Lub rooj nthuav qhia tau coj los ntawm St. Petersburg, qhov chaw uas nws tau nthuav tawm hauv Peter thiab Paul Fortress uas yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias Avant-garde Lub Limtiam thiab Lub Koob Tsheej ntawm Lavxias-German 8 Lub Rooj Sib Tham "Petersburg Sib Tham". Lub tswv yim yog los qhia txoj hmoo ntawm lub monuments ntawm xyoo 1920 nyob rau lub sijhawm, yug thiab yeej ntawm daim ntawv tshiab, poob qis thiab rhuav tshem thaum lub sijhawm ua tus thawj ntawm ib tus cwj pwm txawv, kev txhawb siab lossis ploj ntawm cov monuments li no. Kaum ob ntsiav tshuaj nrog cov duab thiab cov lus piav qhia me me qhia meej txog kev siv vaj tse, rov qab kho, hloov, thiab poob. Hauv kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm, cov khoom siv los ntawm MUAR thiab Lub Tsev Khaws Khoom Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm ntawm Lub Nroog ntawm St. Petersburg tau siv.
Qhov tseeb hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau piv cov German thiab Soviet cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm avant-garde tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob - nyob rau xyoo 1910. Cov no yog ob qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv kev tawm tswv yim ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab, thiab tom qab kev hloov kho, nws yog nyob hauv cov tebchaws no tias "thaj chaw sim" tau tsim los kuaj cov tswv yim no hauv kev tsim kho. Txij li xyoo 1919 - txij li muaj kev tsim tawm ntawm Weimar Republic hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes - cov txuj ci tshwj xeeb tau qhib rau kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab, cov txheej txheem ib yam tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1920 thiab hauv USSR. Muaj cov tshiab txheej txheem ntawm cov lej, cov hom tsis tau muaj tsev nyob raws lub neej nyob sib xyaw - cov tsev sib xyaw thiab cov vaj tsev nyob, thiab thaum kawg, hom kev sib hais haum ntawm cov nplai ntawm cov cheeb tsam thiab tag nrho lub nroog. Neue Bauen (Kev Tsim Kho Tshiab) nyob hauv tebchaws Ntsaws Mes Nis thiab Soviet txoj kev tsim tsev nyob tom qab ib txheej dhau ntawm cov vaj tsev tsim thiab cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm hauv zej zog.
Cov ntu German ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tau nthuav tawm los ntawm cov tsev nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm xyoo 1910-30s, tsim los ntawm Bruno Taut, thiab nrog nws - los ntawm expressionist thiab tom qab architecture ntawm Erich Mendelssohn. Neatly rov qab los German siedlungs (siedlung - "sib hais haum") coexist nrog constructivist cov lej ntawm Leningrad architects, distorted los ntawm kev txhim kho ntxhib. Ntawm lawv, nto moo tshaj plaws - ntawm txoj kev Traktornaya, rov tsim kho raws li qhov haujlwm ntawm Alexander Nikolsky, nrog rau cov chaw hauv cheeb tsam hauv Shchemilovka, Polytechnic thiab Kondratyevsky, thiab lwm yam.
Los ntawm txoj kev, ib qho kev nthuav dav txawv yog mob siab rau Nikolsky, uas yog ib feem ntawm txoj haujlwm loj "Los Ntawm Kev Sim rau Kev Siv Leningrad Constructivism "los ntawm St. Petersburg kos duab cov neeg thuam Ivan Sablin thiab Sergei Fofanov ntawm kev txhim kho tom qab Leningrad, tau ua qauv qhia ntawm tib" Petersburg Sib Tham - 2008 ". Muaj tseeb, lawv tsis muaj kev tswj hwm los coj qhov tseem ceeb rau Moscow - cov qauv tshwj xeeb uas tau hais dag hauv cov chav khaws cia ntawm Lub Tsev Khaws Khoom Qub ntawm 80 xyoo thiab tsis tau tso lawv cov phab ntsa ib txwm nyob, koj tuaj yeem paub lawv tsuas yog los ntawm cov duab. Nikolsky yog qhov ntse heev ntawm avant-garde xav nrog qhov kev xav tshwj xeeb rau cov txheej txheem architectural plastics. Nws tej hauj lwm muaj peev xwm muab piv nrog Mendelssohn, tab sis cov xwm txheej ntawm tus qauv ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Leningrad yog qhov txawv me ntsis ntawm German tus kws tshaj lij - nrog rau Lazar Hidekel, Nikolsky yog ib ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm uas coj Malevich lub ntiaj teb Suprematism thiab coj qee yam ntawm nws lub tswv yim rau hauv architecture. Nikolsky tsis tau tsim ntau, nws txoj keeb kwm yog nyob rau hauv cov phiaj xwm hauv cov tub rau khoom ntawm lub rooj sau ntawv, qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua yog nws cov qauv, uas ua rau nws ua tau tsawg kawg yog ib feem txaus siab rau tag nrho lub qub ntawm kev xav muaj tswv yim. Lub gigantic iav dome ntawm pej xeem da dej nyob hauv thaj av Narva, kev teeb tsa ntawm chav noj mov los yog Suprematist cov tsheb ciav hlau nres nrog tus kws tu plaub hau thiab chav da dej tsis muaj qhov sib luag ntawm kev tsim daim ntawv. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov cuab yeej cuab tam me ntsis ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse tab tom raug rhuav tshem - cov pej xeem da dej yuav luag raug rhuav tshem, lub chaw ntau pob tshiab yuav tshwm sim rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub chaw ntau pob Kiri, tsim los ntawm Kisho Kurokawa.
Cov tuam tsev Moscow ntawm xyoo 1920 tau nthuav qhia ib sab, thiab nws yog qhov tseeb tias lawv sib dua, iav, lawv tsis tshua muaj cov yas hnyav thiab pom tseeb ntau dua qub - nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Vesnin 'lub tsev kawm ntawv. Lub caij no, cov monuments ntawm Moscow architectural avant-garde yog ib qho zoo dua paub, muaj ntau cov hype nyob ib puag ncig lawv tsis ntev dhau los … Hauv St. Petersburg, nws nyuaj rau sau tib neeg los tiv thaiv avant-garde, hais tias Ivan Sablin, vim hais tias cov archetype ntawm lub nroog ntawm classical nqi cuam tshuam. Tsis tas yuav cia siab rau cov tub ceev xwm, vim tias tsis ntev los no tau rhuav tshem ntawm Kapranov Palace ntawm Culture pom, cov xwm txheej ntawm lub tsev pheebsuab tshiab uas tau pom, uas qee cov tuam tsev tsim kho, tsis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv lawv. Nws yog qhov nyuaj tshaj los ua raws li kev kho dua tshiab, vim tias qhov ua tau tsawg dua thiab tsawg dua ntawm ib lub tsev kuaj xyuas tau raug cawm. Hmoov zoo, kev kho kom zoo kuj tshwm sim - tshwj xeeb, lub tsev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj npe tom qab hnub nyoog 10 xyoo Lub Kaum Hli, ua raws qhov project ntawm tib qho Alexander Nikolsky ntawm Stachek Avenue, yog qhov muaj hmoo.
Lub tswv yim ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm txoj kev tsim vaj tsev avant-garde yog qhov nyuaj rau peb lub zej zog pom tseeb. Tej zaum ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj yog tias feem ntau ntawm cov monuments tam sim no saib tsis zoo - lawv tau qias neeg thiab txaj muag, uas rau ntau tus neeg siv cov vaj tsev no dhau qhov ciam teb ntawm kev zoo nkauj. Txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm thaj chaw thiab kev ua haujlwm, ua siab tawv tab sis xav tawm mus rau qhov qhia me tshaj plaws kev teeb tsa, laconic yas ntsej muag niaj hnub no pab kom txaus siab rau cov duab qub. Hauv cov tsev ntawm kab lis kev cai, chav ua noj chav ua noj, khw muag khoom noj, tsev kawm ntawv, cov koom haum, cov tsev kawm txuj ci thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm sawv khov kho nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib nrab kab kev txhim kho ntawm cov chav kawm ua haujlwm, coj tau zoo tshaj plaws (thiab vam cia) ntawm cov tuam tsev lub neej tshiab. Niaj hnub no lawv tau tsis ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau txoj kev npaj rau lub nroog, muaj hloov mus rau hauv kev hais lus ntawm lub nroog. Kuj ntau zaus, cov vaj tse no muaj cov haujlwm ntxiv rau sab nraud, qhov hais tawm ntawm qhov ntau yog rov ua haujlwm ntxiv tom qab txuas ntxiv, cov facades tau tev tawm, iav yog npub - thiab nws yog qhov nyuaj rau cov neeg hla-los ntawm kev txaus siab rau qhov zoo ntawm yav dhau los ua siab tawv, nqis peev los ntawm cov neeg tsim tsa lub neej tshiab nyob hauv cov tsev no. Txawm li cas los xij, peb yuav tsum lees tias peb tsis tuaj yeem (tsis muaj kev npaj ua ntej) txaus siab rau qhov qub qub.
Feem ntau ntawm cov monuments ntawm qhov muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab luv luv avant-garde era yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv pheej yig thiab luv luv, lawv nyuaj heev los kho thiab xav tau kho dua tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj peev xwm rov qab cov monuments no rau lawv txoj kev ntxim nyiam (thaum khaws cia lawv qhov tseeb) - raws li kev dag neeg German tuaj dua rau peb. Tej zaum yog vim li cas thiaj li muaj cov lus nug coj txawv txawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm kev nthuav tawm: yog tias peb saib xyuas cov monuments ntawm lub caij nyoog tseem ceeb rau peb, peb yuav muaj qhov tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb, thiab yog tias tsis yog, zoo …
