Ntawm cov tsis tuaj yeem pom lub suab nrov ntawm thaj chaw pw, Renaissance lub tsev los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse Stepan Lipgart yog qhov muaj mob sai sai. Lub tsev kom meej meej rau kev muaj ntau haiv neeg zoo tshaj, muaj kev tsim cov lus thiab lub siab kom zoo nkauj. Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, nws yog qhov tseeb tias hom kev vam meej yog dab tsi. Nov yog ib thooj ntawm cov keeb kwm muaj nuj nqis ntawm St. Petersburg uas tau ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw pw tsaug zog vim muaj qhov tawg tsis paub. Nws yuav ua tau zoo xa lub tsev-thaiv rau txhua qhov chaw pw, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv yuav hloov lub neej ntawm thaj chaw, xws li cov ntoo thuv hloov ib puag ncig swampy mus rau ib qho kho kom zoo. Cov qhua tuaj noj mov Alexander Zavyalov, tus thawj coj ntawm kev nqis peev thiab kev tsim kho tuav AAG, pom nws lub luag haujlwm ntawm txoj kev no: txhawm rau tsim cov tsev tsim nyog ntawm Petersburg qub. Ua tsaug rau cov tswv yim koom tes nrog cov kws kes duab vajtse, lub tsev tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb pom ze rau tus sau phau ntawv. Nco ntsoov tias ob tus kws kes duab vajtse thiab cov neeg siv khoom ntiag tug koom nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas hnub nyoog 30-40 xyoos, yog li ntawd lub tsev zoo li yog qhov lus tshaj tawm.
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zooming 1/6 Saib ntawm lub faadeade raws Dalnevostochny zeem muag, yav tsaus ntuj teeb pom kev zoo. Thaj thaj "Renaissance" Yees duab © Dmitry Tsyrenshchikov / Losntawm Liphart Kws Ua Haujlwm
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zooming 2/6 Saib ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, tawg. Thaj thaj "Renaissance" Yees duab © Dmitry Tsyrenshchikov / Losntawm Liphart Kws Ua Haujlwm
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zooming 3/6 Kev saib dav dav los ntawm sab qab teb hnub tuaj. Thaj thaj "Renaissance" Yees duab © Dmitry Tsyrenshchikov / Losntawm Liphart Kws Ua Haujlwm
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zooming 4/6 North faadeade saib, yav tsaus ntuj teeb pom kev zoo. Thaj thaj "Renaissance" Yees duab © Dmitry Tsyrenshchikov / Losntawm Liphart Kws Ua Haujlwm
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zooming 5/6 Renaissance thaj ua rau thaj © Liphart Architects
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zooming 6/6 Renaissance thaj chaw nrhiav neeg nyob © Liphart Kws Ua Vaj Tse
Lub tsev hu ua "Renaissance", thiab txawm hais tias qhov no yog lub npe ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom, tsis yog tus kws kes duab vajtse, tsis muaj dab tsi yog kev sib tsoo. Nws hloov ntau yam uas thaum kawg ua rau kev tshawb pom tshiab. Nws yuav rov ua dabtsi? Ua ntej, Renaissance yog hais txog Leningrad Art Deco ntawm xyoo 1930. Qhov no hermetic architecture, ib qho classic nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua vaj ua tsev, tseem tsis tau ua ke thiab yog tag nrho ntawm lub zog. Cov khoom muaj tswv yim muaj nqis ntawm nws daim foos yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov hmuv tau tawg txog nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov rooj sib tham hauv rooj sab laj thiab hauv kev tes hauj lwm. Thib ob, hauv Renaissance, ib tsab ntawv organic yog ua tiav, zoo ib yam li Cov Neeg European tshiab, vim tias muaj kev ua haujlwm nrog cov qauv loj thiab cov ntsiab lus sib txawv, txhawb kev txhim kho, txhawb nqa - zoo, txhua yam uas tau ntev tau xaiv tau, tab sis tsis superfluous hauv kev kos duab. Thib peb, qhov lub tuam tsev no tau khaws cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Faustian meta-phiaj xwm ntawm xyoo pua 20th "tus txiv neej - tshuab", txuas ntxiv kom meej meej hauv 21st caug xyoo. Thib plaub, cov haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj yog daws tau ntawm no ntawm cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis thiab cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no.
Daim foos loj
Lub tsev "Renaissance" yog cov khaub ncaws zoo nkauj, hauv qee qhov chaw mus txog qhov siab ntawm 24 plag tsev, uas tuav qhov chaw rau mais ib puag ncig. Nws tsis yooj yim los tsim cov lus sib xyaw ua kom muaj lub tsev siab ua kom lub tsev loj hauv tsev kom nws tsis txhob cia li tig mus ua tus lej ntawm cov plag tsev. Tus kws kos duab ua tiav nrog txoj haujlwm no. Thaj thaj "Renaissance" tsim cov ntawv qhia ntev nyob rau kaum tsev ntawm Dybenko Street thiab Dalnevostochny Avenue. Ntawm txoj kev ntev ntev ntawm cov nyom muaj maj mam propylaea ua rau sab hauv-lub tiaj ua si nrog cov phiaj xwm ntawm Roman Piazza del Poppolo; rov qab rau lawv - ib theem siab ntawm tus pej thuam (theem 2 ntawm kev tsim kho), tig mus rau tom tshav puam.
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zooming 1/4 Cov phiaj xwm dav dav. Thaj rau cov neeg nyob "Renaissance" © A-Cov Kws Ua Txuj Ci
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zooming 2/4 Kev Npaj Ua ntawm Chav 1. Thaj rau cov neeg nyob "Renaissance" © A-Cov Kws Ua Txuj Ci
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zooming 3/4 Saib ntawm sab qab teb fa ofade ntawm lub tsev ntawm theem ob los ntawm Dybenko txoj kev. Renaissance thaj ua rau txoj kev yees duab © Stepan Lipgart / Losntawm Liphart Kws kes duab vajtse
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zooming 4/4 Renaissance thaj ua rau thaj © Liphart Architects
Sab laug kem ntawm cov nyom, raws li tau saib los ntawm propylaea, tseem tab tom tsim kho (theem 3). Kab lus no nthuav tawm tsuas yog qib 1 - ib lub tsev nrog tsab ntawv P hauv txoj phiaj xwm, uas nyob ib sab rau Dybenko Txoj Kev thiab Dalnevostochny Avenue. Mus rau theem siab 19-storey tshooj, ntsia dhau Dalnevostochny Avenue, qis qis dua nce qib hauv qib. Lub tsev zoo li ncaj qha rau pem hauv ntej - qhov no yog tib yam avant-garde puab thaum qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov rog nyob sab nraud lub tsev. Tab sis qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov facades rau hauv cov chaw sau npe siab, cov kev sib txawv thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov phab ntsa yog cov qub, uas pab rau cov chav ua kom zoo nkauj ua ke kom muaj kev ncaj ncees thiab kev txawj ntse.
Lub ces kaum muab faib ua cov ntim zoo rau hauv cov vaj tsev sib cais uas tau zoo dua rau kev nkag siab, thiab, es tsis txhob dai ntawm txoj kev, sib nrug nws nrog lub kaum ntse ntse, lub tsev tawm mus rau hauv qhov kev paub zoo, nrog kev hu nkauj ntawm ib nrab-rotunda Cov.
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zooming 1/4 thaj ntawm cov nyom "Renaissance" Rendering © Liphart Kws Ua Vaj Tse
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zooming 2/4 Thaj Chaw Tsis Muaj Chaw nyob "Renaissance" Yees duab © AAG
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zooming 3/4 Thaj Chaw Tsis Muaj Chaw nyob "Renaissance" Yees duab © AAG
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zooming 4/4 Fragment ntawm lub faadeade raws Dybenko txoj kev, yav tsaus ntuj teeb pom kev zoo. Thaj thaj "Renaissance" Yees duab © Dmitry Tsyrenshchikov / Losntawm Liphart Kws Ua Haujlwm
Daim ntawv loj ntawm cov classic tsev-quarter, tau tsim rau hauv Lub Hnub Nyoog Nyiaj (zoo li Benois lub tsev ntawm Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt), tsim nyob rau hauv neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1930-50s, piv txwv li, hauv Moscow thaiv-puab lub tsev nrog tshav puam-chaw ua si ntawm Kutuzovsky thiab Leninsky Prospekt, khaws cia ntau dua los yog tsawg ua tiav cov organic sib xyaw. Hauv xyoo 1950, cov kab lis kev cai tau cuam tshuam tom qab Khrushchev qhov kev txiav txim ntau tshaj thiab tsis tau rov ua dua, tsuas yog muaj qhov piv txwv nyob rau sab tom qab-Soviet neoclassicism. Stepan Lipgart muaj nws cov laj thawj los daws nws. Nov yog qhov uas nws tsim nws lub hom phiaj:
Lub tsev nyob yog thaj chaw rau cov tib neeg (ntau tus neeg) nyob, ib hom tsev uas peb tau txais los ntawm lub tsev nyob rau tiam tam sim no, nce siab tshaj 9-11 tsev nyob rau ntau qhov teeb meem no feem ntau, tus cwm pwm tsis suav nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntsuas. Hauv qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws, lub tshav puam ua rau muaj qhov chaw zoo li no, tab sis tsis tshua muaj lub tsev siab ua kom siab.
Yog li ntawd, kuv pom lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas ntawm nees nkaum-daus thiab muaj ntau qhov ntawm tib neeg, tsis muaj kev sib cais ntawm lub ntim nws tus kheej, tsis muaj kev rhuav tshem, muab nws qhov tseeb thiab kev cai ntawm nws tus kheej. Ib qho ntxiv, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau nrhiav cov ntsiab lus uas muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov ntsiab lus uas yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los sib xyaw ua ke kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntau thiab muaj kev sib txuam nrog cov ntsiab lus, tab sis qhov no tsis yog monotonous.
Qhov tseeb, txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev daws cov teeb meem no tau muaj qee txoj kev tau teev tseg hauv kev tsim kho thaj chaw hauv nroog Moscow thaum xyoo 1950. Ib lub tsev nyob, ua ib lub ntsiab ntawm cov ntaub hauv nroog, kuj tseem tuaj yeem yog tus tseem ceeb ntawm cov nplai tseem ceeb - txoj cai ntawm lub nroog thoob plaws ib qho, tab sis qhov articulation ntawm tus neeg qhov chaw ntawm xws li cov ntim tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov no ua haujlwm nrog cov ntim muaj nyob hauv nws txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb rau hauv cov khoom sib cais sib txawv: tiers, pem teb tav toj, risalits, bay qhov rais ntsug. Cov pob kws ua tiav los ua lub hauv paus rau tag nrho cov kab ke, thiab cov phiajcim yog yooj yim heev: cov khoom siv nruj thiab cov yas looseneck, los ntawm ob "ntawv" no tag nrho lub tsev sib sau ua ke.
Lub ntsiab feem yog qhov txo qis hauv ntim raws feem ntsug. Qhov sib txawv hauv textures thiab cov ntaub ntawv yog theej ua theem nrab, ntxiv cov qauv tshiab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov zoo li tsis paub daws teeb meem thiab cov txheej txheem tawm, vim yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem kev txiav txim thiab nws cov khoom, muab lub tsev tsim ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke nyeem tau los ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag. Qhov tseeb, nws humanizes lub ntim loj ntawm ib puas txhiab cubic meters, pub rau ib tus neeg los txheeb nws tus kheej rau nws."
Rotunda Lipgart
Lub tsev "Renaissance" - kev sib tham nrog Leningrad Art Deco ntawm xyoo 1930 thiab tshwj xeeb nrog tus lej tsev 14 ntawm Ivanovskaya Street, Fomin-Levinson. Muaj, ib qho dawb-sawv semi-rotunda ntawm nyias thiab siab faceted kem cov xaus ntawm lub tsev, ua haujlwm ua qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov zoo ib yam, ziab los ntawm constructivism, porticoes uas ua cov yas ntawm lub ntsej muag. Hauv Renaissance lub tsev, lub luag haujlwm ntawm semi-rotunda tseem ceeb dua. Nws, zoo li brooch fastening lub cloak plag, encloses txhua feem ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lub rotunda nyob rau ntawm ces kaum, zoo li ib hom kev hloov pauv ntawm Lub Hnub Nyoog Nyiaj Ntauwd, tab sis ntau dua kev tshav ntuj thiab kev sib piv piv rau pej thuam. Hauv ib zaj nkauj, nws tshwm sim tias txhua cov ntsiab lus tsim tawm raws li qee txoj cai: kev nthuav qhia-kev tsim kho-rov qab, txhua yam mus raws li ib txwm, tab sis qee zaum ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub ntsiab lus tshiab kiag li tshwm sim, tho thiab qhov tseem ceeb - qee oboe solo los ntawm Shostakovich lossis ib qho suab paj nruag elegiac nrog xim pleev xim tshiab los ntawm Mozart, thiab nws pom tseeb tias txhua yam tau pib rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus no. Nyob ib puag ncig yog lub tsev loj loj thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab sib txawv, thiab lub ntsiab lus tsis yooj yim tuav tag nrho cov lus sib xyaw. Ntawm no, ib yam nkaus thiab, muaj ib qho muaj kuab zoo nkauj rotunda ntawm lub ces kaum lub tsev, uas yuav muaj tsev neeg txog 3,000 leej - cov pej xeem ntawm ib lub nroog me. (Kuv yeej cia siab tias lub rotunda yuav tsim txhua yam. Nws qhov chaw tseem nyob rau ntawm lub hoobkas uas yog tus neeg siv khoom, qhov twg lwm qhov kev txiav txim thiab cov ntsiab lus los ntawm cov fiber ntau pob zeb ua tiav kuj tau)
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zooming 1/5 Saib los ntawm sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj mus rau rotunda. Pej Xeem hauv thaj chaw "Renaissance" © Liphart Kws Ua Vaj Tse
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zooming 2/5 Pom dav dav ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj. Pej Xeem hauv thaj chaw "Renaissance" © Liphart Kws Ua Vaj Tse
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zooming 3/5 Pom los ntawm sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj, yav tsaus ntuj teeb pom kev zoo. Thaj thaj "Renaissance" Yees duab © Dmitry Tsyrenshchikov / Losntawm Liphart Kws Ua Haujlwm
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zooming 4/5 Saib qhov dav ntawm qaum-sab hnub tuaj. Pej Xeem hauv thaj chaw "Renaissance" © Liphart Kws Ua Vaj Tse
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zooming 5/5 I. Fomin, E. Levinson. Lub tsev naj npawb 14, Ivanovskaya st., St. Petersburg. Xyoo 1940 Daim Duab © Stepan Lipgart
Lub "Renaissance" semi-rotunda tuaj yeem pom tau tias "kos npe" ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse. Ntawm no muaj ib qho cadence npe tom qab Mozart, thiab ntawm no peb muaj ib tug rotunda npe tom qab Lipgart. Txawm hais tias qhov no yog homage rau lub architecture ntawm xyoo 1930 - thiab txawm mus rau Cameron Colonnade ntawm Apollo hauv Pavlovsk - ib qho tshiab zoo tau ntawm no. Lub semi-rotunda muaj plaub plag tsev, nws tsis ploj tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev siab 19 theem siab, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nqus, zoo li lub radar, tag nrho lub zog ntawm qhov chaw, kaw ntawm nws tus kheej peb txoj kev: Dybenko, nws txuas ntxiv thiab Dalnevostochny zeem muag. Qhov no yog qhov ua tua neeg, thiab daim npav hu xov tooj, thiab lub ntsiab lus vim li cas. Thiab ib qho khoom siv nrog kev paub txog kev coj noj coj ua zoo, uas yog ib txwm ua tau zoo rau lub tsev.
Hlub-ntxub ntawm tus txiv neej thiab tshuab ua ib metaplot ntawm architecture
Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb meta-daim phiaj ntawm cov qauv ntawm xyoo pua XX, uas tau dhau mus rau xyoo XXI. Tom qab Corbusier pom qhov zoo tagnrho architecture hauv lub pas dej tauv, thiab Malevich nyob rau hauv chav siv zog, thev naus laus zis tau mob siab thiab tau ntev, tus txiv neej ploj ntawm cov kws sau txog kev tsim kho tshiab, tab sis nws ciaj sia hauv Art Deco, thiab "txiv neej-tshuab" kev sib tsoo tseem muaj siab lub siab.
Tus txiv neej thiab tshuab tsis tas yuav tsum tawm tsam ib leeg. Ntawm no nws yog theej nyiam kev sib nrig sib ntawm ob lub huab huab, thiab qee zaum kev cuam tshuam dubious. Qhov tsis yog ntawm metaplot "tus txiv neej - tshuab" yog kev sib raug zoo "kws ua yeeb yam - lub hwj chim", lub ntsiab lus Faustian "thaum pib muaj lub zog." Qhov tsis paub meej txog ntawm lub zog no, nrog rau qhov tsis meej pem ntawm kev thev naus laus zis thiab kev paub tsis meej ntawm lub zog, paub rau txhua tus. Puas yog thev naus laus zis yuav yog peb lub cuab yeej thiab pabcuam pabcuam, ua kom lub nra ntawm lub neej tsis sib haum, lossis nws puas yuav tua tib neeg? Lub hwj chim puas yog qhov tsim nyog txwv rau qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm peb qhov kev poob qis, los yog lub zog ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej uas txwv kev ywj pheej? Cov no zoo li yog cov lus nug tsis tseem ceeb, tab sis hauv Art Deco architecture lawv tshwm sim zoo li tsis pom qhov twg, thiab vim li ntawd cov ncauj lus tseem "kub".
Hauv tsab xov xwm "Nrhiav Tus hero" rau nplooj siab ntawm qhov ua yeeb yam ntawm tib lub npe, Stepan Lipgart tau piav qhia vim li cas nws xaiv Art Art style, tsis yog modernism. Thaum kawm nyob rau ntawm Moscow Architectural lub koom haum, nws tau mus mloog lus qhuab qhia los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij hu ua modernist-deconstructor Tom Maine thiab tau nug nws txog qhov chaw ntawm tus txiv neej hauv cov paj lug ntawm architecture, tab sis nws tsis hnov dab tsi hauv teb. Nyob rau hauv tib tsab xov xwm, Stepan sau qhia yuav ua li cas lub ntsiab ntawm architecture ntawm xyoo 1930 yog nyob ze rau nws. Nws txaus siab rau "qhov kev daws tsis tau daws qhov tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv Lavxias kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm, uas tau nthuav tawm lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb hauv xyoo 1930. Kev sib tsoo ntawm lub tshuab nrog cov kab lis kev cai thiab tib neeg tsim. Cov kab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Petersburg, tau tsim ob qho tib si hauv kev kos duab ntawm Levinson thiab Trotsky, thiab hauv qhov tsis paub tsis meej ntawm Belogrud thiab Bubyr, thiab txawm tias ntxov dhau ntawm cov thawj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab cov monument rau Peter. Ib txoj kab ntawm lub nra hnyav, kov yeej, txuam nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm lub nroog, uas tau raug kev ua phem rau Europeanization ntau zaus. Ntxiv mus, qee zaum Europeanization tau hloov mus ua ib qhov koob hmoov thiab muab kev coj noj coj ua uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb vam meej, thiab qee zaum ua rau kev vau, xws li hauv Lavxias kev hloov pauv.
Kev sib tsoo ntawm kev hlub / kev ntxub ntawm tus txiv neej thiab tshuab tau muab sau ua ke hauv Art Deco kev ua kom zoo nkauj, qee zaum hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov iav iav thiab ib qho kev txiav txim, qee zaum hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm mechanistic zoo sib xws lub qhov rais nrog cov ntsiab lus paub meej. Hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm cov phiaj xwm los ntawm Stepan Lipgart "Ntawm Reactor", ua si lub luag haujlwm ntawm ib qho kev ua yeeb yam, sib xyaw ua ke ntawm anthropomorphism thiab kab sib chaws, hloov kev txiav txim thiab iav muab enchanting cov duab. Tus kws kes duab vajtse nws tus kheej tau hais tias qhov teeb meem tsis muaj ntxhiab ntawm lub ntsej muag ntxig cov duab ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob ua hluav taws xob uas yog lub zog ua kom sov sov hauv ntiaj teb no, tab sis kuj hem tias yuav rhuav tshem nws. Lub zog no muaj qhov zoo sib xws rau tib neeg kev nyiam. Lub chaw cog hluav taws xob nuclear zoo li lub tuam tsev, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua kom tiav tshuab kuj tseem nyob ntawm no. Hauv Renaissance lub tsev, tag nrho cov kev xav no tau txais kev txhim kho tshiab. Cov tswv yim pom hauv "Reactor" tau pauv mus rau qhov chaw nyob ntawm Dybenko: stylobate, mesh, thiab xeb. Thiab lub semicircle ntawm lub rotunda tseem yog hom duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm lub puag ncig ntauwd ntawm atomic "tuam tsev".
Stylobate ua cov txheej txheem siab tshaj plaws rau lub tsev thiab cov lus qhia tiaj tus rau cov chaw haujlwm ntawm chav tsev thib ob. Lub stylobate tsev cov pej xeem muaj nuj nqi, thawj cov plag tsev ntawm theem tsev cib - chaw haujlwm me me nrog nyias nkag, saum toj - tsev nyob. Ib yam li cov lus qhia rau thawj qhov kev hloov ntawm lub suab paj nruag muaj ib daim leitmotif uas tau rov ua dua nyob rau hauv plaub qhov kev txav mus tom ntej, yog li cov stylobate npog tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev thiab teeb lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav txim hauv daim ntawv ntawm Behrens colonnade (zoo li hauv German consulate ntawm Behrens hauv St. Petersburg) nrog iav mesh intercolumnias thiab Iyiv granite portals. Lub semi-rotunda thiab ob-storey propylaea mus rau lub tshav puam yog ib feem ntawm stylobate.
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zooming 1/6 tawg ntawm lub faadeade raws Dybenko txoj kev, lub portal ntawm kev nkag mus coj mus muag thaj chaw, yav tsaus ntuj teeb pom kev zoo. Thaj thaj "Renaissance" Yees duab © Dmitry Tsyrenshchikov / Losntawm Liphart Kws Ua Haujlwm
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zooming 2/6 Saib ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub poob, hmo ntuj muaj teeb pom kev zoo. Renaissance thaj ua rau txoj kev yees duab © Stepan Lipgart / Losntawm Liphart Kws kes duab vajtse
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zooming 3/6 Saib ntawm lub sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm colonnade ntawm lub stylobate, thooj. Renaissance thaj ua rau txoj kev yees duab © Stepan Lipgart / Losntawm Liphart Kws kes duab vajtse
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zooming 4/6 Fragment ntawm lub faadeade raws Dybenko txoj kev, dai kom zoo nkauj ntawm txoj kev pabcuam nkag mus rau lub tsev hauv qab rooj. Renaissance thaj ua rau txoj kev yees duab © Stepan Lipgart / Losntawm Liphart Kws kes duab vajtse
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zooming 5/6 Colonnade ntawm lub stylobate. Tawg. Yav tsaus ntuj teeb pom kev zoo. Renaissance thaj ua rau txoj kev yees duab © Stepan Lipgart / Losntawm Liphart Kws kes duab vajtse
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zooming 6/6 Ib qho ntawm cov stylobate. Renaissance thaj ua rau txoj kev yees duab © Stepan Lipgart / Losntawm Liphart Kws kes duab vajtse
Mega portico. Subject in magnification
Rov qab rau cov qauv ntawm lub tsev siab. Yuav ua li cas ua kom lub colossus no pom pom kev sib xyaw, muaj kev sib haum xeeb thiab sib luag? Hauv kev teeb tsa lub ntsej muag, Stepan Lipgart nthuav dav tus txheej txheem paub txij li lub Nyiaj Hnub Nyoog. Thaum daim ntawv xaj, portico lossis ib koov, nthuav dav rau tag nrho cov faadeade, qhov no muab nws ncaj ncees (tus neeg koom nrog nws tus kheej nrog kab ntawv vim yog qhov dav dav ntawm qhov sib luag). Cia peb rov qab lub tsev ntawm Mertens nyob rau xyoo 1912 ntawm Nevsky Lalevich nrog daim tsaj loj heev rau ntawm lub khob, qhov tseeb, ntsej muag niaj hnub. Hauv lwm qhov ntawm nws cov phiaj xwm, Stepan Lipgart tau siv tus thawj daim phiaj-siab li lub fa.ade. Lub voos xwm txheej yog tsim los ntawm cov ntawv sau loj - iav biaxial bay windows ua raws li kev txhawb nqa, thiab ib qho muaj zog pob kws ua haujlwm ua lub qab nthab. Xws li cov hnab yas haib yog ib txwm rau Renaissance lub tsev. Rau lub xwm fab xwm yeem rau sab nrauv ua ib qho qauv ntawm rau-kem portico. Cov ncauj lus hauv kev nthuav dav ua kom cov qauv zoo. Lub gigantic rau-sab "portico" yog them nrog ib qho kev nkag ntawm ob sab saud. Kev txais tos ntawm mega-colonnade yog paub ib nrab los ntawm Parisian thaj chaw ntawm Bofill, qhov twg semicircular iav bay qhov rais tau ua haujlwm ua cov kab loj heev, txawm hais tias Lipgart mega-xaj tsis zoo li Bofill txhua. Ntawd yog, cov ntawv tsis zoo ib yam, tab sis lub dav dav romantic yog.
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zooming 1/3 tawg ntawm lub faadeade raws Dalnevostochny zeem muag. Thaj thaj "Renaissance" Yees duab © Dmitry Tsyrenshchikov / Losntawm Liphart Kws Ua Haujlwm
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zooming 2/3 Pom ntawm lub faadeade raws Dybenko txoj kev. Renaissance thaj ua rau txoj kev yees duab © Stepan Lipgart / Losntawm Liphart Kws kes duab vajtse
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zooming 3/3 Lub tswv yim ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem zoo rau ib lub tsev thaj chaw tsis pub dhau ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm Atayants Architectural Rhiav "Opalikha O3". 2014 Khoos phib tawj cov duab © Lipghart Kws Ua Vaj Tse
Bay qhov rais, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Renaissance, muaj li ntawm ob qhov sib thooj: ib lub iav tsom iav thiab daim ntawv xaj yas. Cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav, yog nqa tawm hauv lub ntsej muag sib txawv - thawj zaug tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm ribbed cib rusticum, tom qab ntawd tiv thaiv cov keeb kwm ntawm flatter stucco phab ntsa, saum toj no - ntawm lub ntsej muag kom ruaj. Nyob rau hauv qib sab saud, bay qhov rais los ua voos, thiab hauv qhov "nthab" ib feem lawv tau tsa los ntawm balconies ntawm tus qauv qhia zoo sib xws, tso "hauv kev khiav". Cov sam thiaj sawv saum toj no txoj kev tshav "Pompeian" semi-kab, uas, nyeg, txuas ntxiv los ntawm "rapiers" ntawm cov chij siab uas muaj qhov ntxig tau ob qho ntawm lub sam thiaj thiab pob kws, thiab tau qhia rau saum ntuj ceeb tsheej: qhov tseem ceeb "tawm mus" kom zoo li yuav cramped rau ntawm faadeade, thiab nws nce mus txhawb nyob rau hauv cov ces kaum los ntawm denser tagnrho ntawm pinnacles (lub ntsiab lus yog me ntsis zoo li Art Nouveau architecture, qhov twg semi-kab feem ntau "gush" nrog flowerpots. Los ntawm txoj kev, peb nco qab Scriabin lub suab paj nruag, uas tau tshoov Stepan Ligart cov ntawv ua haujlwm).
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zooming 1/7 tawg ntawm lub faadeade raws Dalnevostochny zeem muag, bay qhov rais thiab balconies ntawm cov plag tsev sab saud, yav tsaus ntuj teeb pom kev zoo. Thaj thaj "Renaissance" Yees duab © Dmitry Tsyrenshchikov / Losntawm Liphart Kws Ua Haujlwm
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zooming 2/7 Renaissance thaj ua rau thaj © Liphart Architects
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zooming 3/7 Puas Nyob Renaissance thaj chaw ua hauj lwm © Liphart Architects
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zooming 4/7 Renaissance thaj chaw nyob © Liphart Kws Ua Vaj Tse
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zooming 5/7 thaj ntawm thaj "Renaissance" © Liphart Kws Ua Vaj Tse
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zooming 6/7 Lub Tsev Loj Nyob Renaissance complex © Liphart Architects
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zooming 7/7 thaj chaw nyob hauv "Renaissance" © Liphart Kws Ua Vaj Tse
Cov qauv ntsug ntawm Renaissance lub tsev yog ib txwm ua, ntshiab, qhov qub: plaub theem nqis los rau pem hauv ntej raws li txoj cai ntawm ntu kub, hauv lawv, feem, yim - tsib - peb thiab ob plag tsev. Lwm yam haujlwm sib txawv sib txawv cov ntsiab lus pom. Bay qhov rais hloov los ntawm loggias. Cov theem lim thiab kub piv yog khaws cai. Lub pob zeb tav qhwv pob zeb ntawm thawj qib, uas tau muab cov nplaim ntawm phab ntsa nplua nuj ntawm cov kab thiab chiaroscuro, tau khaws cia thoob plaws hauv txoj hauv kev, cuam tshuam ib qho ntxim nyiam ntawm tes ua rau lub ntsej muag.
Goose thiab pog thiab yawg pancakes
Txog 10 xyoo dhau los, peb tau sib cav nrog Alexander Skokan. Nws tau sib cav hais tias, txawm hais tias nws hlub Palladio thiab Zholtovsky, nws tsis ntseeg txog niaj hnub nimno. Vim tias, Kuv hais, "tus qub masters - ob leeg kws kes duab vajtse thiab cov tshuab moulders - paub yuav ua li cas pob kws traction, Goose, yuav ua li cas tus hma no tig mus ncig lub ces kaum. Cov kws kes duab vajtse tamsis no tsis paub yuav ua li cas. Nws zoo li ib daim ntawv qhia rau pog lub pancakes: yog tias koj nyeem nws hauv phau ntawv, koj tseem yuav ua cov pancakes, tab sis lumpy. Thiab yog tias koj noj ua ke nrog koj pog, koj yuav tau txais txoj cai pancakes."
Tab sis nyob rau xyoo pua 21st, raws li nws muab tawm, qhov tsis muaj ntawm phau ntawv sculpting, txoj kev ntawm jib thiab cornice rub tuaj yeem hloov kho rau niaj hnub fiber ntau-txhawb kev ua vaj tse ntau lawm. Thiab Stepan Lipgart qhia nyob rau hauv txoj kev zoo siab heev txoj kev nyuaj npaum li cas los ntawm kev kos duab los ntawm kev kos duab mus rau kev nyeem ntawv, tom qab ntawd mus rau kev kos duab ua haujlwm, tom qab ntawd rau nws txoj kev txhim kho thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm cov chaw ntawm lub Hoobkas uas tus tswv cuab, yog. Thiab txhua yam ua tiav, txawm tias ua tiav ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev sib zog. Thaum xub thawj, cov qhua tuaj noj mov cov neeg tsim qauv cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv ntawm lub qhov rais, piers, pob kws, thiab tag nrho cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau muab txiav rov qab thiab rov ua dua tshiab, thiab tom qab ntawd cov neeg tsim qauv twb nruj me ntsis rau qhov project, tswj kev hloov tsis tshua muaj. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov ntawv sau cov ntsiab lus tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub hoobkas, cov khoom zoo ntawm kev kos duab tau tshwj tseg. Cov pob kws pob kws khov kho yog txhawb nqa ntawm cov ces kaum, luam tawm nrog cov ntawv txuas ntxiv, thiab hais lus txhawb rau ntawm phab ntsa. Ntxiv dua thiab, suab paj nruag analogies tshwm sim: lub orchestration ntawm cornices ntawm cov ces kaum yog ntau zog dua thiab ntom, ntawm phab ntsa du nws yog pob tshab ntau dua. Ntawd yog, cov nyhuv tau tiav, tab sis los ntawm lwm txoj kev.
Iav mesh thiab xaj. Huab Cua
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, "tus txiv neej-tshuab" meta-phiaj xwm ntawm qhov kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm XX thiab XXI ib-paus xyoo yog qhia nyob rau hauv juxtaposition ntawm kev txiav txim thiab daim iav daim phiaj. Daim iav daim phiaj yog lub luag haujlwm rau Cartesian cov lej txiav txim. Txhua thiab lwm yam kev txiav txim - rau lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv lub art ntawm lub tsev. Frank Lloyd Wright thaum xyoo 1930, tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm iav, tshaj tawm: "Iav tau ua nws, nws rhuav tshem cov architecture dhau los ntawm lub hauv paus mus rau ceg." Raws li peb tuaj yeem pom 90 xyoo tom qab, iav nrog daim ntawv xaj tau zoo thiab ua kom sib txuam. Qhov tseeb, twb tau nyob hauv Tsev Neeg Ua Haujlwm ntawm Verkhnyaya Maslovka (Krinsky / Rukhlyadev, 1934), zwm rau tib lub caij nyoog thaum xyoo 1930, daim phiaj nrog daim ntawv txiav txim tau txuas nrog tsim cov iav ntsa ntawm cov kev ua haujlwm zoo nkauj thiab ua lub cev zoo ntawm cov faadeade. Cov neeg sau neoclassical niaj hnub no kuj tau ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev coj no, piv txwv li, Quinlan Terry hauv tsev hais plaub Tottenham lub tsev hauv London. Cov ncauj lus ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm daim phiaj iav thiab qhov kev txiav txim yog qhov muaj kev cia siab, nyob deb ntawm kev sab sab. Hais txog kev ua haujlwm, nws yog haum rau cov haujlwm ntawm cov qauv kos duab niaj hnub: qhov chaw pom, kev sib txuas ntawm sab hauv thiab qhov xwm, tab sis tib lub sijhawm cov fa remainsade nyob nrog cov kem thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus, cov tib neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov kws sau ntawm lub tsev. Nyob rau hauv daim duab charismatic thiab romantic ntawm Renaissance, ib kab uas tseem ceeb rau peb xyoo pua tau pom thiab pom. Thiab nws, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv.
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UPD: hais txog kev teeb tsa lub tshuab ua huab cua
Cov chaw tso cua txias tau muab rau ntawm lub tshav puam ntawm lub tsev, uas lawv tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau hauv kev pom zoo nrog cov tuam txhab tswj hwm. Hauv cov chav tsev uas tau saib tsuas yog txoj hauv kev ntawm lub ntsej muag, cov khoom siv cua txias, kuj pom zoo nrog lub tuam txhab kev tswj hwm, tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau ntawm cov loggias txias hauv bay qhov rais. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm bay lub qhov rais tsuas yog txias balconies.
