Soviet architecture ntawm lub xyoo 1930 yog stylistically tsis tshua muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab cov cuab yeej hu ua terminological hauv nws cov lus piav qhia tseem nyob rau nws kiag. Txawm li cas los xij, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev tau npaj los tsim Soviet hom ntawm Art Deco raws li ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm xyoo 1930, hais txog qhov ze ntawm kev nthuav txuj ci hauv USSR thiab txawv teb chaws. Nov yog qhov qhia tau hais nyob hauv monographs thiab cov ntawv sau - I. A. Azizyan, A. V. Bokova, A. Yu. Bronovitskaya, N. O. Dushkina, A. V. Ikonnikova, I. A. Kazusya, T. G. Malinina, E. B. Ovsyannikova, V. L. Hayta thiab lwm tus. Thiab nws yog kev siv ntawm lo lus "Art Deco" uas tso cai rau peb los xav txog Soviet hom ntawm xyoo 1930 hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kos duab txawv teb chaws. Thiab thawj cov piv txwv ntawm cov qauv no zoo li yog hnub tim rov qab mus ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. Txawm li cas los xij, dab tsi yog qhov nthuav qhia ntawm Art Deco style hauv Soviet architecture ntawm xyoo 1930? Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog sim ua luv luv teb cov lus nug no.
Lub caij nyoog ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los ua qhov tseeb ntawm kev kos duab thiab kos duab thoob ntiaj teb - nws yog "era ntawm jazz", "era ntawm skyscrapers" thiab "era ntawm xyoo 1925 kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris." [1] Yog li los ntawm lub npe ntawm "Kev Ua Yeeb Yam Thoob Ntiaj Teb ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam thiab Kev Ua Si Kev Lag Luam", muaj nyob rau xyoo 1925 hauv Paris, lossis theej tau txuas nrog lub hnub nyoog 40 ntawm nws qhib, lo lus "Art Deco" txij li xyoo 1960 nkag mus rau science ntawm kos duab thiab coj mus, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, ib ntu kev dav dav ntawm cov monuments ntawm lub sij hawm interwar.
Qhov ua tiav ntawm txoj kev nthuav dav ntawm Art Deco style yog lub tsev siab ua tau tsim nyob hauv cov nroog hauv Asmeskas ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930. Txawm li cas los xij, stylistically lawv tau tsis tshua muaj ntau haiv neeg. Xws li txawm lub tsev ntawm ib tus kws kes duab vajtse, R. Hood, F. Cret, thiab lwm tus. Qhov kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev tuam tsev tuaj yeem nqa ntawm ntau hom - los ntawm geometrization ntawm keeb kwm thiab yas kev ua yeeb yam, kom paub tseeb txog neoarchaism lossis huab, kev paub daws teeb meem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov skyscrapers ntawm 1920 thiab 1930s tshwm ua kev sib txuam, pom tau tus qauv. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov neo-Gothic "ribbed style" thiab neoarchaic ledges. [2] Thiab thawj thawj zaug no ribbed-ledge style tau pom los ntawm Saarinen qhov project ntawm kev sib tw Chicago Tribune xyoo 1922. Lub tsev thaum kawg ua tau raws li qhov project ntawm R. Hood nyob rau hauv ib qho tshiab neo-Gothic style yauv rov qab mus rau lub yees ntawm Rouen Cov. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kev sib tw, Hood ua raws Saarinen, xyoo 1924 hauv New York nws tsim Art Art masterpiece - Lub Chaw Radiator. Nws tau los ua tus thawj, nkag tau mus rau New York architects, lub embodiment ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm daim ntawv architectural. Nws yog qhov kev tsis lees paub qhov tseeb kev ua dua tshiab ntawm qhov muaj siab (hauv qhov no, Gothic), thiab tib lub sijhawm kev nkag siab tshiab ntawm kev coj ua. Lub loog ntawm geometrized historicism (Art Deco) tau nthuav tawm.
Hloov siab los ntawm caj dab thiab yielding, Art Deco tus kws tshawb fawb nrhiav tsim kom muaj ib qho duab uas xav tsis thoob txhua leej txhua tus - Saarinen tus qauv tsim ntawm 1922 Chicago Tribune Competition. Moreover, qhov kev zoo nkauj tshiab no tau tshwm sim hauv Saarinen kev ua haujlwm thaum ntxov li xyoo 1910, pib nrog lub chaw nres tsheb nto moo hauv Helsinki. Xyoo 1922, Saarinen sensationally sib txuas neo-Gothic tav nrog neoarchaic ledges, qhov no yuav yog tus thawj ntawm Art Art skyscraper. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas muaj tsev siab nyob rau hauv Asmeskas lub nroog thiab cov phiaj xwm ntawm B. M. Iofan - lub Palace ntawm Soviets, Cov Tib Neeg Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Kev Lag Luam Loj hauv Moscow, USSR pavilions ntawm kev nthuav tawm thoob ntiaj teb thaum xyoo 1937 thiab 1939 - tau daws. Nov yog tus tswv teb rau Rockefeller Center lub tsev nyuam qhuav tsim los ntawm R. Hood hauv New York. Thiab nws tau nyob hauv txoj haujlwm ua kom zoo nkauj (Art Deco) uas tag nrho cov kev ua haujlwm los ntawm cov masters ntawm xyoo 1930 tau xeeb, xws li cov haujlwm thiab cov tsev ntawm xyoo 1930s - A. N. Dushkin, I. G. Langbard A. Y. Langman, L. V. Rudnev, KISolomonov, DF Fridman, DN Chechulin thiab lwm yam.
Lub Moscow cov txuj ci ntawm lub ntsej muag style (kos duab dai) tau xav tias yog Palace ntawm Soviets tsim los ntawm B. M. Iofan (1934). Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas peb tes num ntawm Asmeskas tus kws kes duab vaj tswv G. Hamilton (uas tau txais ib qho khoom plig thib ib ntawm kev sib tw 1932) thiab cov duab kawg tsim nyob rau xyoo 1934 los ntawm pab pawg ntawm B. M. Iofan, V. A. Shchuko thiab V. G. Gelfreich tau daws. Lub Palace ntawm Soviets tau los ua lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb (415 m), thiab tshaj lub tuam tsev nyuam qhuav ua haujlwm tshiab hauv lub xeev (380 m). Kev sib tw hauv qhov siab yuav tsum muaj kev sib tw hauv cov style. Thiab nws yog qhov style ribbed uas ua rau nws ua tau kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab hauv lub sijhawm luv luv daws qhov fa facade ntawm grandiose qhov siab. [3] Qhov kev tsim ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ribbed skyscraper tau dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj meej tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhim kho hauv USSR ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm Art Deco, thiab lub Palace ntawm Soviets los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no.
Cov txuj ci kos duab Art Art tsis yog nkag mus rau hauv Chav Kho Mob Hlau, tab sis lawv tau txhob txwm tshaj tawm txawv teb (thiab yog li lub tsheb zam). [4] Thiab yog li ntawd lo lus "Art Deco", raws li cov lus sib dhos rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm skyscrapers thiab Palace ntawm Soviets, tso cai rau ib qho los dav dav thiab sib piv cov qauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas, Tebchaws Europe thiab USSR. Yog li hauv Art Deco, raws li cov kws tshawb nrhiav pom, cov duab pom thiab pom tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet kos duab ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1930 tau raug tsim - USSR pavilion ntawm ib qho kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris, crowned nrog cov duab puab "Tus Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Tus Poj Niam Karehoz" los ntawm V. Mukhina thiab chaw nres tsheb metro AN Dushkin, "Mayakovskaya" thiab "Palace of the Soviets". [5]
Lub ribbed style ntawm cov tsev siab siab ntawm xyoo 1930 tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas ntxiv rau cov teeb meem ntawm etymology thiab semantics ntawm lo lus "Art Deco". Twb tau muaj kev sib tw rau lub tsev ntawm Chicago Tribune hauv xyoo 1922, ua txhaum kev cuam tshuam ntawm keeb kwm, thawj thawj zaug qhia tag nrho cov qauv ua tau ntawm skyscraper - ob qho tib si thim rov qab thiab daws hauv Art Deco (fantasy-geometrized). Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv ntawm cov style ntawm Paris tso rau hauv kev dai ntawm American skyscrapers txuas nrog ob qho xwm txheej, thiab hauv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau muab cov qauv txhais ntawm cov yees ntawm cov yees xyoo 1920 thiab 30s. Txawm li cas los xij, lub architecture ntawm lub sijhawm sib xyaw ua ke tsis zoo li ib tus qauv, tab sis raws li txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ob peb cov dej tsaws tsag thiab ib pawg. Qhov no yog daim duab style nyob rau hauv nruab nrab xyoo ob qho tib si hauv Asmeskas, thiab hauv USSR thiab Europe (Ltalis), nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm ua hom "xaim xaim" ntawm ntau yam qauv thiab tswv yim. Thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm no ntawm lub sijhawm heyday ntawm Art Deco nco qab qhov tig ntawm XIX-XX ib-paus xyoo, ntau yam cuam tshuam ntawm Art Nouveau era.
Thiab thawj thawj zaug, cov tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm Art Deco style - lub geometrization ntawm cov ntawv ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab kev nyiam nrog archaism - yog pom txawm tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm monuments tsim ua ntej 1925 exhibition hauv Paris. Xws li cov vaj tse ntawm L. Sulliven thiab FL Wright, cov yees dag ntawm E. Saarinen ntawm xyoo 1910 thiab thawj lub tuam tsev New York skyscrapers nyob hauv daim duab Art style - lub tsev Barlay-Vezier (R. Walker, los ntawm 1923) thiab Radiator lub tsev (P Hood, 1924), ntxiv rau kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm J. Hoffmann (Stoclet Palace, 1905) thiab O. Perre (Theatre of the Champs Elysees, 1911), thiab lwm yam. monuments.
Lub tsev siab siab ntawm Art Deco era muab cov cim fusion sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tsis muaj qhov qub thiab nruab nrab, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab yas. Thiab yog tias nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab tau txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj cai lij choj 1916 zoning, tom qab ntawd kev siv cov tiaj tiaj tiaj-kev pabcuam tau yog cov lus teb rau kev kos duab ntawm Mesoamerica thiab cov tho kev ntawm lub teb chaws architecture - L. Sullivan thiab FL Wright, uas qhib rau Art Deco neoarchaic, kev tsim kho neoaztec zoo nkauj rau hauv kev tsim lub zog ntawm Unity Temple Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj hauv Oak Park (1906); thiab cov hom tsev nyob hauv Los Angeles hauv xyoo 1920 thaum ntxov. Thiab nws tau dhau los ntawm prism ntawm lawv tus kheej cov cuab yeej cuab tam - qub thiab niaj hnub, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Sullivan thiab Wright - tias cov style ntawm Paris exhibition ntawm 1925 tau pom nyob hauv Asmeskas.
Art Deco zoo nkaus li tsis tsuas yog ua plaub yam xim, tab sis raws li kev txhim kho ntawm ntau txoj ncauj ke. [6] Thiab qhov teeb meem tshwm sim hauv no ntau ntawm American skyscrapers tau haib neoarchaism, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab yas. Thiab txawm hais tias cov yees siv tsis tau txhim tsa hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab USSR xyoo 1930, txawm li cas los xij, ntawm no tseem ceeb cov txuj ci Art Deco - geometrization ntawm cov ntawv tsim qauv keeb kwm thiab kev nyiam nrog archaism - pom lawv cov qauv kos duab. Qhov no yog, piv txwv li, kev siv cov neo-Egyptian fillet cornice hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm IA Golosov, DF Fridman thiab LV Rudnev. [7] Lub pob kws zoo sib xws nyob hauv Moscow tuaj yeem pom hauv tsev A. M. Mikhailov (kws kes duab vajtse). A. E. Erichson, xyoo 1903), thiab nws cov keeb kwm yog cov tuam tsev qub hauv tebchaws Iziv thiab Ancient Rome (lub ntxa ntawm Zechariah). Hauv London, qhov zoo sib xws ntawm neo-Egyptian cornice tau siv los ua tiav lub tsev ntawm Adalaid House (kws kes duab vajtse T. Tait, 1924). Nov yog cov tsev ntawm thaj chaw nyob ntawm I. A. Golosov ntawm Yauzsky Boulevard thiab Lub Vaj Vaj, lub tsev ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Rudnev ntawm Arbatskaya. Xws li cov pa coj los ua ke tuaj yeem ntes tau los ntawm lo lus "Art Deco".
Cov kev sib tw rau lub Palace ntawm Soviets tau pib nrhiav qhov tshiab ntawm Soviet hom hauv architecture, txawm li cas los xij, coj lawv tam sim ntawd los ntawm avant-garde, nws tsis tau txwv lawv kom ua cov classics tiag tiag. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1933, kev yeej ntawm kev sib tw ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets tau muab rau qhov kev tsim tsa ntawm B. M. Iofan, txhawb rau hauv ribbed Art Deco. IA Golosov xaiv cov duab ntawm Roman mausoleum ntawm Cecilia Metella rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets, tab sis tom qab kev sib tw nws zam kev neoclassical prototypes thiab tsim muaj qee yam tshiab, nws tau ua kom zoo nkauj thiab monumental. Thiab hais tias yog vim li cas nws yog nyob ze rau lub loog ntawm Art Deco, lub cim monument ntawm avant-garde tsis muaj qhov kev xav.
Kev tshawb nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev los ntawm cov kev txiav txim zoo nkauj pib thaum xyoo 1910, thiab cov xwm txheej hauv European feem ntau ntawm qhov tshwm sim no yog vim cov cuab yeej cuab tam txheej thaum ub yeej muaj rau cov tswv thiab qhov tsis lees paub nws cov canons. Yog li nyob rau hauv lub caisson-them, monumental tsim ntawm L. V. Rudnev ib tug yuav pom ib qho piv txwv ntawm thiaj li hu ua. totalitarian architecture. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe, piv txwv li, lub tsev ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Zoological hauv Nancy (tus kws kes duab J. André, 1932). Thiab cov tswv yim yas ntawm cov qauv no - qhov kev txiav txim siab geometrized thiab lub qhov rais-caissons tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv kev coj ntawm European masters ntawm xyoo 1910-20s. Cov no yog cov haujlwm ntawm O. Perret (Theatre of the Champs Elysees, 1911) thiab kev tawm tswv yim ntawm G. Vago ntawm kev sib tw ntawm Chicago Tribune (1922) thiab League of Nations (1928). Lub motif ntawm lub duab plaub ntawm cov ceg ntoo thiab thav ntawv, uas tau dhau los ua tus txheej txheem yam ntxwv ntawm IA Golosov xyoo 1930, tuaj yeem pom hauv cov vaj tsev hauv ob qho tib si London (Lub Tsev Txhua Hnub Telegraph, kws kes duab vajtse T. Tyt, 1927) thiab Milan (lub tsev ntawm Lub Tsev Nruab Nrab Chaw Nres Tsheb, W. Stackini, 1915- 31). Xws li cov lus qhia txog geometrized thiab kev qhia kom ntxaws zoo li yog qhov kev nqis tes ua ntawm "kev saib xyuas qhov zoo nkauj" hauv USSR, tab sis lawv kuj tseem tuaj yeem nrhiav pom nyob rau hauv European kev coj ua hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s. Yog li, tus qauv ntawm lub tsev ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm Pravda tshaj tawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv Moscow (1937) echoed lub tsev Italian ntawm Mussolini era, piv txwv li, lub tsev xa ntawv hauv Palermo (1928) lossis Palace ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv Latina (1936). Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm stylistic parallelism ntawm kev coj ua hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws hauv xyoo 1910 thiab 1930, thiab nws tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau tag nrho cov qauv piv txwv.
Ntau cov lus qhia ntawm geometrized, caisson lub qhov rais thiab ib qho kev txiav txim tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab cov peev - tag nrho cov tswv yim ntawm 1930s style tau tshwm sim thawj zaug txawm ua ntej Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. [9] Tab sis cov no yog kev nrhav tshiab ntawm European architecture thiab lub siab xav rau lawv cov tsos tau paub daws teeb, pom tau qhov muag. Nws yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov qauv zoo nkauj - geometrization ntawm daim ntawv kos duab. Yog li no, kev sib txuam style hauv xyoo 1930 tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, tab sis muaj laj thawj. Xws li cov kev zam thoob ntiaj teb rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm qhov qub, kev nrhav tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910s thiab kev xav ua ntawm Art Art thaum ntxov.
Lub tuam tsev skyscrapers ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas tau los ua lub cim ntawm lub caij nyoog ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930, tab sis lawv tau koom nrog hauv orbit ntawm Art Deco thiab kev txiav txim zoo architecture. Yog li cov ntawv luam ntawm xyoo 1925 hauv Paris tau tsim kev sib txawv ntau, thiab yog tias thawj ntawm lawv cuam tshuam cov qauv ntawm American skyscrapers, tom kawg tau muab cov lus txhais tshiab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Lub Grand Palais staircase ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris xyoo 1925 (tus kws kes duab vajtse S. Letrosne) tau daws qhov teeb meem elongated anta thiab, rov qab mus rau kev nrhav tshiab ntawm Hoffman thiab Perret, tsis paub tsim lub tsev qiv ntawv rau lawv. V. I. Lenin. Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Shchuko lub chaw nres nkoj tau hais qhia lwm lub tsev khaws khoom ntawm lub tsev ua yeeb yam - Lub Tsev Ntawm Kev Sib Sau P. Pat.
Yog li, qhov kev txaus siab thoob ntiaj teb ntawm lub sijhawm nruab nrab nyob rau hauv qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm xyoo 1910, tau muab tso rau hauv cov tsev khaws khoom ntawm 1925 kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris, tso cai rau peb los xav txog cov haujlwm ntawm I. A. Fomin thiab V. A. Shchuko, I. G. Langbard thiab E. A. Levinson (thiab cov kws tsim qauv Mussolini), tsis tsuas yog raws li lub teb chaws tshwm sim, tab sis raws li cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib nthwv dej loj ntawm cov kev hloov pauv hloov - geometrization ntawm architectural daim ntawv. Thiab nws tau pib nws txoj haujlwm ua ntej thiab dhau ntawm kev tawm tsam xyoo 1917, xws li cov lus txib hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm J. Hoffman, G. Tessenov, P. Behrens thiab O. Perre. Qhov kev txiav txim siab geometrized ntawm 1910s-1930 yog ascetic, ntawd yog, nws tsis nyob ze rau kab lis kev cai txheej puag thaum ub, tab sis rau qhov cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog niaj hnub no. Thiab nws yog qhov duality no uas hais txog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm Art Deco cov hau kev.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Art Deco hauv architecture - lub geometrization ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, yas thiab kev sib xyaw neoarchaism, duality (piv txwv li ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev coj ua thiab avant-garde, scenery thiab asceticism), rov hais dua mus rau kev nrhav kev tsim tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910 - kuj tseem yog tus yam ntxwv. ntawm cov qauv ntawm American skyscrapers thiab thiab rau qhov kev txiav txim geometrized ntawm 1910-30s. [10] Qhov no tso cai rau peb los xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev txiav txim architecture ntawm 1910-30s tsis yog kev ua kom yooj yim, hloov cov chav kawm sib luag, tab sis kom pom nyob hauv nws qee cov ntsiab lus tshiab, nkag siab los ntawm Art Deco tsis tsuas yog lub ribbed style ntawm cov tsev siab, tab sis ntau cov kev xaus ntawm tus ncej ntawm qhov tseeb classics thiab abstraction ntawm avant-garde … Thiab cov piv txwv ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm cov monuments - no neoclassical ceg ntawm Art Deco - tuaj yeem nrhiav pom hauv Rome thiab Paris, Leningrad thiab Moscow.
Qhov kev hloov pauv no hauv lub siab ntawm Art Deco tau hloov pauv - los ntawm kev nplua nuj (lub tsev qiv ntawv Lenin) mus rau ascetic (lub tsev "Dynamo"). Txawm li cas los xij, pab pawg ntawm cov monuments tseem muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ua ke txoj kev cai - kev xyeej ntawm cov txheej txheem classical canon thiab feem ntau txawm hais tias ntawm monumentality nws tus kheej, kev qhia txog ntawm qhov kev ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Qhov no yog li cas ntau lub tsev hauv ltalis ntawm cov Mussolini era, cov tsev pheebsuab tsim ua hauv Paris rau xyoo 1937 kev ua yeeb yam tau daws [11] Qhov xwm txheej ntawm Leningrad Art Deco yog tus ua haujlwm ntawm E. A. Levinson. Qhov interstyle geometrized kev txiav txim tau tso cai rau cov tswv ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 los qhia lawv lub sijhawm thiab teb rau kev nrhav kev tsim ntawm Art Art thaum ntxov.
Cov qauv ntawm lub sijhawm sib xyaw caij nyoog siv dav tsim tshiab ntawm xyoo 1900-10s - ib qho kev txiav txim rov qab mus rau kev txiav txim qub uas tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab cov peev, tseem li Hoffman lub cannulated pilasters ntawm xyoo 1910. Hauv xyoo 1930, xws li architecture, tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm Art Deco thiab neoclassicism, tau pib nquag tsim nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Asmeskas USSR. Suffice nws piv rau Lefkowitz lub tsev nyob New York (kws kes duab vajtse V. Hogard, 1928) nrog Moscow lub tsev ntawm STO (kws kes duab vajtse A. Ya. Langman, 1934). Cov qauv tsev qiv ntawv zoo ib yam rau lawv. Lenin hauv Moscow (1928) tau tsa ob lub tuam tsev Washington los ntawm F. Crete, Shakespeare Library tau tsim hauv tib lub xyoo (1929) thiab Federal Reserve Building (1935).
Kev tsim ua lub skyscraper ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib tua ntawm Great Patriotic War, thiab nyob rau xyoo 1930 tsis muaj lwm lub tuam tsev ntsia hlau loj ntawm Moscow. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees paub qhov muaj tshwm sim ntawm txoj siv tawv (thiab yog li Art Deco) hauv USSR. Tsis ntev ua ntej thiab sai li sai tau tom qab kev yeej hauv kev sib tw ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets, cov style ntawm Hamilton thiab Iofan tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov chav tsev nyob hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Moscow. [12] Nov yog hais txog ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Loj Hauv Nroog hauv Chicago (1932) los ntawm A. Ya. Langman - lub tsev ntawm qhov chaw pabcuam (txij li xyoo 1934) thiab lub tsev nyob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm NKVD nrog lub plhaw, nrog rau lub tsev ntawm Lub Xeev Cov Ntaub Ntawv (1936) thiab Metrostroy Lub Tsev (1934), thiab D. F. Friedman yog tus tsim ntawm cov qauv tsim thiab qauv hauv txheej txheem ribbed hauv xyoo 1930. [13] Xws li cov pob txha taw xov ntawm NKVD lub chaw ua haujlwm (A. Ya. Langman, 1934) thiab kev sib hloov xov tooj tsis siv neeg ntawm thaj av Frunzensky (KISolomonov, 1934), plooj plooj ntawm cov pej xeem Cov Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm Thaj Av (LV Rudnev, los ntawm Xyoo 1939), thiab nws yog cov tsev hauv nroog Moscow pab txhim kho kom zoo li Iofan's Palace ntawm Soviets.
Lub caij ntu ntawm xyoo 1930 tshwm ua lub sijhawm ntawm cov neeg muaj txuj ci sib txawv ntawm ntau yam cwj pwm, zoo li nws tau nyob hauv USSR thiab Asmeskas. Qhov no yuav tsum tau cov kws tsim txuj ci los nrhiav thiab siv lub hom phiaj ua kom zoo tshaj plaws thiab kom zoo nkauj. Thiab Moscow tuaj yeem sib tw nrog cov tsev kawm ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas, ob qho tib si raug muab tsub rau ntawm qhov kev sib tw ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets cov lus qhia - ob qho tib si Art Deco thiab neoclassicism (keeb kwm). Hauv cov nroog ntawm Amelikas, qhov kev sib tw ntawm ob tus qauv no txuas ntxiv mus thoob plaws hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930, xws li, piv txwv, kev tsim kho ntawm Txoj Kev Street in New York. Monuments ntawm ob txoj kev loj hlob ib sab, thiab ib yam li nyob hauv Chicago lub tsev siab siab ntawm Lub Tsev Sib Pauv hauv Khw Art Art tau nyob ze rau lub nroog neoclassical, yog li hauv Moscow, rau cov neeg sib piv los ntawm tus neeg siv khoom, kev tsim Neopalladian ntawm Zholtovsky, lub tsev ntawm Mokhovaya tau tsim tsa rau xyoo 1934 ib ntus thiab tom ntej no mus rau lub tsev tiv thaiv kab mob STO A. Ya. Langman.
Lub Soviet architecture ntawm lub 1930-50s tsis yog stylistically monolithic, raws li lub sijhawm ua ntej kev ua tsov ua rog muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Art Deco. Txawm li cas los xij, neoclassicism thiab neo-Renaissance kuj tau txais kev pab txhawb los ntawm cov thawj coj. IV Zholtovsky cov style yog kev kawm, thiab ib tus yuav hais tias cov khoom qub, tab sis niaj hnub, zoo ib yam li cov neoclassical style ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, tsim kom ncav lub siab ntawm European kab lis kev cai. Muaj cov kev xav zoo ib yam nyob hauv USSR, tsuas yog Iofan yuav tsum dhau ntawm cov pej thuam ntawm New York, Zholtovsky - cov yeeb yam ntawm Washington.
Zholtovsky Lub Tsev ntawm txoj kev Mokhovaya yog ib lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Moscow neo-Renaissance. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm tus tswv, ib qho tuaj yeem xav tsis yog tsuas yog kev vam khom rau cov neeg muaj zog Italian kab lis kev cai, tab sis kuj tseem paub txog kev paub ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (piv txwv li, grandiose City Hall hauv Chicago). Thiab yog li ntawd, hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev yeej hauv kev sib tw ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets ntawm Iofan lub version, ua piv txwv ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov kws kes duab vajtse zam, Zholtovsky xav tau hais txog tsis yog Palladian cov hauv paus ntawm nws cov style, tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws. Ib qho piv txwv rau Moscow lub tsev kawm ntawv neo-Renaissance yog Asmeskas architecture ntawm xyoo 1900-10, kev txhim kho ntawm Park Avenue hauv New York, kev ua haujlwm ntawm McKim Mead White ruaj. Lub architecture ntawm teb chaws USA npau taws, ntseeg tus neeg siv khoom ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo ntawm nws txoj kev xaiv neoclassical.
Cov tub rog sab laj nrog kev sib tw ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv tebchaws Asmeskas tau muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau cov qauv ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets B. M. Iofan, thiab ntawm Moscow lub tsev siab nyob rau ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1940-1950s. Thiab yog li ntawd, lawv cov txheej txheem façade tau tsim los sib tw tsis yog nrog lub teb chaws cov cuab yeej cuab tam, tab sis nrog ntiaj teb cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Yog li lub tsev ua haujlwm siab ntawm Ministry of Foreign Affairs tau dhau los ua tus tshaj plaws thiab ze rau Art Deco style. Thiab Ameslikas tsim yam tsis muaj qhov xav tau, nws tau haum rau qhov siab nrog nws tus neeg txawv teb chaws - tus tuam tsev neo-Gothic skyscrapers Gulf Tsev hauv Houston thiab Fisher Tsev hauv Detroit. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm neo-Gothic tav thiab neo-Aztec tectonism, hypertrophy ntawm fantastically geometrized cov ntsiab lus, hais txog qhov tseeb tias lub tsev ntawm Ministry of Foreign Affairs yog Art Deco. Yog li cov symbiosis ntawm cov kev cai sib txawv - kev xav ntawm pre-Petrine Russia thiab neo-Gothic ribbing, neoarchaic yielding thiab neoclassical ntsiab, twb tau ib nrab embodied hauv skyscrapers ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas, tsim cov qauv ntawm kev ua tsov rog tom qab siab.
Moscow lub tuam tsev siab siab tau ua kom muaj kev rov qab los ntawm tsoomfwv uas tau rov qab mus rau keeb kwm, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los sib tw nrog kev tawm tsam ua ntej thiab txawv tebchaws. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov txawv ntawm Art Deco, txawv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim architecture, uas tau dhau los ua cov neeg ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshoov siab rau Soviet masters ntawm lub 1930-50s. Art Deco ntxias Soviet cov kws ua choj thiab cov qhua tuaj yeem lees paub thiab muaj kev vam meej ntawm qhov zoo li pheej hmoo, sib xyaw ntawm cov tsoos, txheej txheem qub thiab hloov kho, tsim cov tswv yim. Cov style ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets thiab Moscow lub tsev siab siab zoo ib yam li cov piv txwv txawv teb chaws, thiab yog li Art Art, ib tus tuaj yeem hais, tau tig los ua qhov laj thawj ntawm qhov thiaj li hu ua. Stalinist Empire style. [14]
Yog li, nws yog lo lus "Art Deco" uas tso cai rau peb los sau cov piv txwv ntawm stylistic parallelism pom nyob rau hauv Soviet thiab txawv teb chaws kos duab ob qho tib si ua ntej pib ua ntej Great Patriotic War thiab tom qab nws xaus. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem sib koom ua ke, tsis yog nyob hauv kev rho tawm, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus thoob ntiaj teb, yog qhov zoo thiab qhov zoo ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej tsov rog hauv tsev xav. Cov cim style parallels nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm xyoo 1930 yog tsis xav tsis thoob, tab sis yog zoo li yuav ua li cas lub ntiaj teb architectural cwj pwm ntawm lwm yam eras - baroque, classicism, eclecticism thiab niaj hnub - tau embodied nyob rau hauv Russia. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas Art Art style kuj tseem tau txais kev lag luam hauv tsev.
Ob txoj kev xaiv - neoclassic thiab kos duab dai kom zoo nkauj - zoo li lub ntsej muag ua yeeb yam ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 30s thoob plaws ntiaj teb thiab ua tus tsim kev pheej hmoo thoob ntiaj teb. Nov yog txoj kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris xyoo 1925-1937, cov tuam tsev thaum xyoo 1930 hauv New York thiab Washington, Rome, Leningrad thiab Moscow. Thiab nws yog nws uas tau tso cai rau Soviet cov kws ua choj mus thiab ua tiav dhau qhov ua tiav ntawm kev tawm tsam ua ntej thiab txawv teb chaws los ntawm lawv tus kheej txhais tau tias - stylistic kev kawm ntawm neoclassicism thiab kos duab dai. [1] Tus skyscrapers ntawm New York thiab Chicago tau dhau los ua kev kov yeej ntawm Art Deco, tab sis thaum lub sijhawm lawv hnub nyoog lawv cov style tau txais lwm cov npe uas tsis muaj lub hauv paus. Cov neeg hu ua Art Art architecture "zigzag-modern" thiab txawm tias "jazz-modern", [11: 7] [2] Lo lus "ribbed style" hauv tsab xov xwm no tau nkag siab, tau kawg, tsis yog "kev loj", tab sis raws li tus txheej txheem ua vaj tsev ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov phiaj xwm thiab vaj tse. Qhov kev txiav txim zoo nkauj qub tau hloov nyob rau xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 los ntawm cov tshuab raj nplaim thiab cov hniav tiaj tiaj uas tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab cov peev, elongated, nqaj nqaim thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv qhia neo-Gothic. Yog li, nrog rau cov npluav ntsej muag kom ntxaws ntxaws, tav tau ua cov qauv txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm Art Deco hauv Asmeskas. [3] Yog li ntawd, Iofan, uas ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets ua lub tsev siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, tau coj cov qauv ntawm cov neeg Amelikas uas twb tau txhim kho dua lawm los ua lub hauv paus. Txawm li cas los xij, kev lag luam ntshuam ntawm cov qauv kos duab kuj yuav tsum muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho technologies. Qhov no tau txuas nrog kev taug kev mus rau Asmeskas ntawm Soviet cov kws kes duab vajtse, cov yeej ntawm kev sib tw DS, tau coj hauv xyoo 1934. Cov kev paub txawv teb chaws kuj tau kawm txog kev tsim qauv ntawm Moscow metro. Raws li Yu. D. Starostenko taw qhia, thaum xyoo 1930, tus thawj coj vaj tsev ntawm Metroproject S. M. Kravets raug xa tawm mus rau txawv teb chaws kom paub txog cov kev paub hauv kev siv xov. [8: 126] [4] biennium tau paub rau cov masters hauv tsev ob qho tib si los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm txawv teb chaws, thiab los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Architecture Abroad" luam tawm hauv USSR, thiab cov ntawv sau tawm hauv "Architecture ntawm USSR". Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1935, V. K. Oltarzhevsky rov qab los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, hauv ncua sijhawm thaum xyoo 1924 nws tau kawm thiab ua haujlwm hauv New York. [5] Raws li A. V. Bokov, cov chaw nres tsheb ntawm Moscow metro tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau Soviet Art Deco, suav nrog Sokol, Dynamo, Tshav Dav Hlau, Mayakovskaya, Palace ntawm Soviets (tam sim no Kropotkinskaya). Ib txoj haujlwm zoo sib xws yog qhia los ntawm IA Azizyan, TG Malinina, YD Starostenko [3:89, 6: 254-255, 8: 138] [6] Nyob hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Art Deco architecture, ntau txoj kev ywj pheej tuaj yeem suav. Qhov no, raws li tau qhia los ntawm S. thiab T. Benton thiab G. Ntoo, yog qhov sib txawv ntawm Art Deco thiab cov keeb kwm keeb kwm kev coj ua. Raws li B. Hillier thiab S. Escritt sau, Art Deco style tau mob siab rau "kev xav thiab zoo nkauj, qub txeeg qub teg thiab niaj hnub, bourgeois thiab loj, muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab tshaj dhau." (10: 112) (12: 16) [7] Kev pauv Soviet ntawm Art Art kuj muaj ntau yam. Yog li, raws li V. L. Hayt "lub chaw tsim duab ntawm Moscow ntawm Art Deco tau pom tseeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm V. A. Shchuko, I. A. Fomin, L. V. Rudnev, B. M. Iofan, D. F. Fridman, D. D. Bulgakov, I. A. Golosov." [9: 219] [8] Yog li ntawd cov kws sau phau ntawv qhia kev kos duab "Architecture ntawm Moscow 1920-1960" ntaus nqi cov ntawv rau hauv qab no mus rau Soviet version ntawm Art Deco - lub tsev ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv. VI Lenin, Danilovsky chav ua haujlwm khw muag khoom, xinesmas "Rodina", lub tsev ntawm cov tub rog Academy ntawm cov tub rog liab tau tis npe tom qab MV Frunze thiab Pab Pawg Tib Neeg Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv ntawm Arbat Square, D. D. Bulgakov lub tsev nyob rau ntawm Lub Vaj Nplhaib. Saib [3] [9] Nco ntsoov tias ob leeg tav, tshuab raj nplaim tawg thiab lub ntsej muag ncaj, thiab lub qhov rais coffered, raws li cov tswv yim ntawm Art Deco style ntawm xyoo 1910-30s, tau nrov npe tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Thib Ob. Thiab lawv tau dhau los ua tus yam ntxwv zoo yam ntxwv ntawm tus qauv ntawm xyoo 1970 hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab hauv Asmeskas. [10] Lub duality no yog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov qauv ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 30s. Art Deco, raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm S. thiab T. Benton thiab G. Wood, yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam dav dav, suav nrog cov piv txwv ntawm "kev tsim kho tshiab hauv keeb kwm" thiab "kho kom zoo nkauj niaj hnub." [12: 245] [11] Cov kev sib txig sib luag ntawm cov Lavxias architecture xyoo 1930 thiab cov qauv kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris xyoo 1937 kuj tau sau tseg los ntawm V. L. Siab. [9: 221] [12] Raws li A. V. Bokov, "Iofan thiab Hamilton saib kev sib tw ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets raws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib lub tuam txhab" [2: 89] [13] Rov qab hais tias qhov kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910, qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm German Expressionism thiab American Art Deco A. Ya. Langman pom nws muaj txoj sia nyob, kawm nyob Vienna xyoo 1904-11 thiab ncig saib tebchaws Yelemes thiab Asmeskas xyoo 1930-31. [14] Nco ntsoov tias cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Soviet architecture ntawm xyoo 1930 yog ua kom tsis txhob siv cov kev dav dav xws li "Stalinist Empire" lossis "totalitarian architecture". Tom qab txhua yam, raws li I. A. Azizyan, lub sij hawm "Stalinist faj tim teb chaws" nqa lub siab xav tsis zoo nqi kev ntsuas ntawm lub architecture ntawm 1930-50s. [1:60] Lub sijhawm thaum sab ntsuj plig thiab kev tsim kho ntawm xyoo 1930 tau nyuaj heev, txaus ntshai thiab tseem muaj peev xwm tsim kev kos duab tiag tiag. Lub sijhawm ua ntej ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog yog qhov muaj siab ntawm txoj kev xav paub txog tus kheej thiab kev npau suav ntawm utopian uas tau tshwm sim txawm hais tias kev censorship thiab kev tsuj. Nov yog li cas A. I. Morozov - "Lub kiv puag ncig ntawm utopia muab kev cuam tshuam rau kev kos duab ntawm kev tsis txaus ntseeg cynical kev tsim txom, thiab kos duab ntawm txoj kev ntseeg dawb huv, thiab kos duab, hauv nws txoj hauv kev, zoo li yog" hais tawm ntawm qhov mob. " [7: 83]
Cov Ntawv Sau:
1. Azizyan I. A. Art Deco lwm qhov ntawm Lavxias architecture // Architecture ntawm Stalin era: Kev paub ntawm keeb kwm kev nkag siab M.: KomKniga, 2010.
2. Bokov A. V. Txog Art Deco. // Project Russia. - Xyoo 2001. - Zaj 19
3. Bronovitskaya A. Yu., Bronovitskaya N. N. Architecture ntawm Moscow 1920-1960 "Giraffe", M., - 2006.
4. Zueva P. P. Skyscrapers ntawm New York, 1900-1920. // Architecture thiab kev tsim kho ntawm RAASN. - Zaj 4. -2006.
5. Kev kos duab ntawm lub caij nyoog ntawm tiam no. Daim duab Daj style. Xyoo 1910-1940 / Kev sau cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub rooj sib tham tshawb fawb ntawm lub koom haum Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Lavxias Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci. Teb. ed. T. G. Malinina. M.: Pinakothek. Xyoo 2009.
6. Malinina T. G. Cov qauv ntawm cov style. Art Deco: lub hauv paus pib, lub zos hloov pauv, cov yam ntxwv hloov zuj zus. - M.: Pinakoteka, 2005.
7. Morozov AI, Xaus Utopia. Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab hauv USSR xyoo 1930. - M.: Galart, 1995.
8. Starostenko Yu. D. Art Deco ntawm Moscow Metro 1930-1940s // Cov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim - 3. // Sau cov khoom ntawm Tshawb Nrhiav Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Kev Tshawb Nrhiav thiab Keeb Kwm ntawm Kev Ua Zoo Nkauj ntawm Lavxias Academy of Arts. 2005 xyoo
9. Hayt V. L. "Art Deco: Chiv Keeb thiab Kev Ntseeg" // Ntawm architecture, nws keeb kwm thiab teeb meem. Kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm / Phau Ntawv Teev Lus. A. P. Kudryavtseva. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2003
10. Hillier B., Escritt S. Txuj Ci Hniav Art - M.: Kos duab - XXI xyoo pua, 2005.
11. Bayer P. Art Deco Lub Tsev Tsim Khoom. - London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1992.
12. Benton C. Art Deco 1910-1939 / Benton C. Benton T., Ntoo G. - Bulfinch, 2003.
13. Borsi F. The Monumental Era: European Architecture thiab Tsim 1929-1939 Rizzoli, 1987
14. Weber E. American Art Deco. - JG Xovxwm, 2004
annotation
Lub tsev kawm ntawv tsim tsim xyoo 1930 tau muaj kev zoo nkauj ntau yam, thiab cov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Art Deco style - cov tsev khaws khoom ntawm xyoo 1925 hauv Paris, cov tsev siab ua tau tsim ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 hauv Asmeskas nroog. Cov keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg no kuj tau hloov pauv. Thiab tsis tau, Art Deco zoo li yog qhov sib txuam ua ke, kom pom kev zoo nkauj. Thiab nws cov piv txwv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv Soviet cov cuab yeej cuab tam cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm xyoo 1930, thiab qhov no yog raws nraim li qee qhov haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb nrhiav Lavxias yog mob siab rau. Art Deco zoo li lub ntiaj teb cov qauv ua haujlwm ntawm kev caij nyoog ntawm lub sijhawm nruab nrab. Kab lus no yog npaj los piav luv luv txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm stylistic parallelism uas tau pom nyob hauv tsev thiab txawv tebchaws tam sim no ntawm xyoo 1930.
