tsis yooj yim.
Nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm ntawm exacerbation ntawm kev tsis sib haum ntawm lub computer thiab phau ntawv cov duab, ib qho kev ua yeeb yam muaj cov keeb kwm ntawm tus neeg txawj kos duab zoo tshaj yog qhov kev tshwm sim hauv nws tus kheej, txawm tias nws tsis yog Kazakov. Tab sis yog li - koj tuaj yeem txuas qhov kev tsis sib haum hnov lub npe ntawm tus tswv (thiab yog leej twg tsis paub nws) nrog qee tus neeg tshiab, yav dhau los tsis paub meej.
Yog li koj yuav tsum mus rau kev nthuav qhia: paub txog Kazakov, nco ntsoov: Senate, Petrovsky nkag palace, Demidov lub tsev, Petrovskoe-Alabino, Tsaritsyno, Fabkis classicism los ntawm ib tug kws kes duab vajtse uas tsis tau mus rau Fabkis, tus neo-Gothic style tso tseg thiab kho tsim kho ib feem raws li qhov dej num thib ob uas tsis tau ua tiav (ob txoj haujlwm no tau qhia nrog). Moscow tau hloov ntau yam txij thaum ntawd los, nws muaj nws thib rau lossis xya lub sijhawm ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab tom qab Kazakov - thiab saib lub txheej txheej ntev li ploj, tej zaum, yuav cia peb mus saib cov txheej txheem ntau me ntsis kev xav. Los sis tej zaum tsis yog.
Tsis muaj daim ntawv teev cov khoom pov thawj tau tam sim no, tab sis cov tsev khaws puav pheej tau lees tias yuav tso nws.
Qhov kev nthuav tawm yuav ua tiav mus txog lub Peb Hlis 10.
