Archi.ru:
Cov neeg tuaj yeem xav pom dab tsi los ntawm koj cov kev ua yeeb yam, nws lub ntsiab lus yog dab tsi?
Dmitry Mikheikin:
- Xav kom cia siab, Kuv cia siab, qee qhov kev kho ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev saib xyuas ntawm kev kos duab nyob sab hauv nruab nrab ntawm tiam nees nkaum thiab nws qhov chaw hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb. Rau qhov zoo, tau kawg.
Puas yog, hauv koj lub tswvyim, neoclassicism yog lo lus teb rau "Lavxias yog leejtwg", vim hais tias cov classics, yog tias koj saib loj, yog qhov deb ntawm cov kab lis kev cai uas peb niaj hnub xav txog "Lavxias teb sab qub" (medieval, pej xeem)?
- Tsis yog, nws ua tsis tau. Koj nqe lus nug yog cov lus teb. Tab sis qee kis qee yam qauv siv thoob ntiaj teb tuaj yeem thov, uas tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau tam sim no qhov cuam tshuam tsis txawv ntawm "classic", thiab tseem ntau dua vague "neoclassic". Tab sis tsis yog txhua yam yog architecture nrog kab ntawv; thiab cov kua mis nyeem qaub yog tseem "classic" hauv txhua lub khw. Hauv lwm lo lus, kev paub txog keeb kwm ntawm architecture yog qhov muaj peev xwm dhau los ntawm kev tshoov siab, tab sis qhov no tsis txhais tau tias keeb kwm monument yog qhov kev kawm ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau tshawb nrhiav lub cim tshiab ntawm lub tebchaws.
Koj mloog koj lub suab, leej twg yog koj li chaw nyob?
- Tag nrho. Tom qab tag nrho, kev nthuav qhia yuav qhia zaj dab neeg ntawm qhov hloov ntawm "Stalinist" architecture rau "Khrushchev" architecture. Txheeb pom meej meej pom qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev hloov sai, peb yuav pom qee qhov tsis yooj yim ntawm ciam teb ntawm "qub" thiab "tshiab". Yog li, Kuv vam tias yuav rov sib haum xeeb hauv qhov muag pom ntawm tus neeg saib "Stalinist" architecture nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm "thaw", tsawg kawg los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm pej xeem architecture.
Thiab dab tsi yog qhov zoo sib xws? Tom qab txhua tus, txhua leej txhua tus tau swm nrog xav tias avant-garde, neoclassicism thiab Khrushchev lub architecture yog cov thaiv kev, qee yam txawm tias poob nthav ntsib qhov kev sim los ua pov thawj qhov sib txawv …
- Raws li cov lus piav qhia “Neoclassicism” yuav qhia. VDNKh "ntawm Zodchestvo 2014," Stalinist faj tim teb chaws style ", ntawm no hu ua" neoclassicism ", nyob rau qee qhov xwm txheej yog qhov deb ntawm kev ua tus tawm tsam ntawm avant-garde nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav dav: yog tias tsuas yog vim hais tias ob qho avant-garde ntawm twenties thiab "Stalinist" architecture ntawm lub xyoo thirties - xyoo 50 thiab ntxiv tshiab architecture lig xyoo fifties - rau caum tau tsim, hais tias, tib cov kws sau ntawv thiab lawv cov thwjtim. Thiab dab tsi ces yog "neoclassicism" yog tias tib txoj kev ntawm kev tsim-tsim, tib cov qauv tsim qub tau pom ob qho tib si nyob ntawd thiab?
Muaj kev xav hais tias nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, ib co sau ntawv tshem tawm lwm tus. Tsis yog txhua tus neeg tswj hwm kom yoog, Leonidov, Chernikhov, thiab Melnikov, tom qab hnub peb caug, kev xyaum tsis ua haujlwm. Kuv xav hais tias cov classicists tos tawm lub sijhawm ntawm avant-garde thiab xa rov qab, tsis muaj?
- "Peb tsis tau yoog raws" - nws txhais tau tias tsis muaj dab tsi thiab tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi ua nrog architecture. Leonidov ua yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi, tsuas yog rau qee lub sijhawm sab hauv thiab tus ntaiv theem ntaiv hauv Kislovodsk - ci ntsa iab, zoo li tag nrho nws cov dej num. Tab sis Leonidov cov haujlwm tau ua ib qho kev hloov kho hauv ntiaj teb cov txheej txheem. Nco ntsoov tias txhua qhov nws tau ua nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm "neoclassicism". Qhuas lub sijhawm? Tej zaum. Tab sis kuv yuav hais - tsis yog li ntawd: Ivan Leonidov, los ntawm tus tsim ntawm "neoclassical" cov ntsiab lus tau muab los ntawm kev sib raug zoo, yooj yim thiab masterly tsim tej yam tshiab. "Neoclassical"? Txiav txim siab los ntawm cov haujlwm thiab cov duab, qhov no yog tus kws sau ntawv cov lus, uas nyuaj rau kev piav qhia hauv cov qauv paradigm. Leonidov's "ntawv" cov dej num, uas tau taw tawm txoj kev txhim kho ntawm lub ntiaj teb architecture, kom meej meej qhia cov archetypes uas tau muaj tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntiaj teb architecture rau ntau lub eras, suav nrog kev txiav txim architecture.
Tam sim no txog Melnikov: cia peb nco ntsoov, tsawg kawg, peb tes num ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Chaw Haujlwm rau Kev Lag Luam Loj - nws yog dab tsi? Postconstructivism, thiab cov ntsiab ntawm "neoclassicism" hauv nws kuj coj qhov chaw. Lawv puas yog tus kav ntawd? Qhov tseeb tsis yog - nws tsuas yog qhov cuab yeej ntawm hauv tus qauv ntawm tus tswv. Thiab Burov thiab nws cov kev tsim vaj tsev tshiab, tom qab ntawd tom qab tsim kho tsev thiab tom qab ntawd lub tsev loj loj nyob rau ntawm Leningradskoe txoj kev loj nrog cov ntawv luam cov paj ntoo uas ua ntej ornamentalism nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb architecture xyoo 2000, zoo li lub phiaj xwm tsis zoo ntawm Stalingrad Epic monument ntawm xyoo 1944, cov duab uas, hauv essence, tau kev tshoov siab los ntawm cov pyramids hauv Giza. Thiab Shchusev, uas siv los “ua qauv” raws li cov khoom siv ua paj ntaub, tsim cov txuj ci tom qab kev ua tiav. Thiab Vlasov nyob rau thaum ntxov xyoo 50 ua tiav kev tsim kho ntawm Kiev Khreshchatyk, thiab xyoo 1958 tau tsim ib lub cim ntawm tus qauv tshiab - lub Palace ntawm Soviets ntawm Vorobyovy Gory, nyob rau hauv uas nws tsim cov lus ntawm lub tsev tshiab. Cov neeg txawj tshaj lij thiab cov txuj ci zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tswv aforementioned masters ntawm architecture dhau saum txheej txheem kev cai "yeej", lawv tsim lawv tus kheej.
Cia kuv caum cuag koj kab lus kawg, tab sis qhov no tseem ceeb tsuas yog los ntawm kev xam pom ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Kuv tau txais txoj kev xav hais tias tseem muaj txoj kev "rov sib kho" ntawm Stalinist architecture nrog architecture ntawm Thaw, uas koj tau tshaj tawm saum toj no, qee qhov txuas nrog no tsis kam lees ntawm "kev coj ua ntawm kev coj ua" xws li. Lub caij no, cov ntsiab lus txhais tau yog ib qho tseem ceeb, lawv tso cai kom peb paub qhov txawv ntawm kev nyiam ntawm tus kheej thiab epochs-lub sijhawm, tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm architecture
Cov lus nug yog: yog tias koj xav txog "txheej txheem kev cai ntawm cov cwj pwm" yog li tsis tseem ceeb, tom qab ntawd yog dab tsi koj cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv dav dav, dab tsi yog cov archetypes no, thiab dab tsi, qhov tseeb, koj yuav ntsuas qhov keeb kwm ntawm architecture, yog tias koj overshadow lub yeej? Thiab dab tsi yuav koj sib haum nrog?
Nws zoo li rau kuv tias koj qhov kev thov kho qhov kev rov sib haum xeeb nrog kev ntseeg ntuj yog qhov tsis yog qhov kev sib haum xeeb, tab sis kev zam lub kaw koj lub qhov muag, tig mus ntawm qhov teeb meem, cia siab rau kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov cwj pwm xws li. Cov cwj pwm yuav tsis ploj zuj zus, thiab koj poob ib feem ntawm lub tswv yim siv tshuab - thiab dab tsi koj thov kom hloov nws nrog?
- Kuv tsis lees paub lub tswvyim ntawm "style" hauv qee kis, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, Kuv pom zoo los ntawm kev txhais lawv ntau yam ntxiv. Tom qab ntawd, thiab tam sim no, kuv ntseeg, muaj lub sijhawm rau lub forge ntawm "style" los ntawm qhov pom ntawm "keeb kwm" loj ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb, thiab koj tuaj yeem pom tsawg kawg kaum tsib "yeej" thiab cov lus qhia ntawm qhov no mishmash hauv lub sijhawm kaum xyoo, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem ua nws txawm tias yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nkag siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis kom pom tus qauv hauv tsawg kawg ib puas xyoo.
Thiab nws zoo li neoclassicism, raws li nws tau pib nyob rau hauv lub xeem thib peb ntawm lub xyoo pua asl as raws li kev nce qib thiab nkag siab hom kev coj, tsis xaus (nrog luv so rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim kho) txog xyoo 1955, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev sib tsoo: Khrushchev nres txhua yam kom txog thaum 1991 tus kheej "xaj". Nikita Sergeevich raug tshem tawm hauv xyoo 1964, tab sis qhov "kev txiav txim" tseem nyob (hauv kev muaj tiag nws yog txoj cai ntawm Central Committee ntawm CPSU thiab Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Tsoomfwv Meskas ntawm lub Kaum Ib Hlis 4, 1955, No. 1871 "Ntawm kev tshem tawm ntau tshaj hauv kev tsim qauv thiab kev tsim kho "). Thiab tsis muaj ib tug kws lij choj uas ua txhaum mus txog thaum Union pab tau tsoo tag! Tab sis neoclassical cov kws ua yeeb yam hauv xyoo 1980s yog zais ntshis hauv chav ua noj ua kom rov ua txoj haujlwm zoo ntawm "poj koob yawm txwv", ua haujlwm ntawm lub rooj nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib qho kev taw qhia ntawm "ntawv" architecture; thiab txij li xyoo 1991, neoclassicism tau rov qab los thiab loj hlob hauv Moscow nrog kev tawg paj zoo nkauj nrog lub teeb ntawm Yuri Luzhkov. Thiab xijpeem koj noj - txhua yam yog "neoclassicism". Qhov no yog tag nrho cov kev tso dag, ntawm chav kawm, tab sis ntau tus neeg xav txog qhov "classics" xws li, zoo li, tej zaum, nws qhov "zoo dua" tshaj li lwm lub architecture, nws cov theem ua ntej "tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig", "zoo tagnrho" qib.
Nws yog qhov ncaj ncaj xws li txoj haujlwm dav dav uas rhuav tshem txhua qhov nuances uas paub qhov txawv ntawm ib lub sijhawm ntawm lwm lub sijhawm, tshem cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov cwj pwm thiab cov qauv tshiab hauv architecture, zoo li yog tsis muaj kev tawm dag zog zoo, thiab txhua yam tshwm sim, los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hu ua "classicist" - cov no yog cov qauv ntawm yav dhau los, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tsis pom kev zoo ntawm qee tus neeg npau taws, leej twg, txawm li cas los xij, tau muab tso sai sai rau lub sijhawm los ntawm nws tus kheej, rov qab architecture mus rau qhov tsis hloov ntawm kev coj ua ntawm "antiquity", mus rau "classics" nws tus kheej … rau kefir. Kuv rov hais dua ntawm lub hom phiaj. Ntawm no koj yuav tsum to taub qhov twg muaj cov qauv rov ua dua tshiab, thiab qee qhov chaw tshiab - ib qho kev kos duab zoo tshaj - thiab ua li cas cov qauv no tau hloov dhau qhov kev lees paub hauv cov ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm lub sijhawm.
Kuv tau hais txog cov ncauj lus no - "Neoclassicism ntawm VDNKh" - thiab kuv txhob txwm tsis hloov npe, vim qhov no yog qhov qhia tau meej meej ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv peb cov kev xam pom ntawm pej xeem. Kuv tsuas yog muab lo lus "neoclassicism" rau hauv cov lus hais cim, tig lub ntsiab lus no rau hauv "kev hu ua". Qhov tseeb, tom qab lub sijhawm qeeb kawg rau lub sijhawm no hides lub galaxy tag nrho ntawm cov qauv thiab tiam sis ntawm lub sijhawm thirties - plaub caug, suav nrog ntiaj teb architecture, qhov no tsawg kawg yog: Art Deco, postconstructivism, historicism thiab retrospectivism, uas "digests" hauv nws tus kheej lub inertia ntawm neoclassicism nyob rau hauv lub xeem thib peb ntawm 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th centuries, ntau hom eclecticism - hauv ib lo lus, thiaj li hu ua "Stalinist Empire".
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xav txog tag nrho cov mosaic ntawm cov qauv thiab tiam sis, nws yog qhov ua tau los txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus hais txog kev txhim kho thiab xav tias yuav nyob rau lub sijhawm tom ntej kev hloov pauv nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm xyoo tsib caug, nyob rau xyoo-rau-cov laj thawj hauv lawv lub ntsiab thiab tsis yog txhua qhov kev huam yuaj, tsis kev cob cog rua tsuas yog nrog cov nom kev nom tam sim no. Cov qauv ntsuas no muaj qhov xav tsis thoob, hauv lawv koj tuaj yeem pom tus qauv ntawm megalithic architecture, thiab "faj tim teb chaws", thiab rov ua dua ntawm txhua lub sijhawm, thiab cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau muab txhais, piv txwv li, ntawm Burov nyob hauv tib lub tsev loj prefabricated monolithic lub tsev ntawm Leningradsky Prospekt. Tus kws kes duab vajtse ntawm tsiab peb caug - fifties, zoo li tus neeg pleev kob, sau nws cov duab tshiab los ntawm lub sijhawm nws tus kheej, nrhiav hauv eras sib txawv, xws li ntawm lub palette, cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog-duab, ntxuav thiab rov xav txog lawv, sau ib "tsis tas" collage hauv tam sim no los ntawm qhov chaw-sijhawm ntaub. Tom qab ntawd tus kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws tau qhib lub qhov rooj mus rau kev postmodernism. Tsis muaj qhov kev niaj hnub los ntawm lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub thirties thiab plaub caug xyoo hauv kev xyaum, qhov zoo tshaj plaws Soviet kws ua vaj tsev, tom qab avant-garde thiab kev tsim kho ntawm kev sib tw, hauv no "mess" ntawm eclecticism thiab retrospectivism, tau pua txoj hauv kev rau postmodernism hauv lub xyoo rau caum thiab yim xyoo Cov.
Qhov no tau pom meej meej nyob ntawm piv txwv ntawm VDNKh architecture. Hauv qhov no, VSKHV-VDNKh ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov qauv thiab lawv dhau los ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov tau qhia meej meej hauv cov qauv ntawm ib pawg sib dhos, uas ua rau nws pom tau dav dav dav hauv kev txhim kho ntawm Soviet architecture raws li kev tshawb nrhiav txuas ntxiv rau ib hom lus tshiab ob leeg nyob rau hauv xyoo caum thiab rau ntawm lub cuaj caum, xyoo rau caum thiab ua ntej thaum hnub nyoog yim caum.
Koj lub rooj nthuav qhia puas cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub xyoo no ("qhov tseeb zoo ib yam") thiab yog tias muaj, npaum li cas?
- Ntau tshaj qhov ntawd. Kuv tsa cov txheej ntawm Lavxias architecture, kev sib tshuam ntawm cov keeb kwm kev hloov, uas tseem txiav txim siab peb qhov kev pom zoo hauv lub ntiaj teb thiab tus cwj pwm hauv architecture feem ntau. Thiab los txog niaj hnub no, qhov kev hloov pauv no ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, sib cav sib ceg thiab muaj kev sib cav sib ceg hauv zej zog, kev coj, ntawm lwm yam, ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam architectural. Hauv lub sijhawm, qhov keeb kwm no - ob qho tib si "Stalinist" thiab cov cuab yeej tshiab tom qab xyoo 1957, tsis hais txog avant-garde (tom qab tag nrho, keeb kwm pom zoo) - thiab tej zaum yuav yog tus yuam sij rau tus kheej. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib xaiv cov yuam sij no, thiab raws li kuv pom nws, lawv tau pom, thiab ntau dua ib zaug. Tam sim no tus txheej txheem no ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tus kheej hauv architecture yuav tsum tau ua dua thiab rov ua dua yav tom ntej, tsim, tsis hla thiab rhuav yav dhau los.
Qhia peb txog koj qhov project "Xov Xwm Hluav Taws Xob. Ib Khub”. Puas yog ua tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam? Puas yog lub ntsiab kev nkag siab ntawm kev rhuav tshem txuas mus ntxiv ntawm VDNKh niaj hnub no? Los ntawm txoj kev, koj xav li cas txog nws: kev sib haum xeeb los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, tab sis tom qab lub stylistics kuj tseem muaj kev xav, lub ntsej muag ntawm xya caum thiab tsib caug tsis yog saib nkaus xwb tsis txawv, tab sis kuj nqa lub ntsiab lus sib txawv, thiab tam sim no nws zoo li muaj yog ib tug rollback los ntawm cov ntsiab lus rau cov no (los ntawm modernist "chaw" mus rau Stalinist, peb puas yuav hais tias, "dai kom zoo nkauj")?
- Txoj Haujlwm "Radioelectronics. Kev tsim kho tshiab "tsis yog tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev nthuav tawm, nws tshwm sim ua ntej kuv tau kawm txog lub tswv yim ntawm txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm Zodchestvo ua ke nrog cov lus pom zoo los ntawm cov kws saib xyuas kom nthuav tawm hauv lub siab ntawm" neoclassicism ntawm VDNKh ". Lub phiaj xwm yog ua tiav qhov xwm, thiab yog cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev pov hwm ntawm tag nrho cov keeb kwm txheej txheej tam sim no ntawm lub pavilion "thaj av Volga - Radioelectronics". Yog li, peb tes num tsis yog "lub tswv yim kev nkag siab ntawm kev rhuav tshem mus tsis tu ncua" ntawm lub tsev ncaj ncees ntawm VDNKh.
Qhov no yog ib qhov kev tawm tswv yim tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej tam sim no nyob ib puag ncig ntau lub tsev pheeb suab ntawm VDNKh-VSKhV - "Computers Technology", "Metallurgy", thiab cov pavilion "Radioelectronics", ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab zoo tshaj plaws monument ntawm "tshiab" architecture ntawm lig fifties, rau caum - yim caum, thiab kuv yuav ntxiv ntawm no - lub cuaj caum thiab ob txhiab, txij li lub tsev ntawm lub tsev loj xav tau txoj kev txhim kho ntawm architecture los txog niaj hnub no, yog tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev nthuav dav hauv kev tsim kho tshiab tam sim no. Kuv ntseeg hais tias "Radioelectronics" yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv nws cov txiaj ntsig thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb ntawm architecture, suav nrog qhov tseeb tias nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm cov "Stalinist" thiab "tshiab" architecture.
Hais txog ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub "seventies" thiab "fifties". Qhov tseeb yog tias ob qho yooj yim ntawm "thaj av Volga" - "Radioelectronics" yog los ntawm cov xyoo tsib caug, thiab lawv tau sib cais los ntawm tsuas yog 4 xyoo! Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov frontal faadeade ntawm "Radioelectronics" zoo nkaus li, tsawg kawg, zoo li cov architecture ntawm xya caum. Thiab saib cov duab ntawm sab ntug ntawm Radioelectronics, tej yam tseem niaj hnub qhia tau muaj. "Xov Xwm Hluav Taws Xob" yog ib qho ntawm thawj thiab, tsis muaj kev poob siab, ua haujlwm zoo hauv qhov "tshiab" style. Tseem xyaum tsis muaj dab tsi los ua rau hauv cov ntsiab hauv kev niaj hnub hauv tebchaws Soviet, thiab "Radioelectronics" twb muaj lawm. Lub ntsej muag ntawm tus "Volga thaj av" qauv ntawm 1954 muaj nyob rau hauv lawv thawj daim ntawv rau tsuas yog hais txog plaub lub xyoos txij li xyoo 1954 txog 1958, thiab tom qab ntawd tau qee ntu los ntawm lub ntsej muag tshiab ntawm "Radioelectronics" los ntawm 1959 (tsim los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse VM Golstein, nrog kev koom tes ntawm IM Shoshensky, tus tsim qauv: VA Shtabsky, B. Andreauskas) hauv kev hloov ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb tso rau hauv ib qho kev lag luam, uas yog, qee qhov ntawm sab facades tseem tshuav los ntawm "thaj av Volga" nyob rau xyoo 1954 hauv guise ntawm "Xov tooj cua hluav taws xob", thiab tsis tas rau ntawm lub ntsej muag, tab sis kuj hauv chav sab hauv.
Ntxiv mus, tseem muaj thawj version ntawm Povolzhye pavilion nyob rau xyoo 1939 los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse SB Znamensky, uas yog tus cwj pwm ntawm post-constructivism thiab "Stalinist faj tim teb chaws", thiab post-constructivism tau kov yeej hauv volumetric-spatial composition. Tab sis lub pavilion no tau raug rhuav tshem tag, thiab kuv tsis nkag siab vim li cas. Lub pavilion tau tshiab heev thiab zoo heev, txawm tias tsis yog tsis muaj keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm 1954 ib qho tshiab "Volga thaj av" los ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm IV Yakovlev thiab IM Shoshensky tau tshwm sim, uas yog sib xyaw ntawm Art Deco thiab "Stalinist Empire" cov tswv yim. Kuv xav tias cov façade ntawm 1954 tus qauv zoo nkauj heev dua qhov sib piv nrog lub façade ntawm xyoo 1939, es, nws yog qhov rov qab txav nrog txhua qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj av Volga hauv 1954, kom tsis txhob hais qhov sib piv nrog qhov tshwj xeeb kws lij choj kev ua haujlwm ntawm Radioelectronics. Ntawd yog, architecture ntawm "Radioelectronics" nyob rau xyoo 1959 muaj ntau ze rau lub architecture ntawm "thaj av Volga" hauv xyoo 1939, thiab qee qhov yog nws qhov tsis ncaj ncees txuas ntxiv hauv keeb kwm kev xav.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov phiaj xwm ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm cov "pav xov hluav taws xob" (VDNKh) - "Volga thaj av" (VSKhV) xav tias yuav khaws txhua yam zoo tshaj plaws uas muaj peev xwm khaws cia, qhia tawm thiab qhia rau cov neeg siv thoob plaws txhua qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem ua qauv pom thiab dab tsi tuaj yeem txaus siab rau-kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev tsim qauv zoo.
Cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi yog qhov muaj feem thib thiab muaj txiaj ntsig tiag tiag tau nqis los tom qab ib nrab thiab tseem ceeb rhuav tshem ntawm Radioelectronics pavilion, uas yog, cov seem uas tau koom nrog lub sijhawm ntawm cov kav ntev tshaj plaws ntawm cov pavilion - txij xyoo 1959 txog 2014 - thoob plaws nws tag nrho dab neeg txij xyoo 1939. Coj mus rau hauv qhov tseeb qhov tseeb tias lub pavilion ntawm 1954 tus qauv thov kom rov ua tiav tsis muaj, raws li tau hais dhau los, thiab rau 5 xyoo nyob rau hauv nws thawj daim ntawv.
Cov phiaj xwm tsim kho tshiab tau suav tias muaj kev saib xyuas tag nrho ntawm cov seem ntawm "thaj av Volga" ntawm 1954, ntxiv rau txhua qhov chaw muaj feem xyuam "pav hluav taws xob" hluav taws xob. Nws tau npaj cia qee ntu rov kho lub ntsiab ntawm thaj av Volga, rov kho cov qhov dej txhawv, thiab raws li lawv cov recirculation tsis tu ncua. Lub ntsej muag sab ntawm Radioelectronics raug rau kev txhim kho kom ua tiav, txij li lawv tau ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv du, uas zoo heev yooj yim dua kev tsim kho.
Cov vaj huam sib luag tau hloov kho qee qhov chaw hauv lawv qhov chaw qub, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag tau hloov los ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag ntawm cov duab uas zoo sib xws, tab sis ua cov iav nrog cov qib sib txawv ntawm qhov pom vim qhov gradient deposition ntawm txheej metallized rau lub khob saum npoo.
Yog li, yuav muaj kev pom dua ntawm ob lub ntsej muag, uas yuav qhia txog kev txuas ntxiv txuas ntxiv hauv kev nthuav dav ntawm architecture, khaws cia "txheej txheej" ntawm cov eras sib txawv. Nws yog qhov ua tau los npaj cov duab saib ntawm thaj tsam ntawm "qub" thiab "tshiab" facades.
Qhov twg npaj siab yuav ua kom kawg, thiab pej xeem lub siab xav tau yog dab tsi? Qhov tseem ceeb thiab muaj nuj nqis heev ntawm 1954 lub tsev pheeb suab yog qhov ua piv txwv ntawm lub architecture ntawm "Stalinist faj tim teb chaws", nyob rau hauv, ntawm lwm yam, qee qhov kev coj ua ntawm "Art Deco" yog qhov zoo twv.
Tab sis "lub plhaub" ntawm xyoo 1959 qauv thiab ntau tus tsim ntawm sab hauv uas tsim los ntawm lub "qub" thiab "tshiab" architecture muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntau dua keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua.
Cov ntaub ntawv tsis tsim nyog ntawm Radioelectronics pavilion, ntsuas ntawm lub verge ntawm thoob ntiaj teb tiam tam sim no thiab postmodernism, tom qab ntawd tawm hauv xyoo 60 thiab xya, xav tsis thoob nrog cov tshiab ntawm lawv cov kev daws txawm tam sim no, 55 xyoo tom qab. Thiab qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb uas yog li ntawd qhov txawv ntawm txoj kev kos duab ntawm "Radioelectronics" thiab muab nws tso rau ntawm kab nrog cov monuments ntawm architecture uas predetermine kev tsim kho tom ntej.
Cov kos duab ntawm "Radioelectronics" muaj cov lus hais ntawm "qub" thiab "tshiab" - "tsis muaj sijhawm", raws li qhia los ntawm cov sib piv ntawm "keeb kwm" Lub teb chaws ntim thiab niaj hnub silvery "lub cev" ob qho tib si ntawm sab nrauv thiab hauv sab hauv kev daws teeb meem. - los ntawm "classics" mus rau ultra-niaj hnub - zoo li yog "ntws" hauv lub sijhawm, zoo li cov cim lus hauv kev txhais cov duab ntawm lub xov tooj cua tivthaiv thiab xov tooj cua tsis muaj suab nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab nrog lub cev tshwm sim kiag li qhia cov postmodern nyiam nyob hauv pavilion.
Yog li, "Radioelectronics" yog qhov piv txwv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb architecture ntawm lub fifties - yim thiab ntxiv rau ob txhiab.
Nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, xws li kev sib txuas ua ke ntawm "kev tsim qauv" hauv ib lub ntim yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tau muaj dua, uas qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm qhov hloov ntawm eras: "Stalinist" - "thaw".
Hauv "Radioelectronics" lub ya ntawm lub era thiab tus qauv ntawm lub timeless tau ua ke.
Tsis tas li ntawd, Radioelectronics pavilion, zoo li ntau lwm "tshiab" pavilions ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam, tsim tom qab 1957, tau tsim cov duab tshiab ntawm VDNKh nrog cov kev nthuav tawm kev lag luam thiab kev tsom meej rau kev tawm tswv yim tshiab thiab kev lag luam uas hloov chaw Lub Tsev Qiv Siab. Coj mus rau hauv tus account rov qab mus rau qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub npe tag nrho ntawm VDNKh nyob rau xyoo 2014, kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg, rhuav tshem thiab hloov pauv ntawm cov tuam tsev-cov neeg tsim thiab cov nqa khoom ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm VDNKh yog qhov xav tsis thoob.
Ib qho tuaj yeem thuam qhov kev ua txhaum ntawm qhov zoo nkauj nruab nrab ntawm cov ua yeeb yam, lub caj qaum ntawm cov uas tau tsim los ntawm cov tsev pheeb suab-hnub qub, ntawm lub taub hau uas yog lub tsev pheeb suab "Ukraine", uas yog xav tsis thoob nrog nws txoj kev xav tsis thoob thiab zoo kawg, thiab tom qab pavilion "Ua Liaj Ua Teb" ntawm VDNKh. Tab sis kev thuam li no tsis yog los ntawm cov tswv yim zoo. Nyob rau hauv nws cov tswv yim txiav txim siab los rov tsim kho kom ntau li ntau tau ntawm pawg sib koom ua ke ntawm All-Union Agricultural Exhibition, nws tsis lees paub qhov hloov keeb kwm ntawm "cov qauv" hauv ntiaj teb architecture, uas yog cov muaj npe zoo ntawm All-Union Agricultural Exhibition-VDNKh, zoo li hauv cov phau ntawv nyeem zoo txog keeb kwm ntawm architecture nruab nrab thiab ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv pom ntxaij ntawm pom VDNKh (uas tseem tsis tau raug rhuav tshem), ib qho tuaj yeem pom tseeb qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus ntawm architecture ob qho tib si hauv peb lub teb chaws thiab tom qab ntawd hauv ntiaj teb. Thiab qhov no tuaj yeem pom tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov kab ntawm cov ntim thaum sib piv cov facades ntawm "Ukraine" thiab "Radioelectronics", ntxiv rau "VT" thiab qee feem "Metallurgy". Txawm hais tias tawm "zoo li qub" thiab qhov sib txawv sab nraud, cov ntaub ntawm cov faadeade saum npoo yog tsim los ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm qhov ua kom zoo nkauj kho kom zoo nkauj-cim nyob rau hauv daim phiaj orthogonal. Qhov txawv yog tias nyob rau saum npoo ntawm "Ukraine" daim phiaj sib sau ua ke "daim duab" - qhov ntau yog tso tawm los ntawm cov ornamental cog motifs, thiab cov modules "Radioelectronics" thiab "VT" cim cov kev lag luam tshiab, tshaj tawm lawv tus kheej, tau nyob hauv qhov tseeb ib qho tsis suav daws. Qhov no yog tib yam lus ntawm daim duab thiab tshaj tawm, "khoom neeg tsim" thiab "ntuj." Cov thawj coj ua qauv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, uas tsim nyob rau hauv qee 30-40 xyoo ua ntej tsim kho tshiab, tom qab ntawd cov kev sib txawv ntawm "Stalinist faj tim teb chaws" thiab, thaum kawg, "tshiab" architecture ntawm USSR, tau hnov thiab nkag siab zoo heev. Ntxiv mus, lub tsev pheebsuab "Ukraine" ntawm xyoo 1939 tsis muaj tus pej thuam, thiab kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm phab ntsa yog tsis tshua muaj siab thiab nqig txog kev sib txuas nrog xyoo 1954, yog li cov ntawv ntim tseem ceeb, feem ntau, zoo ib yam li hauv qhov sib luag thiab cov caij nyoog mus rau lub tsev loj " Xov Xwm Hluav Taws Xob ", uas tsis tso cai rau cov pavilion los ua kom sib txawv los ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov tuam txhab VDNKh-VSKhV, uas coj los ua tom qab xyoo 1958.
Thiab raws li koj tau nug, hauv qhov xwm txheej no tsis tshua muaj "tig rov qab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus rau cov no (los ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub" cosmic "mus rau Stalinist, peb yuav tsum hais tias," dai kom zoo nkauj "). Kuv tsis xav hais tias cov neeg koom tiag hauv cov txheej txheem xav txog qhov xwm txheej no tob tob. Kuv tsis pom nyob rau hauv no txhua yam keeb kwm rov ua dua ntawm cov xwm txheej thoob ntiaj teb, qhov sib txawv ntawm "Stalin-Putin" hom rau kuv, feem ntau, tsis muaj tseeb. Hauv kev txiav txim siab tshwj xeeb (rau kev rhuav tshem, piv txwv), ib qho kev xav pom thawj zaug uas tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb tob. Thiab qhov no yog qhov nkag siab, txij li kev tshawb nrhiav zoo li no yog nqa los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb tau txais nrog kev paub tob ntawm cov ncauj lus. Kuv hais tawm, thaum kawg, caw cov kws tshaj lij thiab muab txoj hauv kev rau lawv los koom nrog txiav txim siab qee yam, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov xwm txheej nrog kev txheeb xyuas thiab khaws cia ntawm cov tsis tau muaj nqi ntawm VDNKh, Kuv xav tias, yuav zoo dua. Thiab yog tias koj saib qhov xwm txheej dav dua, tom qab ntawd qhov no yuav tsum tau ua thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws.
Koj puas xav tias nws tsim nyog los saib tus kheej thiab qhov tsis zoo tam sim no, lossis nws yuav pom lub laj thawj ntxiv rau lub neej zoo? Los yog, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ntawm tib neeg cov teeb meem, tsis nco qab txog tus neeg qub?
- Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb, tom qab ntawd ib tsob ntoo loj tuaj ntawm nws. Tag nrho lwm yam zoo nyob ntawm nws zoo.
