Lub keeb kwm ntawm Soviet architecture, uas tau qhia nyob rau hauv USSR (thiab tau qhia nyob rau hauv Russia tam sim no), tau tsim nyob rau hauv xws li txoj kev raws li tsim cov kev xav ntawm spontaneity thiab naturalness ntawm tag nrho nws cov stylistic perturbations. Raws li yog hais tias cov kws ua yeeb yam lawv tus kheej tuaj rau qhov yuav tsum tau los hloov ua ntej "kev qaug zog" niaj hnub architecture rau Stalinist faj tim teb chaws style nyob rau hauv 1932, thiab tom qab ntawd, ntawm kev xav rov qab, rov qab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab xyoo 1950 mus rau niaj hnub architecture hauv Khrushchev version … Lub tsoomfwv tsuas ua raws lawv cov coj noj coj ua …
Daim duab no yog cuav, tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis tus cwj pwm pom zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, lo lus "censorship" tseem yog qhov kev ntog hauv kev sib tham hauv kev tshaj lij. Tsawg tus ntseeg nws qhov muaj tshwm sim hauv Soviet lub sijhawm. Lo lus nws tus kheej tau pom tau tias yog neeg txawv teb chaws thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau keeb kwm ntawm Soviet architecture. Txawm hais tias nyob hauv kev muaj tiag tsuas yog kev tswj hwm tus cwj pwm hnyav tshaj txhua qhov haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv vaj tsev hauv lub teb chaws tiv thaiv lawv cov muaj nyob rau cov xwm txheej uas feem ntau hu ua "Stalinist" thiab "Khrushchev" architecture.
Nov yog cov lus qhia luv luv hais txog qhov kev kho cov plab hnyuv siab raum tau tsim nyob rau hauv USSR tom qab Stalin tau ua ib qho kev hloov kho thoob teb chaws nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1932.
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Txij lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1932 mus txog lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1933 - thaum lub sij hawm tsim qauv ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets tseem tab tom ua - lub sijhawm txhim kho ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv tau dhau los. Tsis meej pem reigns nyob rau hauv architectural ib puag ncig. Tus qauv hloov tau meej meej lawm, tab sis tsis pom tseeb.
Xyoo 1932 tus qauv tsim qauv tau rov kho dua. Hauv Mosproekt, hloov ntawm cov chaw, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm tau tsim, coj los ntawm cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws Soviet thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. [ib qho]
Nyob rau hauv Architectural thiab Technical Council ntawm Mosproekt, ib qho Architectural thiab Art Section ua tus thawj coj los ntawm Zholtovsky nrog kev koom tes ntawm Alexei Shchusev, Grigory Barkhin, Ilya Golosov, Alexander Vlasov thiab Isaak Cherkassky "kos duab theem, tom qab ntawv rov txiav txim siab dua. Lub koom haum tiag tiag tshwm sim, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm, thaum kawg, kom "kho" (hauv cov lus ntawm AV Lunacharsky) kev txhim kho kos duab kom pom hauv txoj hauv kev ". [2]
Qhov no yog li cas cov lus sib xyaw ntawm thawj censorship department hauv Soviet architecture zoo li.
***
Cov ntawv Moscow ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse German Bruno Taut muab lub tswv yim ntawm qhov xwm ntawm kev tswj ntawm lub tshuab no. Taut tau ua haujlwm ntawm Mosproekt xyoo 1932 thiab tau soj ntsuam cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia ua qauv tshiab tuaj sab hauv. Raws li Taut, Zholtovsky cov neeg saib xyuas ib leeg tsuas yog "kev ua tau zoo", nws muaj tsawg tus neeg ua raws, thiab vim li ntawd nws coj tus cwj pwm tsis ceev faj. [3] Tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov no "txoj cai kev nyiam" tso teeb ntawm Bruno Taut cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev sib tw rau cov phiaj xwm dav dav ntawm Moscow thaum Lub Yim Hli 2, 1932, nrog kev koom tes ntawm Kaganovich. Nws hauv nws hais lus, hais ncaj qha rau architecture, hais tias:
“Vim li cas tsis classicism? Tej zaum peb yuav kawm qee yam ntawm no … ". [plaub]
Lub rooj sib tham xaus nrog kev noj mov tag nrho koom nrog Kaganovich, Bulganin, Yenukidze thiab Bubnov. Ntau txoj kev tu kom zoo nkauj tau ua rau Kaganovich thiab tsoomfwv: "… Meyerhold nrog lub tsev ua yeeb yaj kiab tshaj plaws tau tshaj tawm nws tus kws kes duab vajtse zoo tshaj plaws, thiab Zholtovsky tshaj tawm nws thaum kawg ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Academy, uas nws pom tias nws muaj lawm muaj ib txoj haujlwm uas yuav tsum saib taus - tus kws xaws khaub ncaws. " [tsib]
Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tuaj ntawm Moscow nyob rau lub Kaum Hlis 16, 1932, Bruno Taut tau piav qhia txog nws qhov kev zoo siab rau cov haujlwm ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets ntawm lub puag ncig thib peb: Txhua yam ua tau zoo rau cov classics, muaj cai rau Ginzburg, uas yog tus neeg tsis muaj zog heev, thiab Vesnin, uas kuj tsis cais nws tus kheej. Tus qauv ua haujlwm ntawm Shchusev tau muab tso rau hauv tus qauv ntawm txhua qhov chaw ib puag ncig hauv nroog thiab tau ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas Kremlin thiab txhua yam ua rau zoo li khoom ua si. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias qhov phiaj xwm no nrog nws peb lab m23 tseem qhov tsawg tshaj plaws, thaum Zholtovsky los ua ib lub thawv nrog kev nco ntawm Doge's Palace hauv 8 lab m3… Qhov no txhais tau tias tsawg kawg 150-400 lab rubles rau cov nqi tsim kho. Nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj, tom qab lub rooj sib tham ntawm pawg kws tshaj lij tshiab hauv Mosproekt, Shchusev, uas yog tus thawj tswj hwm nyob ntawd, tau hais rau kuv tias nws tau nkees nkees ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets, tias nws txoj kev npaj tau zoo tshaj, tab sis tsoomfwv xav kom cov classicism, uas yog ua tiav unattainable. " [6]
Hauv lwm tsab ntawv, Taut tau qhia txog zaj dab neeg ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Weinstein txog ib qho ntawm cov rooj sib tham hauv vajvoog thiab kev tsim duab ntawm Mosproekt thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1932: “Shchusev thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau ua ntau yam kev kos duab, nrog rau cov neeg qub, thiab txhua yam tsis muaj qab hau., Shchusev zaum ntawm lub rooj sablaj kawg tau pomzoo kawg: txhua yam tuaj yeem sab nrauv. Tib tug neeg uas yuav cawm tau qhov teeb meem no yog Zholtovsky. " [7]
Hauv tsab ntawv rau nws tus tij laug nyob rau lub Kaum Hlis 21, 1932, Taut qhia txog tus cwj pwm phem ntawm lub xeev ntawm Soviet architecture: "Yog hais tias Nazis, thiab lwm yam, paub txog dab tsi tiag Bolshevism zoo li! Kab lis kev cai Bolshevism niaj hnub no: kev tsis lees paub txog kev tsim vaj tsev tshiab, Bauhaus, Corbusier, thiab lwm yam, cov nkauj tshiab, kev hlub rau kev suav lawv tus kheej, rau menyuam roj hmab thiab cov khoom dai rau hauv tsev, rau kev txaus ntshai, tsis mob siab txog kev ua yeeb yam rau cov tsis muaj tswv yim hauv architecture thiab kos duab. " [8]
Taut saib nrog qias neeg qhia txog Stalinist classicism rau hauv Soviet tsim. "Nws zoo siab rau kuv nyob hauv lub tebchaws ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab architecture" [9] nws sau ntawv mus rau Berlin los ntawm Moscow rau Lub Kaum Hli 28, 1932.
Echoes ntawm cov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau cia ntawm tus kws kos duab Evgeny Lansere, uas tau nyob ze nrog Shchusev thiab Zholtovsky nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd thiab sau lawv cov lus sib tham thiab tshuaj xyuas: “Ntawm qhov kev tshem tawm Ginzburg, Lakhovsky (thaj tsam Ladovsky - D. Kh.) Los ntawm cov xibfwb, lawv ua haujlwm - kev thuam ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet. Tso dag txog lub tsev tsim los ntawm Ginzburg. [10] "Tias lawv tseem tau tawm ntawm pheej yig." Br [atya] Vesnins - rau lub sijhawm kawg lawv raug tso cai. Zholtovsky thiab Iofan, tus kws tshaj lij communist, tau raug caw tuaj koom cov rooj sib tham. Hais txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm Shchusev; hais txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm Lunacharsky - raws li nws raug txib kom tawm tswv yim rau Zh [Oltovsky's] qhov project: nws nyob rau 2 teev, pom zoo; tom qab ntawd nws hu ua ib tus xovtooj ntawm tes, tus miv [cem] tawm tsam; sau cov lus tiv thaiv Zh [Oltovsky]; kom "muaj mob." Al [Eksei] Tolstoy tau raug yuam kom sau ib tsab xov xwm [11] (nyob rau hauv "peb kev sau npe") rau kev ua yeeb yam (Shchusev: "Ntawm no yog ib qho scoundrel, tab sis nag hmo nws tau cem kuv lub classics"); Zh [Oltovsky]: "Kuv paub tias yuav muaj thib." [12]
Cov ntawv sau tseg no muab rau ib qho duab nthuav txog kev tawm tsam rau ib qho chaw nyob hauv qab lub hnub nyob rau hauv cov kws kes duab vajtse txoj kev sib haum xeeb - nruab nrab ntawm cov thawj coj hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ib sab tes thiab Zholtovsky thiab Shchusev ntawm lwm qhov, tom kawg ua yeeb yam li cov neeg tawm suab rau tsoomfwv. Cov. Txog Vesnins, Ginzburg, Ladovsky, cov no yog cov kev rov qab tua rog rau kev khaws cia ntawm kev muaj nuj nqis. Txog Zholtovsky, ib yam nkaus. "Classics" raws li lub xeev tus qauv tsim los ntawm nws txoj kev coj noj coj ua yog lub hom phiaj uas tau ua raws li lub xyoo 1918. Rau Shchusev, nws tsuas yog qhov tsim nyog muab lub sijhawm rau qhov chaw nyob rau saum toj. Shchusev tseem saib xyuas qhov kev tsim kho tau zoo, uas tseem sau cia los ntawm Lanceray nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv sau hnub Lub Xya Hli 21, 1933 (tom qab daim ntawv sau kawg ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets tau txais kev pom zoo): "Shchusev nyob ntawm kuv qhov chaw nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj rau ntau pawg ntawm cov tsev. Muab cov kev tsim kho tshiab nrog tib neeg pob txha … "[13].
Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Vesnins, Ginzburg thiab Ladovsky xav tias yuav los ntawm Shchusev thiab Zholtovsky tsis tshwm sim rau lub sijhawm ntawd, txawm hais tias lawv cov haujlwm tau hais meej meej poob qis qis, thiab lawv cov haujlwm tau cuam tshuam los ntawm tsoomfwv cov lus qhia.
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Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 23, 1933, kev daws teeb meem tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Tswj Hwm Hauv Nroog Moscow thiab Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Moscow City Council "Ntawm lub koomhaum tsim qauv vaj tse, kev npaj tswv yim hauv nroog thiab faib cov av." Lub Mosproekt Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv tau ua tiav thiab kaum tus tsim thiab kaum tus tsim ua haujlwm kev npaj tau tsim - "raws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog, ua haujlwm hauv qab kev coj ua ntawm lub nroog kev npaj haujlwm thiab tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse." Nws yog qhov sib tw tsim ntawm Mosproekt kev rov ua haujlwm, uas Bruno Taut tau tsim ib xyoo ua ntej sawv cev ntawm Mosproekt cov thawj coj, suav ntawm txoj haujlwm tau cog lus tseg ntawm nws tus thawj coj.
Cov haujlwm ua haujlwm tau raug coj mus rau Pawg Kws Tswj Xyuas Haujlwm thiab Lub Tswv Yim ntawm Moscow Soviet, uas yog tus thawj coj los ntawm Lazar Kaganovich, tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm Moscow Committee ntawm CPSU (B) thiab tus tswvcuab ntawm Politburo ntawm Central Committee ntawm CPSU (B). Yog li, nws tau muab tawm tias lub architecture ntawm Moscow, thiab, yog li ntawd, ntawm tag nrho USSR (txij li lub xeev tau qhia ncaj qha rau Moscow), tau ua tiav los ntawm tus tswv cuab ntawm Politburo.
Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 11, 1933, Eugene Lansere sau hauv nws phau ceev xwm txheej: “Ob Zh [oltovsky] thiab Sh [sev] ntseeg tias lub tsev thav duab sab nraud hauv lub xyoo tom ntej no yuav yog cov tseem ceeb rau tsoomfwv. Zh [oltovsky] muab cov kev qhia hauv architecture [rau] Kaganovich, "tus xibfwb zais cia", hu ua nws Sh [sev. " [14]
Cov huab cua nyob ntawm lub sijhawm no tau muaj qauv zoo los ntawm kev nkag mus hauv Lancer phau ntawv sau hnub tim 9 lub Cuaj Hlis 1935 (los ntawm lub sijhawm no tus qauv tshiab tau xyaum rau peb lub xyoo): “Nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj hnub 8 Kuv tau nyob ntawm Zholtovsky's…. Nyob rau hauv Arplan, hauv architecture, muaj cov txawj ntse hloov. Txoj haujlwm nyuaj kawg li; txhua tus nyob ntawm qab haus dej; Peb tau tawm tsam nrog K [aganovich] thaum 1 txog 3 teev sawv ntxov. Nws tsis lees txais txhua yam, tsis zoo saib. Saib rau “Soviet” tus yam ntxwv, thaum lwm tus tsoomfwv xav tau ib tus zoo nkauj; kev tsim txom tawm tsam kev tawm tsam. " [15]
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Los ntawm tsab cai ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Feem Peev ntawm Tag Nrho Cov Koom Tes ntawm Bolsheviks hnub Lub Kaum Hli 14, 1933, All-Union Academy ntawm Architecture tau tsim los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Central Executive Committee ntawm USSR. Rector Mikhail Kryukov. Nws yog ib yam dab tsi zoo li lub tsev kawm qib siab rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas cov tub txawg uas kawm tiav, uas kawm nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho lub sijhawm rau cov kws tshaj lij.
Raws li nws tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv Academy of Architecture magazine tsim nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, "… kev kawm sab hauv tsev kawm hauv peb lub teb chaws muaj ob qhov kev txiav txim siab: qhov tsev kawm ntawv tau ua tsis tau zoo thiab tsis muaj kev kawm yav tom ntej ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse thiab cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm architecture. Ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav tob ntawm keeb kwm ntawm architecture, yam tsis muaj tus tswv uas yuav muaj tsis muaj tus kws kes duab vajtse zoo, tau qhaj ntawv nyob hauv lub tsev sab nrauv phab ntsa. " [16]
Ib puas tus menyuam kawm tiav kawm tiav yuav tsum txawj kos duab ntawm "kev txhawb nqa cov cuab yeej cuab tam" li ntawm peb xyoos.
Nyob rau xyoo 1938, tag nrho lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv xeev tau raug ntes, Kryukov tuag nyob rau xyoo 1944 hauv ib lub chaw pw hauv Vorkuta. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1939, All-Union Academy ntawm Architecture tau raug kho dua tshiab thiab hloov mus rau hauv Academy of Architecture ntawm USSR, coj los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Viktor Vesnin.
Rau lub hauv paus ntawm chav lis haujlwm tshawb fawb, peb lub koom haum tshawb fawb raug teeb tsa - lub koom haum rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tsa Vaj Txheej Txheem Loj, lub koom haum rau kev teeb tsa pej xeem thiab Chaw Tsim Kho Vaj Tsev, thiab lub koom haum rau Nroog Nroog Kev Npaj thiab Kev Npaj ntawm Cov Neeg. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci, raws li lub koomhaum tshawb fawb, yog ua qhov "txiav txim siab tawm tsam kev xav ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm peb lub tsev kawm ntawv, kev tawm tsam ib qho twg yooj yim thiab dhau mus, eclecticism thiab stylization, nrog cov seem ntawm constructivism thiab cuav" classics ". [17]
Lub koomhaum ntawm txhua tus tswvcuab ntawm lub Academy of Architecture tau tsim. Lawv suav nrog xya tus neeg uas muaj kev tawm tsam ua ntej ntawm "Neeg Kawm Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Architecture" (uas tom qab ntawd muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txawv - tej yam zoo li Soviet neeg sib tw ntawm sciences) [18] thiab 14 tus kws tshaj lij Soviet tshiab. Ntawm lawv yog cov thawj coj hauv kev tsim kho tshiab Moses Ginzburg, Alexander thiab Viktor Vesnin, Nikolai Kolli, Alexander Nikolsky. Tsuas yog nees nkaum leej. Tsis muaj leej twg ntawm ASNOV cov tswv cuab yav dhau los ua nws mus rau hauv cov neeg lim dej qub vaj tsev.
Lub Rooj Sib Tham Ntawm Union of Soviet Tau Txhim Kho tau raug tsim tsa thaum Lub Xya Hli 1932. [19] Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm - Karo Halabyan. Lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua qhov kev hloov ua qauv tshiab. Ob xyoos tom qab, thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1934, hauv Pawg Pab Pawg Koom Tes ntawm Union Tus Kws Kos Ntawv tau xaiv tsa ntawm All-Union Lub Rooj Sib Tham ntawm Cov Kws Ua Haujlwm, cov sawv cev ntawm ASNOV, N. Ladovsky thiab V. Balikhin, uas tsis tau ua pov thawj rau lawv tus kheej tsis zoo ntawm re-kev kawm ntawv, tsis tau pom.
Kev qhib ntawm Thawj Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Thaj Av Hauv Tebchaws Soviet xyoo 1935 tau npaj rau lub Peb Hlis 1936. Kev saib xyuas nws cov kev npaj tau tso rau Alexander Shcherbakov, tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lis Haujlwm Feem Txawv Tebchaws ntawm Central Committee, tus neeg sib tw yav tom ntej rau kev ua tswvcuab hauv Politburo (1941). Txawm li cas los xij, pawg tseem hwv tsuas yog thaum lub Rau Hli 1937. Tej zaum qhov kev ncua sijhawm no tau cuam tshuam nrog lub tswv yim ntawm Viktor Vesnin los tsim "kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub xeev kev coj ua ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev" hauv cov Thawj Tswm Saib Xyuas Neeg rau Tyazhprom. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1935, Vesnin tau xa tsab ntawv nco rau nws lub taub hau Sergo Ordzhonikidze, uas tau piav qhia txog qhov haujlwm tsim kho kom zoo sib xws ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Tus Thawj Kav Haujlwm ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev rau Tyazhprom [20]. Pom tau hais tias, qhov kawg rau cov phiaj xwm no tau muab los ntawm Ordzhonikidze qhov kev tua tus kheej thaum Lub Ob Hlis 18, 1937, thiab tom qab kev poob los ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Cov Neeg Lag Luam ntawm Kev Lag Luam Loj ntawm nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm kev lag luam hauv Soviet.
Viktor Vesnin yog tus thawj coj (thawj coj ntawm Orgburo) ntawm Tsoomfwv Kws Ua Haujlwm ntawm Tsoomfwv Meskas ntawm xyoo 1932 txog 1937, thiab txij xyoo 1939 mus txog thaum nws tuag xyoo 1949 - tus thawj coj ntawm (thawj) Academy ntawm Architecture ntawm U. S. A. R. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li tus sau phau ntawv hais txog Vesnin cov kwv tij, MA Ilyin, sau, "… nyob rau hauv Vesnin ntawm tes, txoj xov ntawm kev tswj hwm yuav luag txhua qhov kev lag luam architecture ntawm Soviet Union tau siab" [21] Cov. Thaj, tom kawg piav txog nws cov xwm txheej zoo kawg hauv Stalin lub sijhawm, txawm hais tias muaj kev ua txhaum yav dhau los.
Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm Union Tus Kws Kos Ntawv tau sawv cev ntawm ob tus tswv cuab tog neeg ua haujlwm (Karo Alabyan, Arkady Mordvinov) thiab cov laus cov kws tshaj lij uas muaj kev tiv thaiv kev ua ntej (Alexei Shchusev, Ivan Zholtovsky, Vladimir Shchuko), thiab cov thawj coj qub qub ntawm kev tsim kho (cov kwv tij Vesnin), Moisei Ginzburg).
Txij li thaum pib xyoo 1930, Union ntawm Soviet Architects thiab Academy of Architecture ntawm USSR ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm censorship department, kom ntseeg tau tias yuav ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm tog nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm kev kos duab thiab kev tswj hwm thoob plaws hauv USSR.
Tsoomfwv Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Hauv Sab Soviet ua txoj haujlwm no kom txog rau thaum hnub kawg ntawm lub zog ntawm Soviet.
[1] “Cais ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kws ua vaj tsev loj nyob rau Mosproekt, nrog rau kev rov ua tiav nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas, kev hloov pauv tus qauv ntawm qhov kev ntseeg siab:" cov kws saib xyuas kev tsim qauv-tus kws sau ntawv "," lub luag haujlwm tsim qauv engineers "raug xaiv, kev tsim qauv vaj tsev tsim, uas tau raug coj los ntawm cov kws sau ntawm cov phiaj xwm IV … Zholtovsky, A. V. Shchusev, G. B. Barkhin, I. A. Golosov, S. E. Chernyshev, A. V. Vlasov, G. P. Golts, M. P. Parusnikov, M. O. Barshch, M. I. Sinyavsky, G. A. Zundblat, A. A. Kesler, I. I. Leonidov, S. N. Kozhin, I. N. Sobolev thiab lwm tus”, Kazus, Igor, Soviet architecture ntawm xyoo 1920: cov koom haum tsim. Moscow, 2009, p. 165, 250. [2] Kazus, Igor, Soviet architecture ntawm xyoo 1920: tsim qauv koom haum. Moscow, 2009. S. 165. [3] Kreis, Barbara. Bruno Taut. Moskauer Briefe 1932-1933. Berlin, 2006, S. 297 [4] Kreis, Barbara. Bruno Taut. Moskauer Briefe 1932-1933. Berlin, 2006, S. 223. [5] Kreis, Barbara. Bruno Taut. Moskauer Briefe 1932-1933. Berlin, 2006, S. 224. [6] Kreis, Barbara. Bruno Taut. Moskauer Briefe 1932-1933. Berlin, 2006, S. 276 [7] Kreis, Barbara. Bruno Taut. Moskauer Briefe 1932 -1933. Berlin, 2006, S. 317 [8] Kreis, Barbara. Bruno Taut. Moskauer Briefe 1932 -1933. Berlin, 2006, S. 285 [9] Los ntawm tsab ntawv los ntawm Bruno Taut tuaj ntawm Moscow, 28 Lub Kaum Hli. Xyoo 1932 ("Hauv ein ulkiges Architekturland ist man hineingeraten") Kreis, Barbara. Bruno Taut. Moskauer Briefe 1932-1933. Berlin, 2006, S. 287. [10] Pom zoo, qhov no hais txog lub tsev ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev rau Cov Nyiaj Txiag ntawm Novinsky Boulevard hauv Moscow. [11] Tolstoy A. Kev tshawb rau monumentality // Izvestia. Xyoo 1932.27 Lub Ob Hlis. Cov ntawv xov xwm tau tshaj tawm hnub ua ntej tshaj tawm ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Kev Sib Tw All-Union rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets (Lub Ob Hlis 28). [12] Lanceray, Eugene. Qhia txog. Phau ob. M., 2008, p. 625-626 [13] Lanceray, Eugene. Qhia txog. Phau ob. M., 2008, p. 740 [14] Lanceray, Eugene. Qhia txog. Phau ntawv peb. M., 2009, p. 756. [15] Lanceray, Eugene. Qhia txog. Phau ntawv peb. M., 2009, p. 189-190 [16] Peb txoj haujlwm // Academy of architecture. - Xyoo 1934. - Zaj 1-2. - S. 5. [17] "Architecture ntawm USSR", No. 10, 1939, p.1. [18] G. I. Kotov, I. V. Zholtovsky, A. V. Shchusev thiab A. I. Dmitriev, G. D. Grimm, A. N. Beketov [19] "Izvestia" No. 167, Lub Xya Hli 18, 1932 [20] M. A. Ilyin. Vesnins. Moscow, 1960, p. 102. [21] M. A. Ilyin. Vesnins. Moscow, 1960, p. 101.
