Art Deco Hauv Kev Ua Haujlwm Ntawm Frank Lloyd Wright 1910-1920s

2024 Tus sau: David Durham | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 02:35

Tus kws tshaj lij Amelikas tus kws lij choj Frank Lloyd Wright yug rau lub Rau Hli 8, 1867. Lub koob meej ntawm nws cov style tau ntev kauj ruam dhau ntawm cov kab ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab txawm nyob hauv Russia tau loj hlob mus rau hauv kev nyiam kev nyiam tiag tiag rau "lub tsev nyob hauv cov style ntawm Wright." Leej twg tsis tau pom dua lossis txawm tsim qauv tsev hauv qhov style no ze ntawm Moscow? Txawm li cas los xij, yuav luag tsis muaj ib tus ntawm peb pom cov tsev no ntawm nws qhov. Tag nrho ntawm lawv, tawg nrug deb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Chicago thiab tau muaj txoj sia nyob rau xyoo pua txij li lawv txoj kev tsim kho, tsim lub voj voog ntawm cov tsev, sib koom ua ke los ntawm lub siab nyiam ntawm tus tswv ci ntsa iab no, uas cia cov kev tswj hwm los tsim nws tus kheej tshaj dhau los ntawm kos. Thiab nws zoo nkaus li los ntawm phau ntawv sau txog ntawm Wright uas yog lub cim duab ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse tshiab, uas kos txhua yam ntawm lub qhov rooj mus rau lub skyscraper, tau sau tseg. Txawm li cas los xij, Wright txoj haujlwm kev kos duab yog ib qho kev zoo siab?

Tau los tsim tag nrho ntawm ntau dua 350 lub tsev loj, Wright pom nws tus kheej raug khuam rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm nws tus kheej ib hom ntawv - lub tsev nyob hauv lub teb chaws, nthuav dav dawb thoob thaj chaw, ib txhij "cog rau hauv av" thiab otherworldly, levitating. Raws li nws zoo li, Wright lub tsev ib txwm tsim nrog cov plag tsev qis nrog muaj zog tsa cov pob kws, txig pleev xim rau cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj siab thiab zoo kawg nkaus iav qhov rai. Tab sis dab tsi yog nws, ib txoj kev nplua nuj lossis kev khwv nyiaj txiag? Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm kaum ob ntawm kev nplua nuj dai kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev siab siab thaum xyoo 1900 thiab 30s hauv New York thiab Chicago, qhov no zoo li qhov thib ob.

Paub txog peb niaj hnub no ua "cov tsev nyob hauv Wright style", cov tsev loj no tau raug kev cai ntau los ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj, kev paub zoo uas tau muaj nyob hauv Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv Chicago (1893). Nws tau nyob ntawd tias Japanese chav tsev pheeb suab, tua nyob rau hauv cov qauv qub, ua rau pom qhov kev xav ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas cov kws kes duab vajtse - ob qho tib si nrog cov ntsuas qhov tsis yooj yim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov sib txuam sib luag ntawm cov xim. Wright pom hauv qhov no tsis yog qhov txawv, tab sis tus qauv ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej. [1] Tsis tas tau txais kev kawm txuj ci ua ntej txheej thaud, Wright tau ua haujlwm thawj zaug hauv lub studio ntawm Louis Sullivan. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib tiv tauj ntawm ob tus kws tshaj lij no - daim duab ntawm Sullivan tsim nyog cais ib zaj dab neeg dhau los - muab lub txim taws. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua ke, ib tus neeg yug nrog tus koob hauv nws txhais tes, lwm tus nrog xwm fab. Txhua yam uas Sullivan tau kos duab curvilinearly, Wright tig los ua orthogonal. [2] Thiab yog li ntawd, pib nrog Winslow lub tsev hauv Oak Park (1893), Wright nrhiav txoj hauv kev rau kev ua haujlwm ywj pheej sab nrauv. [3]

Cia peb taw qhia tias xyoo 1900, Wright tau muab lub hauv paus rau ob qho avant-garde thiab kos duab dai khoom. Qhov tseeb, nws "tus kws qhia" Sullivan tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog tus tshaj tawm ntawm Art Deco.

[4] Ob qho ntawm lawv, yog li txawv, dhau los ua cov neeg tsim ntawm hom tshiab. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntau xyoo, Asmeskas cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab thaum kawg yuav pom "pom" thiab txaus siab rau qhov kev zoo nkauj thiab kev hloov tshiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Sullivan thiab Wright. [5] Tej thaj chaw deb nyob deb nroog ntawm Chicago thiab tej zej zos me me tam sim no tsuas yog paub cov tsev no nkaus xwb. Hauv Chicago, tus sau ntawm cov kab no muaj hmoo tau pom tsuas yog ob lub tsev ntawm tus tswv loj - lub npe muaj koob muaj npe Robie House (1908) thiab lub tuam tsev Unumental Unity Tuam Tsev (1906), ua los ntawm Wright hauv Oak Park. Tab sis txawm tias qhov ntawd txaus txaus siab rau qhov lub zog muaj zog ntawm qhov ua tau zoo, muaj txuj ci tshiab.

Robie House, lub tsev loj me, tau dhau los ua qauv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm American avant-garde thiab qhov thiaj li hu ua. "Prairie style".

[6] Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau dhau los ua kev sib xyaw txog ntau yam ntawm cov tswv yim zoo nkauj - nws qhov nruab nrab tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Orientalism, thiab cov kab rov tav ua rau zoo li twb tau pom qhov zoo nkauj ntawm streamline, ib qho ntawm cov qauv hauv architecture thiab tsim ntawm Xyoo 1920 thiab 30s. Tsis tshua muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm tus qauv ntawm tus tswv Chicago hauv USSR yog qhov chaw sawv hauv av ntawm Sokolniki metro chaw nres tsheb (1935). Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm cov dav dav thiab muaj cov qauv yooj yim, nrog rau cov qhov rais thiab plinths crowned nrog cov yam ntxwv vases. Wright kev cuam tshuam ntawm nws yog nyob rau hauv E. Mendelssohn thiab O. Perret. [7] Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv architecture piv txwv ntawm "ribbed style" thiab hloov cov tshiab tshwm 10-20 xyoo dhau los dua li cov qauv zoo sib xws hauv kev tsim qauv tsheb.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas pom tau tias Wright lub style tau nyob rau qhov tsim ntawm lub architecture ntawm Amsterdam Tsev Kawm Ntawv.

[8] Lub Hauv Paus Hauv Nroog hauv Hilversum (V. Dudok, 1928) zoo li qhov piv txwv loj tshaj plaws ntawm European avant-garde, tab sis nws cov ntawv yuav luag hais txog qhov chaw Chicago. Hauv Hilversum, tus saib pom tau nthuav tawm nrog cov duab ntawm Robie Lub Tsev, nthuav dav rau qhov loj me ntawm lub nroog txoj kev, khaws tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov qauv - lub qhov rooj ntawm lub qhov rai, cov kab rov tav thiab cov kab kos ntawm cov qhov rai rov qab. Lub qhov chim chim ntawm lub tsev loj uas tau loj hlob mus rau hauv av tau tig mus rau lub tswb nrov ua kom nrov siab hla lub pas dej.

Nyob rau hauv cov architecture ntawm Unity Temple, Wright txoj kev nyiam nrog Japanese kab lis kev cai yog pom tseeb (tshwj xeeb, xws li hauv Robi House, hauv sab hauv), thiab tus tswv tshawb pom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab stylistic - txoj kev xav geometrization ntawm Art Deco thiab kev tsis txaus siab ntawm avant-garde Cov.

[9] Ntxiv mus, qhov ua cov yas ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj no ua ke cov duab neoarchaic, Aztec, thiab thev naus laus zis, tshuab duab. Lub Tuam Tsev Unity yog qhov tsis tshua muaj, paub piv txwv los ntawm tag nrho cov qauv ntawm Wright cov haujlwm, tsim thaum ntxov Art Deco cov qauv nyob rau xyoo 1900-10. Tab sis txawm tias ib lub monument no hais txog nws tus tswv ua tus tswv zoo uas tau khaws txoj hauv kev tshiab uas txhua qib tshiab tuaj yeem coj.

Lub sijhawm xyoo 1910-1920 tau dhau los ua ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tsev tshiab rau Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas, thiab tom qab xyoo 1925 kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris, kev zam rau kev coj ua tshiab, Art Deco yuav ua tiav lub nroog America. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum ntxov li xyoo 1910, ob phau ntawv ntawm F. L. Wright cov haujlwm thiab cov tuam tsev tau luam tawm hauv Berlin, thiab nws tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj hauv kev nthuav dav hauv Tebchaws Europe ntawm avant-garde thiab kos duab dai kom zoo nkauj. Kev Koom Tes Unity tau teb los ntawm lub tsev hauv Amsterdam thiab rov ua nws cov ntawv, cov tuam tsev - Synagogue (G. Elte, 1927) thiab Jerusalem Church (FB Jantsen, 1929).

Hauv daim duab Art Deco thaum ntxov, F. L. Wright tau pom zoo los tsim ntau tshaj li tsev loj. Ib qho ntawm thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm cov "ribbed style" tuaj yeem yog Lub Tuam Tsev Call, tsim rau San Francisco nyob rau xyoo 1912. Lub Tuam Txhab Nyiaj Pov Hwm Kev Tiv Thaiv Lub Tebchaws rau Chicago (1924) tau dhau los ua cov haujlwm ntawm tus tswv. Txawm li cas los xij, lub zej zog ntawm cov kws ua vaj tsev thiab cov neeg yuav khoom hauv xyoo ntawd yeej tsis lees paub tus tswv. Wright tsis tau pom tias yog tus kws kes duab vajtse haum rau cov tsev siab. Thiab qhov no yog nyob rau xyoo 1920, uas yog, xyoo ntawm kev tsim kho ntau ntawm cov tsev siab thiab muaj kev vam meej ntawm lawv cov style - Art Deco.

Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo ntawd, Wright tau ua haujlwm hauv Nyij Pooj, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Los Angeles, qhov chaw uas nws tau tsim ntau yam zoo nkauj ntawm vaj tsev thiab tsev loj. Cov no yog Hollyhock Lub Tsev (1919-1922), Millard Lub Tsev (1923), Tsev Storer (1923), Tsev Freeman (1923), Ennis Lub Tsev (1924), ua rau pob zeb ua vaj tsev nyob hauv kev kos duab ntawm lub tsev tsim khoom. "Kev lag luam luam ntawv". [11] Thiab lawv plasticity embodied paradoxical synthesis of neoarchaic thiab technocrat motives, tab sis qhov no tau muab cov txuj ci siab tshaj plaws ntawm no. Yog li, qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm F. L. Wright lub style nyob rau xyoo 1910s thiab 1920s muaj nyob hauv cov kev ua kom tsis nco qab ntawm kev ua vaj tsev dai kom zoo nkauj thiab ib txoj hauv kev ua kom zoo nkauj Art Art kom zoo nkauj.

Wright kev ua haujlwm yog qhov muaj ntau haiv neeg, nws yog qhov ua ntu zus los ntawm ib lub tswvyim mus rau lwm qhov - los ntawm "kev coj ua zoo nkauj" mus rau "textile blocks" thiab "Yusonian tsev". [12] Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias nyob rau qhov tig ntawm 1900-10s cov haujlwm ntawm tus tswv tau tiag tiag ua ntej ntawm lawv lub sijhawm - ob qho tib si hauv cov duab kos duab kos duab, thiab hauv plasticity thiab cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tom qab ntawd tig ntawm 1920 thiab 1930, thaum Art Deco architecture mus txog nws lub hnub, Wright tsis nyob hauv kev thov. [13] Ntxiv mus, thaum lub sij hawm tig ntawm 1910s-1920 nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv ib tug tuaj yeem pom ib qho kev sib hloov ntawm cov fantasy-geometrized plastics ntawm nws lub tsev nrog cov frank neoarchaic, Mesoamerican stylization, hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab USSR lub loog ntawm avant -garde twb tau tsim tawm [14] Thiab hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s. Wright lub architecture, paradoxically, tig mus ua tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nyob hauv cov peev tsim tsa hauv cov chav kawm - Washington thiab Moscow, lossis hauv cov chaw sim muaj tswv yim ntawm VKHUTEMAS thiab Bauhaus. [15]

Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tshaj tawm hauv Wright txoj haujlwm thaum xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s yog lub npe nrov hauv tsev saum toj ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg (1936). Nws yog, nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm tus tswv, piv txwv ntawm thiaj li hu ua. "Organic architecture". [16] Thawj cov lus siv yuav nkag siab lub rooj me ntsis, vim tias lub pob zeb ua kom ruaj khov ntawm cov Tsev Sib Sau Qaum thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg poob zoo li "organic" hauv thaj chaw uas muaj huab cua noo ntawm Pennsylvania ua cov neoclassical porticoes. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab cai ntawm "organic architecture", "organic architecture" F. L. Wright yog qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm Louis Sullivan (1856-1924), nws thesis "Daim ntawv ua haujlwm muaj nuj nqi." Txawm hais tias muaj kev sib cav, Wright tau tuav ruaj khov rau nws cov npoj yaig qub, hu nws "Lieber Meister", "Nyob Zoo Xib Hwb." [17]

Lub tsev Saud Dej tsaws tsag ua lub manifesto ntawm avant-garde abstraction. Tsis coob leej uas tau mus rau Tebchaws Meskas tau pom qhov khoom no. [18] Pua pua mais ntawm New York thiab Chicago, thiab ploj hauv hav zoov ze ntawm Pittsburgh, nws tseem yog ib qho ntawm Wright feem ntau cuam tshuam tsis tau thiab qhia txog cov neeg nyiam kev tuag. Txawm li cas los xij, tsim nyob rau xyoo thib ob ntawm xyoo 1930, uas yog, xyoo tom qab lub heyday ntawm Soviet avant-garde, cov monument no zoo li yog cov lus teb rov qab rau cov kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab USSR. [19]

Raws li kev pom zoo ntawm lub keeb kwm, Asmeskas tus kws kes duab vajtse Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) thiab tus kws tshaj lij Soviet Soviet I. V. Zholtovsky (1867-1959) tau mus rau hauv tib lub xyoo. Thiaj sib txawv - Zholtovsky, uas ua haujlwm ntau dua 30 xyoo rau lub xeev thiab tau siv ntau lub tsev ne-Renaissance tsev hauv Moscow, thiab Wright, tus tsim tawm tshiab uas ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg siv khoom ntiag tug. Hauv qhov kev sib tw no, nws zoo nkaus li, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas tsis muaj qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lej, hnub yug thiab tuag. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no pom raws li tus cwj pwm piv txwv ntawm ob lub tswv yim muaj tswv yim - qee qhov compose lus, lwm tus hais lus nws zoo. W. A. Mozart tau yug los tsim qhov kev sib haum xeeb tshiab, S. T. Richter - los ua qhov kev sib haum xeeb no. Thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Frank Lloyd Wright ci ntsa iab qhia peb kom kov yeej ntawm thawj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus. Cov ntaub ntawv npaj rau Archi.ru thiab Isolationmag.ru

[1] Xyoo 1905, Wright tau coj mus rau Nyijpooj (thawj zaug ntawm kev ua ib pawg) thiab pib sau cov ntawv sau ua lus Nyij Pooj. Xyoo 1919-23 Nws tsim lub tsev so Imperial (tsis tau khaws cia) thiab vaj tsev ntawm T. Yamamura (1918-1924) hauv Tokyo.

[2] Lub chaw haujlwm ua vaj tsev tsim ua haujlwm Adler & Sullivan yog ib cov thawj coj hauv kev tsim kho thawj cov tuam tsev zoo nkauj ntawm qhov tig ntawm 1880s thiab 1890s. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib koom tes ntawm Dunkmar Adler thiab Louis Sullivan tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov khoom lag luam pauv hauv xyoo 1893 thiab kev poob siab hauv kev lag luam. F. L. Wright tseem nyob ruaj khov rau xyoo ntawd. Qhov laj thawj ntawm Wright raug lawb tawm yog nws txoj haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm ntiag tug ntawm sab. Tom qab txoj kev tawg, Sullivan thiab Wright tsis hais 12 xyoos.

[3] Xyoo 1893, Wright tau pib ua nws qhov kev ua vaj tsev ywj pheej. Rau nws lub tsev yav tas los txhim tsa hauv Oak Park (1889), nws ntxiv ib chav cob qhia.

[4] Nco ntsoov tias Sullivan's thesis "Daim ntawv yuav tsum zoo sib xws" raug nkag siab los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv thiab tub ntxhais kawm kev sib txawv. Sullivan tau to taub los ntawm "conformity" tsis tshua muaj kev nyuaj floristic plastics, Wright - fantastically geometrized, yooj yim décor thiab txawm austerity.

[5] Nco ntsoov tias Art Deco cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 tau twb nyiam los ntawm lub tswv yim kev ua tiav kev rov tsim dua qub cov neeg qub. Thiab tib lub sij hawm lawv tau lees txais thiab tau npaj siab los xyaum Wright qhov kev siv tswv yim geometrization.

[6] Raws li txoj haujlwm, hauv pem teb tseem ceeb yog qhov thib ob (nrog chav nyob thiab chav noj mov). Qhov no tau dhau los ua qhov ua tiav ntawm cov haujlwm ua los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, Frederic Robie - "kom pom koj cov neeg nyob ze tsis tau pom".

[7] Ua hauv nruab nrab xyoo 1930, Danilovsky chav ua haujlwm khw muag khoom (GK Oltarzhevsky, 1936) tau los ua ib qho ntawm cov nyiam tshaj plaws thiab pom cov qauv ntawm cov kwj deg hauv Moscow, thiab tib lub sijhawm, nws yog lo lus teb rau Moss Tsev hauv Berlin, 1923. Grandiose lub tsev ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev rau Thaj Av (AV Shchusev, 1933), tsim nrog kab rov tav thiab cov thav duab, yog cov lus teb rau ob qho tag nrho E. Mendelssohn (Shocken department khw hauv Stuttgart, 1928, tsis tau tshwj tseg) thiab J. Terragny (Novokomum tsev nyob hauv Como, 1928).

[8] Yog xav paub ntxiv txog Kev Tshaj Tawm Art ntawm Amsterdam thaum ntxov, saib tus sau tsab xov xwm

[9] Lub Tsev Larkin hauv Buffalo (1904, tsis yog tshwj tseg), Lub Tsev Bock hauv Milwaukee (1916) thiab Hollyhock Lub Tsev hauv Los Angeles (1919-1922) tau tsim qauv zoo li no.

[10] Cov xwm txheej no tshwm sim hauv txoj hmoo ntawm kws kes duab vajtse tau ua ntej los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Lub Yim Hli 15, 1914, J. Carlton, uas tau ua haujlwm rau Wright ua tus tub qhe, hlawv cov Villa Taliesin thiab tua txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm Rhiav thiab cov neeg hauv tsev neeg, suav nrog tus tswv lub npe Martha Borthwick-Chini. Wright tau nyob Chicago rau hnub ntawd ua haujlwm.

[11] Thawj cov khoom siv nrog lub ntaws ntoo. cov ntaub npuag yog Midway Gardens (Chicago, 1914, tsis tau tshwj tseg) thiab khoom lag luam ntawm A. D. German (Lub Chaw hauv Richland, 1915).

[12] Wright nrhiav los nrhiav cov peev txheej tshiab ntawm kev tshoov siab thiab cov txuj ci kos duab, "tsis txawm qog nws tus kheej." Hauv xyoo 1930, Wright tau tsim lub tswvyim tshiab rau nws lub tsev loj - qhov hu ua. "Cov tsev ntawm Usonian", lub npe uas los ntawm USONA, cov ntawv sau rau tebchaws Asmeskas ntawm North America (raws li Asmeskas tau hu ua nyob rau tiam 19).

[13] Nco ntsoov tias txoj kev vam meej ntawm lawv cov haujlwm luam tawm hauv lub npe hu ua. cov ntawv sau txog ntawm E. Wasmuth (1910), Wright tshuav nqi rau txoj kev nraaj ntawm nws cov neeg sib koom tes Marion Mahoney, leej twg, ntseeg tau tias, tau npaj ntau dua li ib nrab ntawm cov ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1914 Marion tau mus rau Australia, uas nws tus txiv Walter Griffin yeej kev sib tw rau txoj haujlwm ntawm lub peev tshiab - Canberra. [14] Wright tsis xav koom nrog kev txhais tau tias nws zoo nkauj thiab vim li ntawd nws tsis tuaj yeem lees txais purism ntawm avant-garde architecture ntawm xyoo 1920. Wright hais tias, "Lub tsev yuav tsum tsis txhob thawv rau hauv lub hnub ci ntsa iab," Wright hais. Saib Goldstein, A. F. Frank Lloyd Wright. - Moscow, 1973.-- P. 38, 50, 54

[15] Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau xyoo no, Wright qhov kev xav tau tsis tuaj yeem hu ua kev coj tus. “Kuv tsis yog tsuas yog npaj siab yuav ua tus muaj txuj ci nyob zoo tshaj plaws, tiam sis tseem ceeb tshaj uas yuav nyob. Yog lawm, Kuv npaj yuav ua tus tsim zoo tshaj plaws txhua lub sijhawm, "Wright tshaj tawm thaum xyoo 1930. Saib Hite W. L. "Frank Lloyd Wright - tus kws kes duab vajtse thiab tus txiv neej rau txhua lub sijhawm", 2003. - P. 269 [16] Raws li A. F. Goldstein, kev txhais lus ntawm "organic architecture" ntau cov ntsiab lus ua rau pom tias Wright lub tswv yim, tsis suav nrog biomorphic, tsob ntoo cog qoob loo. thiab hais txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus meej pem. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus, saib A. F. Goldstein, Frank Lloyd Wright. - Moscow, 1973. - P. 131 thiab Haight V. L. "Frank Lloyd Wright - tus kws kes duab vajtse thiab tus txiv neej txhua lub sijhawm", 2003. - P. 269-270 [17] Xam phaj nrog F. L. Wright (1953), saib https: / / https://www.youtube.com/embed/W8EABJrMplY&t=778s [18] Daim duab qhia los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse Mikhail Lin saib https://carmelist.livejournal.com/229906.html [19] Xyoo 1937, Wright tau raug caw mus koom 1st Congress ntawm Tsoomfwv Meskas Tus Kws Ua Haujlwm thiab mus xyuas USSR. [20] F. L. Wright ib zaug qhia tias nws lub hnub yug yog 1869 (xyoo uas nws tus muam Mary Jane tau yug tiag tiag). Nws xav ua kom tshwm sim hluas dua nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab rau interlocutor txawm ntau, ua li cas thaum ntxov nws pib nws txoj kev ywj pheej xyaum tawm tswv yim. Qhov tseeb, Wright tau tawm ntawm Sullivan thiab pib ua haujlwm hauv nws lub rhiav hauv Oak Park xyoo 1893, thaum nws muaj hnub nyoog 26 xyoo.

Cov Ntawv Hmoob

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3. Ovsyannikova EB Tus cawv ntawm expressionism rau lub architecture ntawm xyoo 1930. / Ovsyannikova E. B., Tukanov M. A. / Lavxias avant-garde ntawm xyoo 1910-1920 thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm expressionism / Ed. G. F. Kovalenko. - M.: Nauka, 2003. S. 387-406
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Tej khoom siv hluav taws xob

1. Bronovitskaya A. Yu. "Frank Lloyd Wright". [Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob] // Qhuab qhia los ntawm Anna Bronovitskaya ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Lub Tsev Nruab Nrab raws li ib feem ntawm lub voj voog "Cov Kws Ua Haujlwm ntawm xyoo 20. Ntu 1 "- Chaw nkag mus saib: URL. - https://www.youtube.com/embed/9GA_NJtNGE (hnub nkag mus saib: 2020-10-06).
2. Gorbutovich T. Ob lub tsev ntawm Frank Lloyd Wright ua los ntawm textile block tus nqi [Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob] URL: https://gorbutovich.livejournal.com/103205.html (hnub nkag mus: 10.06.2020).
3. "Lub tsev nyob saum ntog ntawm dej" uas yog Frank Lloyd Wright [Khoom siv hluav taws xob] // AD Russia - URL: https://www.admagazine.ru/interior/dom-nad-vodopadom-frenka-llojda-rajta (hnub nkag: 10.06). 2020) …
4. Frank Lloyd Wright lub tsev ntawm Ennis tau muag rau cov ntaub ntawv nqi [Electronic resource] URL: https://www.elledecoration.ru/news/architecture/dom-ennisov-frenka-lloida-raita-vystavlen-na-prodazhu-id6786081/ (hnub siv tau: 10.06.2020).
5. Izmailova A. Hyperrealistic tso tawm tam sim no tsis pom lub tsev los ntawm Frank Lloyd Wright [Khoom siv hluav taws xob] URL: https://archi.ru/news/72984/ispanskii-arkhitektor-vossozdaot-v-realistichnykh-renderakh-nesuschestvuyusfrenka-postroiki- raita (hnub tim nkag mus: 10.06.2020).
6. Lin M. Dej nqig. Lub tsev hla tus dej tsaws tsag. [Khoom siv hluav taws xob] // Live Journal. Cov kws ua vaj tsev thiab lwm yam duab. - URL: https://carmelist.livejournal.com/229906.html (hnub nkag mus: 10.06.2020).
7. Novikov K. Prairie Builder [Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob] // "Kommersant Dengi" No. 21 hnub tim 04.06.2007, p. 73 - URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/771111 (hnub nkag: 10.06.2020) Cov.
8. Frank Lloyd Wright: Frederick C. Robie Lub Tsev [Khoom siv hluav taws xob] // Architecture and Design | Cov ntawv txheeb - URL: https://arx.novosibdom.ru/node/2052 (hnub nkag tau: 10.06.2020).
9. AD Classics: Frederick C. Robie House / Frank Lloyd Wright [Khoom siv hluav taws xob] URL: https://www.archdaily.com/60246/ad-classics-frederick-c-robie-house-frank-lloyd-wright/ (hnub nkag mus: 10.06.2020) …