Cov ntawv xov xwm tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv kev sau cia: Hniav kos duab thiab cov ncauj lus ntsig txog ib puag ncig. Ntawv Los Ntawm MGHPA. Naj npawb 3. Ntu 1 Moscow, 2020 p. 9-20. Kev fwm ntawm tus sau. Lub caij nyoog ntawm xyoo 1920-1930s hauv Asmeskas architecture - qhov no yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim kho siab thiab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm ntau cov tswv yim, kev tsim kho ntawm ntau lub tuam tsev hauv Neo-Gothic thiab Neo-Renaissance, nyob rau hauv qhov kev hloov kho tshiab thiab ntau yam qauv ntawm Art Deco. Qhov "ribbed style" ntawm cov tsev siab siab ces tau tsim txhua pawg ntawm cov phiaj xwm thiab cov vaj tse ob leeg hauv Asmeskas thiab hauv AsmeskasSR. Qhov no, piv txwv, yog tus qauv ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets thiab lub tsev ntawm Council of People's Commissars ntawm USSR, tau coj los siv rau hauv Moscow xyoo 1934. [1] Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Tebchaws Meskas, qhov kev zoo nkauj no tau txuas rau dav ntau ntawm monuments, thiab lawv cov décor yuav txawv.
Tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Thoob Ntiaj Teb, kev txhim kho keeb kwm hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas tsis tsum; Cov neoclassicism Asmeskas ntawm xyoo 1910s-1930, tau coj los ntawm qhov khoom kim thiab tsis tshua muaj suab, thiab, ua ntej txhua yam, cov khaub ncaws ntau ntawm lub peev ntawm Washington, qhia rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb txog kev ua yeeb yam thiab zoo nkauj ntawm kev txiav txim siab architecture. Thiab nws tau yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm txheej thaum ub thiab cov ntsiab lus qub hauv cov qauv hauv tsev kawm Chicago thiab neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1910s-1930 uas tau coj mus ua qhov zoo, qhov tseeb mus kom ze ntawm Art Deco masters thaum ua haujlwm nrog archaic ornaments. Txawm li cas los xij, tau kawm paub nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab tau ua pov thawj hauv kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev ua tau zoo, nyob rau xyoo 1920, Asmeskas cov kws txuj cia li tso tseg keeb kwm kev tsim qauv thiab rushed rau Art Deco nrhav. [2]
Qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 rau American architecture yog lub sijhawm qhib kev sib tw ntawm ob qho yeej - neoclassicism thiab kos duab dai khoom. Cov tuam tsev txhim kho nyob rau tib lub sijhawm thiab ib sab ntawm ib sab yog feem ntau tau tsim hauv cov nroog Asmeskas hauv cov qauv sib txawv. Xws li yog, piv txwv li, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Center Street hauv New York, qhov chaw cov neoclassical cov tsev hais plaub ntawm Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Qib Siab ntawm Xeev New York (1919) thiab lub tsev siab ua tiav ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas lub npe tom qab M. T. Marshall (1933) nyob ib sab nrog Lefkowitz lub tsev (1928) thiab lub tsev Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Coob Tshaj Plaub hauv kev sib tw Art Deco (1939). Kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo sib xws tau nqis tes ua haujlwm hauv Philadelphia, qhov chaw ntawm Art Deco lub tsev xa ntawv (1935) tau tsim nyob ib sab ntawm lub tsev nres tsheb hauv neoclassicism (1933). Kev sib piv pom tseeb ntawm cov kev txiav txim siab txawv sib txawv uas tau ua nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo yog pom nyob rau hauv ntu nruab nrab ob qho tib si hauv Asmeskas thiab hauv USSR
Qhov zoo sib xws ntawm kev txhais cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tsim qauv ntawm xyoo 1930 hauv cov teb chaws sib txawv yog qhov tsim nyog tau txais kev ntseeg ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntau yam - qub, txheej thaum ub thiab tiam tam sim no (kev hloov kho thaum ntxov Art Deco ntawm xyoo 1910). Txawm li cas los xij, thaum piv cov kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm xyoo 1930, cov qauv sib txig sib luag yeej pom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob hauv Ltalis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab USSR, tabsis tseem nyob hauv nroog Asmeskas. Yog li, ib tug qauv piv txwv ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua. "Totalitarian style" tuaj yeem hu ua ob qho tib si lub tsev xa ntawv hauv Chicago (1932) thiab Tsoomfwv Tsoom Fwv Tswj Kev Ua Haujlwm hauv New York (1935) - dai kom zoo nrog eagles txhais hauv Art Deco. Lub North-South axis hauv Berlin tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1930 kuj tseem yog lub ntsiab lus, me ntsis geometrized neoclassicism; txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau lub tsev nyob hauv cov qauv zoo ib yam hauv Washington DC (piv txwv li lub tsev ntawm Bureau of Engraving thiab Printing, 1938) thiab Paris. Xws li cov vaj tsev ntawm O. Perret thiab Fab Kis cov tsev khaws yeeb yam hauv Paris xyoo 1925, 1931 thiab 1937. [4] Yog li, uas tau dhau los ua tus tsim hauv 1920 thiab 1930s, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm thaj tsam no tsis yog ib qho kev hloov tshiab ntawm cov tswv xeev thim txwv.
Hauv xyoo 1930, cov ntsiab lus neoclassical hauv architecture ntawm Washington tau txais ob qho kev txhais - qhov tseeb, raws li nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm K. Gilbert, R. Pope thiab lwm tus, [3] thiab geometrized. Xws li yog, tshwj xeeb, South Railway Building (W. Wood, 1929) thiab Department of Land Resources (kws kes duab vajtse W. Wood, 1936), Tsoomfwv Qibsiab Lub Tsev (F. Cret, 1935) thiab lub tsev loj grandiose Pentagon (J. Bergstrom, 1941). Nyob rau hauv cov qauv zoo sib xws, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Louis Simon tau ua tiav - lub tsev ntawm Bureau of Engraving thiab Luam Ntawv (1938) thiab Truman Corps (1939), ntxiv rau Cohen Federal Building (1939) thiab M. Switzer Corps (1940) tig sib. Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv xws li architecture ntawm teb chaws USA nws yog pom tseeb tias nws tsis yog Palladian pib ntawm cov classics, tab sis lub geometrism txhav ntawm Ancient Tim lyiv teb chaws thiab txawm tias sib piv nrog Italian architecture ntawm xyoo 1930, thiaj li hu ua. style littorio.
Cov qauv ntawm lub sijhawm sib xyaw ua haujlwm tau dav siv cov kev hloov tshiab ntawm xyoo 1900-1910s - ib qho kev txiav txim rov qab mus rau lub archaic tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab cov peev, nqa tawm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Tessenov, Behrens, Perret, ntxiv rau Hoffman's fluted pilasters. [5] Hauv xyoo 1930, cov qauv zoo sib xws, tsim ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm neoclassicism thiab kos duab dai, pib nquag txhim kho ob qho tib si hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas, nws txaus los piv rau Lefkowitz lub tsev hauv New York (tus kws kes duab V. Hogard, 1928) thiab lub tsev ntawm Council of People's Commissars USSR (kws kes duab vajtse A. Ya. Langman, 1934). Cov qauv tsev qiv ntawv zoo ib yam rau lawv. IN THIAB. Lenin hauv Moscow (1928) tau tsa ob lub tuam tsev Washington los ntawm F. Cret, tsim nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Lub Tsev Muag Ntawv Shakespeare (1929) thiab Federal Reserve Building (1935). Tej hauj lwm kom meej meej txawv ntawm qhov tseeb neoclassicism, uas tsis tau nqa lub zog tagnrho. [6] Thiab nws yog qhov kev txiav txim siab geometrized uas tau dhau los, raws li nws zoo nkaus li, lub cim ntawm xyoo 1930s. Txawm li cas los xij, totalitarianism siv tawm los nthuav qhia lub zog ntawm ob qhov kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910-1920 (avant-garde thiab kos duab dai) thiab keeb kwm kev tsim ua vaj tsev yav dhau los.
Cia peb taw qhia tias qhov kev txiav txim lag luam geometrized ntawm xyoo 1910-1930 yog ascetic, i.e. devoid ntawm lub priori txais tau nyob rau hauv lub classics ntawm antiquity thiab Renaissance motives. Nws tau nyob ze rau lwm qhov chaw - lub caij nyoog phem heev thiab tsis xav txog tiam neeg niaj hnub no. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov duality no uas tso cai rau peb xav txog qhov kev txiav txim siab geometrized ntawm xyoo 1910-1930 nyob rau hauv cov txuj ci kev kos duab ntawm Art Deco, raws li cov qauv coj los ntawm neoarchaism thiab geometrization ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm historicism.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm xyoo 1920-1930 yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm interstyle ua haujlwm uas yog ob qho hauv lawv lub hauv paus, ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm neoarchaic thiab avant-garde. Xws li cov kev txiav txim siab geometrized, thiab skyscrapers ntawm America, thiab txawm tias cov style ntawm Soviet cov haujlwm ntawm xyoo 1930. Qhov no yog qhov xwm ntawm Art Deco - tus qauv zoo, tsis meej thiab, txawm li cas los xij, ua rau hauv lub architecture ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930.
Sau cia hauv lawv qhov kev tsim kho thiab yam xws li tshuab daws teeb meem, coj thiab kho kom zoo nkauj nrog cov ntoo zoo, cov skyscrapers ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas tau dhau los ua lub cim faus ntawm neoarchaism thiab modernism. Yog li, xyoo 1931, thaum ua haujlwm ntawm McGraw toj tsev txoj haujlwm, R. Hood twb ua ke neoarchaic kev sib lees nrog cov kws tsim kho tshiab tsis muaj kev hloov. Xyoo 1932, Hood daws cov kev paub daws teeb duab ntawm Rockefeller Center Phaj nrog plooj li lub la Babylonian ziggurats. Soviet cov kws ua haujlwm kuj tau xav zoo ib yam: xyoo 1934, thaum ua haujlwm rau lub luag haujlwm rau lub Palace ntawm Soviets, Iofan tig mus rau daim duab ntawm lub voos, telescopic Tower ntawm Babel. Cov kws ua vaj tsev nyob rau ob sab ntawm dej hiav txwv tau ntxim nyiam los ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam dhau los. Nws yog interstyle monuments thiab txav chaw uas yog nrov tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev vam meej hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930; qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej hauv Tebchaws Europe (Ltalis), USSR thiab Asmeskas. Lub siab ntawm kev coj ua thiab kev tsim kho tshiab tau tuaj yeem txaus siab rau feem ntau.
Lub ntsej muag ntawm Asmeskas architecture ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s yog qhov hloov pauv sai ntawm cov qauv thiab kev txhais. Stylistically sib txawv yog cov kev tsim kho ntawm cov sau phau ntawv ntawm lub tsev siab siab tshaj plaws hauv New York thiab Chicago. Ib qho piv txwv yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm qee tus masters, tshwj xeeb yog W. Allschlager, J. Carpenter, F. Crete, K. Severens, R. Hood thiab lwm tus neeg [7] Hauv xyoo 1928 Philippe Crete tsim cov duab ntawm Art Deco - chaw nres tsheb nyob rau hauv Cincinnati thiab Shakespeare Library hauv Washington, xyoo 1935 nws txhim kho Art Institute hauv Detroit hauv neoclassicism, Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Reserve hauv Washington - ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov cwj pwm. Qhov zoo sib xws style tau pom nyob hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1930 thiab hauv USSR. Txog cov laj thawj zoo, cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet architecture tau yuam kom hloov cov qauv ntawm lawv cov phiaj xwm ob lossis peb zaug.
Tebchaws Asmeskas, thaum tig ntawm 1920s thiab 1930s, ob nthwv dej ntawm kev hloov pauv tau hloov pauv sai. Thawj nthwv dej tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tsis lees txais ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov keeb kwm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub ntsej muag tshiab. Qhov thib ob yoj, tshwm sim los ntawm qhov pib ntawm Kev Nyuaj Siab Loj, xav kom cov masters nrhiav cov qauv ntawm Art Deco twb tau nyob rau xyoo ntawm kev lag luam thiab ib hom kev kwv yees rau lub loog ntawm tiam no. Cov nyiaj txiag hauv kev lag luam uas tau tawm rau Lub Kaum Hli 1929 maj mam nce lub siab ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam sab nraud. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws yog ob xyoos - 1929 thiab 1930, thaum ib nrab ntawm Art Deco monuments tau tsim nyob hauv New York (ntau tshaj 70 ntawm cov ua tiav los ntawm 1923 txog 1939). [17, pp. 83-88] Txoj kev tsim kho ntau zuj zus ntau zaus, thiab tsuas yog txog xyoo 1932 kev tsim ua tus skyscrapers yuav luag tag.
Art Deco America pheej hmoo rov ua txoj hmoo ntawm J. Hoffman "Vienna Cov Rooj Sib Tham", uas tau poob lag luam xyoo 1932 [8, p. 88] Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Tebchaws Meskas, lub xeev tau muab lub sijhawm thib ob rau kev txhim kho kev kos duab thiab kos duab - los ntawm nyob rau nruab nrab xyoo 1930, "Pej Xeem Kev Tswj Xyuas Haujlwm" tau dhau los xa kev txiav txim rau cov masters ntawm ob qho tib si neoclassicism thiab kos duab dai khoom. Thiab nws yog thaum lub sijhawm xyoo no uas cov neoclassical pawg ntawm Asmeskas lub nroog, Washington, tau ua tiav.
Tus qauv npaj rau Washington, uas koom nrog kev tsim kho tsoomfwv cov chaw ua haujlwm nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Tsev Dawb thiab Capitol Building, tau xeeb txawm tias ua ntej Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau pom tseeb tsuas yog thaum xyoo 1930, thaum ntau tshaj 20 yam tau tsim nyob rau ob sab ntawm lub dav ntsuab kev dav, Khw (thiab tsuas yog plaub ntawm lawv tuaj yeem yog tus tsim Art Art). [8] Ntau yam vaj tse ntawm kev sib lub npe. Daim duab peb sab hauv tsoomfwv, uas tsim ib pab pawg ntawm no, txhua tus yog ua raws li lub ntsiab ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm Mellon corps (A. Brown, 1932) - qhov no yog monumental Palladianism, yos rov qab los ntawm British neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1900. Thiab nws tau ncaj qha rau lub tsev kawm ntawv no, tsim los ntawm rustic thiab Tuscan kev txiav txim, uas tig mus kom ze rau Soviet neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1940-1950s. [9]
Kev sib tw ntawm ntau yam sib xws - neoclassicism thiab "ribbed style" (Art Deco) - thaum xyoo 1930 tau pom nyob hauv USSR thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas. Nws yuav zoo li tias nyob rau xyoo no cov neeg ua haujlwm architecture ntawm ob lub tebchaws qhia txog lub ntsej muag zoo ib yam li hauv style: xws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm Friedman thiab Iofan, Hood thiab Holabert, Zholtovsky thiab cov neeg tsim Washington. [10] Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsuas yog siv sijhawm luv luv sib tsoo, qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm kev tsis sib xws. Xyoo 1930, keeb kwm kev ntseeg hauv Tebchaws Meskas yuav maj mam muab txoj hauv kev Art Art style txoj haujlwm tau pib. Hauv cov USSR, cov khoom zoo nkauj tau hnyav dua thiab ntau dua thiab tau mus txog nws qhov kawg ntawm qhov ua tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog tom qab kawg.
Kev hloov pauv sai ntawm cov khoom siv tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1930 ob qho tib si hauv USSR thiab hauv Asmeskas yog, tau kawg, tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, kev txhim kho style tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lub xeev cov kev txiav txim siab, hauv New York, ntau yam ntawm Art Deco cov qauv cuam tshuam qhov tawm tsam rau qhov tseeb ntawm cov neeg muas zaub ntiag tug thiab kev sib tw dawb ntawm cov neeg muaj txuj ci siab tshaj. Kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov paub zoo ntawm ntau lub tswv yim txheej txheem, ntau txoj hauv kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab lawv tau nrawm dua rau Art Deco kom zoo nkauj. Nrog nws tuaj txog, qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm keeb kwm kev coj ua qhov tseem ceeb thib ob, cov masters tau nqa mus los ntawm kev sim, cov nthwv dej muaj zog ntawm cov style tshiab, cov hauv paus ntawm yog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov ntxov Art Deco ntawm xyoo 1910 thiab lub peev xwm ntawm lub qhov qub. Xws li yog cov yas thiab kev sib txuam rov qab ntawm xyoo 1920-1930s.
Qhov tsis yooj yim ntawm cov kev tsom xam ntawm American architecture ntawm qhov tig ntawm 1920s-1930s. muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau lub ncauj ke, hauv lawv cov thawj coj los ntawm tus kheej tus tswv, zoo li hauv kev hloov pauv hauv lub tswv yim, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm kom zoo nkauj los yog ascetically, hauv neoclassicism (historicism) lossis hauv Art Deco. Yog li, kev txhim kho hauv nroog loj nyob ntawm Michigan Avenue, nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1922-1929, dhau los ua ib qho kev tsim kho vaj tsev zoo kawg ntawm Chicago. sau ib lub crown ntawm yim skyscrapers, sawv cev rau cov sib txawv ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab Art Deco. [11] Txawm li cas los xij, yuav ua li cas teeb tsa ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov kab lis kev cai no? Nws zoo li tias American architecture ntawm xyoo 1920-1930 tuaj yeem raug faib ua tsib pawg: cov neoclassical, neo-gothic, neoarchaic, avant-garde lossis fantasy feem tuaj yeem ua haujlwm, lossis tsim ib qho kev sib txuam sib luag zoo ib yam.
Thiab thawj thawj zaug hauv cov xwm txheej no muaj ntau haiv neeg, muaj tus cwj pwm ntawm American architecture ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1920-1930, tau pom tias ntawm Chicago Tribune kev sib tw xyoo 1922. Nws yog kev sib tw uas tau rhuav tshem kev cuam tshuam ntawm keeb kwm thiab, txawm tias ua ntej xyoo 1925 Paris exhibition, pom cov kev daws teeb meem rau lub tuam txhab skyscraper, ob qho tib si thim rov qab thiab thiab tau txhais hauv Art DecoNtawm qhov kev sib tw, neoclassicism thiab avant-garde, kev ntxim nyiam neo-Gothic thiab monumental neo-romanticism, nrog rau cov kev sib tw thiab ntau hom, qhia meej meej txog Art Deco style, tau nyob ntawm ib sab. Hauv xyoo 1923, qhov tseeb ntawm neo-Gothic version ntawm Chicago Tribune los ntawm Raymond Hood tau nqa tawm. [12] Txawm li cas los xij, kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, zoo li pom tam sim no, tau yeej los ntawm Eliel Saarinen qhov kev sib tw ua haujlwm (1922). Ntxiv mus, ua haujlwm thaum ntxov ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hauv Helsinki (1910), tus tswv Finnish tseem tau nqis tes los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab mus rau kev tsim kho tshiab, los ntawm keeb kwm kev tsim mus rau ib hom tshiab.
Cov kev sib tw tsim ntawm Chicago Tribune lub tsev los ntawm E. Saarinen (1922) tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm American Art Deco, nws yog nws leej twg thawj txuas neo-Gothic ribbing nrog neo-Aztec ledges. Thiab tom qab kev sib tw, Hood pib ua haujlwm txawv, xyoo 1924 hauv New York nws tsim Art Art masterpiece - American Radiator Building. Nws yog thawj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov chaw ua vaj tsev muaj nyob rau New York architects. Nws yog qhov kev tsis lees paub qhov tseeb kev ua dua tshiab ntawm qhov muaj siab (hauv qhov no, Gothic), thiab tib lub sijhawm kev nkag siab tshiab ntawm kev coj ua. Lub loog ntawm geometrized historicism (Art Deco) tau nthuav tawm.
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev sib tw coj los sib tw, kev saib xyuas neoarchaic zoo nkauj ntawm E. Saarinen, H. Corbett thiab H. Ferris, ntau tshaj 40 tus yees tau tsim nyob hauv Asmeskas ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib tus tseem tau muab rau Saarinen. Lwm cov kws ua choj tau los ze rau cov qauv no. Xyoo 1931, Lub Nroog Bank Bank Farmers Trust Building (J. thiab E. Hla) thiab Irving Trust Building, tsim nrog tshuab raj nplaim thiab cov laj thawj, cov khoom zoo nkauj (R. Walker), tau tsa hauv Downtown New York. Lub Tsev Morgan Chaise hauv Houston (J. Carpenter, 1929) tau dhau los ua ib qho haujlwm ntawm Neo-Gothic Art Deco. Kev hloov pauv ntawm Gothic pob zeb gargoyles rau hauv cov naas ej steel noog ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm Chrysler Building (1930) tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev hloov kho hom, "ardecoization" ntawm daim ntawv kos duab ntawm lub xyoo 1920 thiab 1930.
Kev tsim kho Chrysler Lub Tsev, uas tau qhib rau lub Tsib Hlis 27, 1930, yog qhov ua tiav ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov tsev siab, khoom kim heev thiab qhov qub ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Art Deco era. [13] Hauv qhov kawg ntawm Chrysler Lub Tsev, ntau yam kev xav tau ua ke: cov keeb kwm, nruab nrab thiab tiam, cov duab New York (tiara ntawm tus pej thuam ntawm kev ywj pheej) thiab Fab Kis - Lub Rooj vag ntawm Hwjchim ci ntsa iab ntawm 1925 kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris (A. Vantre, E. Brandt) … Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev ua rau lub ntsej muag, nws zoo li yog qhov siab ntawm lub tsev, lossis zoo dua lub luag haujlwm tshiab - tsim lub tsev siab tshaj plaws tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej thiab, dhau li, dhau mus rau Tebchaws Europe, 300-meter Eiffel Tower. Qhov no yog dab tsi sim sai rau tus sau, kws kes duab vajtse William Van Alen, thiab cov qauv kev tsim qauv - ib qho kev sib tw ntawm kev ploj zuj zus arched trusses uas tsim lub npe nrov ua voos qhov rai ntawm lub faadeade. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov ncej nrog kev tsim Gustave Eiffel tau pom nyob rau theem ua ntej kev teeb tsa cov hlau cladding ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm tus pej thuam. Kev txiav txim siab los ntawm cov kev tiv thaiv zoo thiab ua tau zoo ntawm cov laj thawj (cov ntawv sau siab siab-txiv neej), qhov kev txiav txim siab no nkag siab tib lub sijhawm ua kom zoo nkauj. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog Art Deco uas nquag siv ntau cov ntaub ntawv zigzag thiab cov duab qhia, thiab Chrysler Building yog tus yam ntxwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev nyiam ua no.
Qhov Art Deco style tau los ua cov ntsiab lus nrog cov khoom kim heev, ntau yam thiab kev tsis sib haum, nws tsis zoo ib yam li cov qauv qub, qub. Nws txoj kev loj hlob tsis tau ntev rau ib-paus xyoo, tsuas yog tsib mus rau xya xyoo dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb, thiab twb tau nyob rau lub Kaum Hlis 1929 lub cev qhuav dej ntawm cov khoom lag luam pauv tau cim pib ntawm Qhov Kev Nyuaj Siab Loj. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kawg ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, Art Art style muab lub ntiaj teb nws ua tiav ntau tshaj - Chrysler Lub Tsev, qhov no Parthenon ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum.
Yog li, qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm American Art Deco hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s. pom qhov hloov pauv sai ntawm lub vector - los ntawm cov nyom heev rau asceticization ntawm daim ntawv kos duab. Hauv tsib mus rau xya xyoo xwb, cov cuab yeej ua qauv kos duab tau dhau txoj kev los ntawm kev coj ntawm qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj uas tau tsim kho, taw qhia qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1920 mus rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam tam sim no thiab keeb kwm, mus rau kev tshawb rau cov qauv yooj yim twb tau nyob hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev lag luam thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1930. Lub sijhawm xyoo no, tsuas yog muaj cov neoclassical tsim ua ke ntawm Washington txuas ntxiv ua ntu zus. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Thib Ob, cov lus qhia ntawm xyoo 1910-1930 twb tau muab txoj kev coj los ua kev coj ua zoo nkauj ntawm cov tseev tsim ntiaj teb kev coj ua, kev niaj hnub.
Ntaub Ntawv
- Barkhin A. D. Ribbed style ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets B. M. Iofan thiab neoarchaism hauv architecture ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930. // Kawm Txuj Ci. Architecture thiab kev tsim kho. 2016, tsis muaj. - S. 56-65.
- Zueva P. P. Miskas Skyscraper / Kos duab. Lub Cuaj Hlis 1, Moscow: 2011, No. 12. - P. 5-7
- Malinina T. G. Keeb kwm thiab teeb meem niaj hnub ntawm kev kawm kos duab dai style. // Kos duab ntawm lub caij nyoog ntawm modernism. Daim duab Daj style. Xyoo 1910-1940 / Kev sau cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub rooj sib tham tshawb fawb ntawm lub koom haum Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Lavxias Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci. Teb. ed. T. G. Malinin. M.: Pinakothek. 2009. - С.12-28
- Filicheva N. V. Art Deco style: cov teeb meem ntawm kev txhais lus hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Cov Ntawv Los Ntawm Leningrad State University. A. S. Pushkin, 2010 - 2 (2), 202-210.
- Hayot E. Vienna cob qhia: los ntawm niaj hnub mus rau kos duab dai // Daim duab ntawm lub caij nyoog ntawm tiam no: kos duab deco style. Xyoo 1910-1940. - Moscow, 2009. - P.83-88
- Khayt V. L. "Art Deco: Chiv Keeb thiab Kev Ntseeg" // Ntawm architecture, nws keeb kwm thiab teeb meem. Kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm / Phau Ntawv Teev Lus. A. P. Kudryavtseva. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2003.-- S. 201-225.
- Hillier B. Art Deco / Hillier B. Escritt S. - M.: Art - XXI xyoo pua, 2005 - 240 p.
- Shevlyakov M. Kev Txom Nyem Ntau Dua. Tus qauv ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Xyoo 1929-1942 - M. Tsib lub nroog Loos, 2016 - 240 p.
- Bayer P. Art Deco Lub Tsev Tsim Khoom. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1992.-- 224 p.
- Benton C. Art Deco 1910-1939 / Benton C. Benton T., Ntoo G. - Bulfinch, 2003.-- 464 p.
- Bouillon J. P. Art Deco 1903-1940 - NY.: Rizzoli, 1989 - 270 p.
- Holliday K. E. Ralph Walker: Tus Kws Tsim Qauv Ntawm Xyoo. - Rizzoli, 2012 - 159 p.
- Lesieutre A. Tus Ntsuj Plig thiab Splendor ntawm Art Deco Hardcover, - Cov Ntawv Hluav Taws Xob. Xyoo 1974 - 304 s.
- Stern R. A. M. New York 1930: Architecture thiab Urbanism Ntawm Ob Ntiaj Teb Kev Sib Tw / Stern R. A. M. Gilmartin G. F. Mellins T. - NY.: Rizzoli, 1994. - 846 p.
- Robinson C. Skyscraper Style: Art Deco New York / Robinson C. Haag Bletter R. - NY.: Oxford University Press, 1975.-- 224 p.
- Weber E. American Art Daj. - JG Xovxwm, 2004.-- 110 p.
[1] Thaum tig ntawm 1920s thiab 1930s, cov kev txiav txim zoo nkauj qub tau hloov los ntawm fluted pilasters, elongated, nqaj nqaim thiab taw qhia, neo-Gothic daim ntawv. Cov tswv yim no yog npaj los txhawm rau lub ntsiab lus "ribbed style", suav tias yog qhov sib xws ntawm cov txheej txheem kev ua vaj tsev ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov phiaj xwm thiab cov vaj tsev hauv USSR thiab Asmeskas. Ribbing, nrog rau cov paib thiab cov npluav ntsej zoo, dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev ua kom siab ntawm lub tsev siab ntawm Art Art era. Yog xav paub cov ntsiab lus ntxiv ntawm "kev nyiam sib dhos" saib tus kws sau ntawv lub ncauj lus [1, pp. 56-65]
[2] Yog li, tsis yog tus tsim ntawm Washington neoclassicism kawm ntawm Paris Ecole de Beauz Ar, tab sis kuj yog tus tswv nto moo ntawm Art Deco, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog V. Van Allen, tus sau ntawm Chrysler Building, J. Hla, tus sau ntawm Cov Hluav Taws Xob Cov Hluav Taws Xob, thiab R. Hood, tus sau ntawm Rockefeller Center.
[3] Masterpieces ntawm kev rov ua qhov tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem qub yog Lincoln Memorial (G. Bacon, 1915), lub tsev ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas Tsev Hais Plaub Qib Siab (K. Gilbert, 1935) thiab cov tuam tsev ntawm Russell Pope architectural firm - Lub Tuam Tsev Hauv Tebchaws (1935) thiab Jefferson Memorial (1939) …
[4] Cov no yog cov tsev khaws ntaub ntawv pov thawj hauv Paris, daws qhov teeb meem elongated anta tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab cov peev - cov theem ntaiv ntawm S. Letrosne (1925), lub Palace ntawm cov nroog (Col. Laprad, 1931), thiab Trocadero Palace ua rau xyoo 1937 kev ua yeeb yam, Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Niaj hnub nimno thiab Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Chaw Haujlwm Pej Xeem (O. Perret, 1937) Thawj qhov khoom siv rau kev txiav txim siab geometrized hauv Paris kuj tseem yog haujlwm O. Perret - Kev ua yeeb yam nrov ntawm Champs Elysees (1913).
[5] Tsim ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm neoclassicism thiab kos duab dai kom zoo nkauj, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm xyoo 1930 tau tsim kho tshiab ntawm xyoo 1910 - anta kev txiav txim siab ntawm chav seev cev hauv Hellerau (kws kes duab vajtse G. Tessenov, 1910), lub tsev ntawm German Xab Tham Thib hauv St. Petersburg (tus kws kes duab vajtse P. Behrens, 1911), thiab Hoffman cov tsev (Primavesi villas hauv Vienna, 1913, pavilions hauv Rome, 1911 thiab Cologne, 1914). Qhov kev txiav txim siab geometrized ntawm xyoo 1910-1930, elongated thiab twb devoid ntawm lub hauv paus thiab capitals, rov qab tsis ntau rau Greco-Roman kev coj ua, tab sis theej rau lub archaic, lub asceticism ntawm lub tuam tsev Iyiv ancient Hatshepsut, lub pluav plooj paim. nplooj pu ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm Persipol, Npanpiloo, Tim lyiv teb chaws, nrog rau kev tsuas yog tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qhov ntxa Roman qhov ntxa ntawm Baker Evrysak (1 xyoo pua BC).
[6] Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neoclassicism ntawm I. V. Zholtovsky nyob rau hauv Moscow los yog Washington cov tuam tsev ntawm R. Pope, cov khoom siv ntau yam ntawm McKim, Mead thiab White lub tuam txhab - los ntawm German pavilion ntawm Paris exhibition xyoo 1937 (A. Speer), cov style uas tau los ua lub cim ntawm totalitarian architecture. Cov.
[7] Xyoo 1929 tus kws kes duab vajtse V. Allschlager tab tom tsim lub tsev so zoo nkauj Inter Continental Hotel hauv Chicago, thiab hauv nws cov qauv tsim kom zoo nkauj ob qho tib si kev xav thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev siv cov yas tam sim no yog qhov pom tseeb - Saarinen yees siv hauv Finland thiab Berlage Amsterdam cov pauv pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Allschlager tau ua haujlwm hauv kev coj zoo;
[8] Tsuas yog Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Shakespeare (F. Crete, 1929) thiab lub tsev nyob ze John Adams (D. Lin, 1939), dai kom zoo nrog neoarchaic reliefs los ntawm Lee Lowry, yog ntawm cov qauv tshaj plaws ntawm Art Art style hauv Washington Cov. Ntawm cov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov cwj pwm, Tsoom Fwv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Reserve (F. Crete, 1935) thiab ascetic tej hauj lwm ntawm L. Simon, feem ntau yog lub tsev ntawm Bureau of Engraving thiab Luam Ntawv (1938), tau tsim.
[9] Yog li, cov neoclassical facades ntawm grandiose Hoover lub tsev (L. Ayres, 1932) thiab Clinton semicircular tsev (V. Delano, C. Aldrich, 1934) tau tig los ua stylistically ze rau Soviet tom qab ua tsov ua rog architecture - thaj chaw nyob hauv Leningrad hauv thaj chaw Bolshoy P. S., Bolshoy Pushkarskaya st. thiab lub tsev ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Rau Naval, nrog rau A. V. Vlasov ntawm Khreshchatyk hauv Kiev, thiab lwm yam.
[10] "Ua tiav thiab dhau" - qhov no yog li cas cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov neeg siv khoom Soviet thiab cov kws tshaj lij ntawm 1930-1950 tuaj yeem tsim qauv. Thiab lub ntsiab kev sib tw thiab tus qauv tiv thaiv rau kev ua haujlwm hauv neoclassicism thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm I. V. Zholtovsky yog, nws zoo nkaus li, cov tuam tsev ntawm lub tuam txhab "McKim, Mid & Dawb", txoj kev loj hlob ntawm xyoo 1910s ntawm Park Avenue hauv New York thiab Washington pawg. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo sib xws tau pom los ntawm architecture ntawm Moscow cov tsev siab. Lub tsev siab siab ntawm Moscow State University (240 m) yog cov lus teb rau neoclassical skyscraper Terminal Tower nyob hauv Cleveland (235 m, 1926), Lub Tsev Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws tau tshaj qhov siab ntawm cov neo-Gothic tus yees - Morgan Chaise Tsev hauv Houston thiab Lub Tsev Fisher nyob hauv Detroit.
[11] Cov khaub ncaws no hauv Chicago tsim - lub tsev Wrigley (1922) hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Loire castles, London Guaranty thiab Exident building (1922) thiab Pew Oil tsev (1927) hauv neoclassical, Chicago Tribune tsev (R Hood, 1923) thiab Mater Toer (1926) hauv Neo-Gothic, zoo li 330 Michigan Avenue (1928), Lub Tsev Npav (1929) thiab Inter Continental Hotel (1929) hauv Art Deco.
[12] Cov kab lis kev cai no tau cuam tshuam nrog Asmeskas tsis koom nrog kev ua yeeb yam hauv Paris xyoo 1925 - cov koom haum npaj los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas xav tias yuav tsum muaj cov kev cai niaj hnub no thiab kev tsim qauv hauv lub tebchaws uas tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lawv tus kheej. "Ua raws thiab cuav rau cov qauv qub yog qhov txwv tsis pub muaj" - qhov no yog qhov xav tau xa hauv 1921 rau cov neeg ua khoom siv yav tom ntej. [13, daim 178; 10, p. 27, 59]
[13] Kev Tsim Vaj Tsev Chrysler (1929-1930) tau tshwm sim hauv New York ntawm lub sijhawm zoo nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm skyscrapers. Thiab thaum pib, qhov siab ntawm Chrysler Lub Tsev Tsim Nyog yuav tsum yog 246 m, qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm dhau ntawm tus tuav cov ntaub ntawv ntev ntev - Lub Tsev Tsim Tsa Woolworth (1913, 241 m). Txawm li cas los xij, thaum pib ntawm xyoo 1929, cov neeg tsim qauv ntawm Bank of Manhattan koom nrog "kev sib tw rau ntuj", uas tau tshaj tawm qhov siab ntawm 256 m, thiab tom qab ntawd (tau kawm txog qhov kev tsim qauv tshiab ntawm Chrysler Lub Tsev ntawm 280 m) lawv kuj tau nce tus cim ntawm lawv tus kheej mus rau 283 m. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsim lub tsev Chrysler tsis yog yuav mus nyob rau qhov chaw ua neeg siab dua. Lub 38 m siab stainless hlau spire tau muab sib koom ua ke sab hauv lub tsev thiab thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1929, tsuas yog tom qab ua tiav ntawm Manhattan Bank, tshem tawm thiab tsa rau saum, qhov kev teeb tsa tsuas siv sijhawm 1.5 teev (!). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tag nrho qhov siab ntawm Chrysler Building yog cov ntaub ntawv 318 m. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1931, cov thawj coj siab tau raug coj los ntawm nto moo Lub Xeev Cov Vaj Tsev (380 m).
