Lub Rau Hli 2013, Vitra Campus tau rov ua dua tshiab nrog lub laj lim tswv yim tshiab. Nyob saum roob ntawm VitraHaus thiab Buckminster-Fuller Dome, tus kws kes duab Italian Renzo Piano thiab nws lub chaw ua haujlwm Renzo Piano Tsev Rhiav (RPBW) tsim lub tsev Diogenes, uas tam sim no yog lub tsev me tshaj plaws hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws …
Tsim "Diogenes"
Architect Renzo Piano nyob rau hauv kev sib tham hais tias nws tau tsim lub tswv yim ntawm lub tsev me me txij li nws lub hnub kawm. Rau nws, nws zoo li hom kev xav xav tau - nyob hauv qhov kev nkag siab zoo ntawm lo lus. Nyob qhov chaw ntsuas 2x2 meters - tsuas yog qhov chaw txaus rau ib lub txaj, lub rooj zaum thiab lub rooj me me - yog dab tsi ntau cov tub ntxhais kawm architecture ua npau suav txog. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Renzo Piano tseem tsis tau muaj sijhawm los coj lub tswv yim no mus rau lub neej. Tab sis lub sijhawm xyoo 1960, thaum nws qhia ntawm Architectural Association London, nws tau koom nrog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tsim cov tsev mini-format hauv London Bedford Square. Ntxiv rau, nws tsim cov nkoj, tsheb thiab, ob peb xyoos dhau los, cov hlwb ntawm Clarissin tus nuns hauv Ronshan. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov dej num no kuj tseem txo qis hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov nuns nyob, tab sis tsis yog rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm nyiaj txiag, tab sis raws li kev xyeej ntawm kev ua ntau dhau. Lub tsev minimalist yog lub tswvyim uas ib txwm tsis muaj mus tu rau Piano. Tshwj xeeb tam sim no uas nws lub tuam txhab tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm cov dej num loj, xws li lub tsev siab tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe thaum lub sijhawm ua tiav ntawm xyoo 2012 - tus tuam tsev "The Shard" hauv London.
Hais txog 10 xyoo dhau los, ntawm nws tus kheej kev ywj pheej thiab tsis muaj tus neeg siv khoom tshwj xeeb, Renzo Piano pib tsim qauv tsev hauv tsev me me. Hauv Genoa, ntau qhov kev npaj tau tsim - los ntawm cov plywood, pob zeb, thiab thaum kawg, rau ntawm ntoo ntoo. Cov ntawv kawg ntawm txoj haujlwm, uas Piano tau muab lub npe "Diogenes", tau luam tawm thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg 2009 hauv phau ntawv sau "Kev Hloov Renzo Piano" uas luam tawm los ntawm Italian cov ntawv xov xwm Abitare: lub tsev ntoo nrog lub ru tsev gable nrog thaj tsam ntawm 2.4x2.4 metres, 2, 3 meters thiab hnyav 1.2 tons. Yog li, Piano tau nthuav tawm nws lub zeem muag rau cov pej xeem, tab sis hauv cov lus tau sau tseg tias yuav ua haujlwm ntxiv rau "Diogenes" nws xav tau ib tus neeg siv khoom.
Tus kws lij choj Italian tus khub yog Rolf Felbaum, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm Vitra AG. Felbaum nyeem qhov teeb meem ntawd ntawm Abitare thiab tam sim ntawd tau nyiam nrog lub tswv yim ntawm Renzo Piano: Vitra tsis xav txog nws tus kheej cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom tsim ib tus neeg, tab sis suav tias rooj tog yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg ib puag ncig. Tig mus rau keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim rooj tog, peb yuav pom tias lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim qauv ib txwm tau xav txog qhov tib neeg nyob chaw; kev ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw xyoo 1960 thiab 70s ua piv txwv rau qhov no.
Thaum kawg ntawm Lub Rau Hli 2010, Renzo Piano thiab Rolf Felbaum tau ntsib - ob qho tib si yog cov tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Neeg Pritzker cov khoom plig, thiab nws tau txiav txim siab txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm ua ke ntawm Diogenes project. Tom qab peb xyoos ntawm kev tsim, tus qauv tshiab ntawm Diogenes tam sim no tau muab coj los tshaj tawm rau pej xeem nyob hauv thaj chaw Vitra ntawm cov nyom nyom ntawm VitraHaus; Qhov kev nthuav qhia yog lub sijhawm sib txig nrog kev qhib kev nthuav dav Art Art Basel 2013. Qhov no tsis yog qhov ua tiav, tab sis ib qho kev sim uas tau tso cai rau Vitra los tshawb txog lub peev xwm ntawm tsev tsawg. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab no, Vitra yog tus ua ib tug tho kev: thaum feem ntau cov pej xeem tsuas yog nthuav tawm nrog cov khoom uas twb npaj rau cov kev tsim ntau lawm, lub sijhawm no, vim yog qhov nyuaj ntawm qhov project, nws tau txiav txim siab los tso cai rau pej xeem los koom nrog kev kuaj ntawm Diogenes. Cov. Cov lus nug ntawm qhov kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov haujlwm no thiab seb nws yuav nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam huab hwm coj yuav txiav txim siab tom qab.
Minimalist tsev tswv yim
Lub tsev yooj yim sau hauv cov toj roob hauv pes, qhov qauv ntawm cov tsev qub, uas, raws li lub tswv yim qub ntawm tus kws txawj txua qub txeeg qub teg Vitruvius, nyob ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab thev naus laus zis, ua rau muaj nthwv dej tshiab ntawm 18 xyoo pua. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm tooj liab engraving piav qhia txog lub tsev pheeb suab qub ntawm Vitruvius, suav nrog qhov thib ob ntawm "Essay ntawm Architecture" los ntawm Marc-Antoine Laugier hauv 1755. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub tswv yim ntawm minimalist tsev tau nyob hauv lub siab ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse ntxiv dua thiab rov. Qee lub sij hawm qhov tseem ceeb tau hais txog kev ua haujlwm, thiab qee zaum hais txog kev sib raug zoo, xws li "chav tsev them nyiaj ua haujlwm," uas tau dhau los ua kev sib tham hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930. Hauv lub sijhawm xyoo 1960, nyob rau hauv lub chij ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tsev, tsawg lub hlwb tau muab sib xyaw ua ke. Tsis ntev los no, cov ncauj lus ntawm kev sib tham tau yog lub tsev txawb chaw nyob uas tuaj yeem siv thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj ntuj lossis hauv cov cheeb tsam rhuav tshem los ntawm kev ua tsov rog.
Diogenes tsis yog chaw nkaum xwm txheej ceev, tab sis kev paub khiav tawm. Nws tau txais kev xav tias, yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kheej, muaj peev xwm ntawm lawv tus kheej, "Diogenes" muaj peev xwm ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv txhua qhov huab cua thiab tsis hais txog ntawm cov kab ke uas twb muaj lawm. Qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov dej yog sau los ntawm lub tsev nws tus kheej, ntxuav thiab rov qab siv dua. Lub tsev muab nws tus kheej nrog lub zog siv qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum ua kom tiav.
Peb ua neej nyob rau lub hnub nyoog thaum qhov xav tau kom muaj txiaj ntsig kho cov khoom siv hauv ntuj, xav txog txoj hmoo ntawm cov tiam tom ntej, yuam peb kom tsawg dua ntawm "ko taw nyom" uas peb tso tseg. Qhov postulate no yog txuas nrog qhov xav kom "mob siab" rau kev nyob ib puag ncig mus rau cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
Diogenes yuav ua rau peb ib txhia xav txog Henry David Thoreau, uas sau hauv nws phau ntawv Walden, lossis Life of the Woods xyoo 1854: “Kuv tau mus rau hauv hav zoov vim kuv xav ua lub neej zoo, los cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej thiab sim kawm ib yam dab tsi ntawm nws. " Tsis muaj qhov sib thooj tias Ntawv Pov Thawj kuj tseem txiav txim siab nws qhov project "kev hais lus zoo txaus" thiab hais txog "kev nyob ntsiag to ntawm sab ntsuj plig" nws qhia: "Diogenes muab yam koj xav tau tiag tiag thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv."
Raws li kev tsim ua vaj tse, Renzo Piano hais "Cabanon", lub tsev pheeb suab tsim los ntawm Le Corbusier thaum xyoo 1950 hauv Cap Martin ntawm Côte d'Azur, mus rau Charlotte Perrian cov tsev ua vaj tsev prefabricated thiab "Nakagin Capsule Tower" txhim tsa los ntawm Kisho Kurokawa hauv Tokyo xyoo 1972 xyoo. Lub sijhawm xyoo 1960 - thaum ntxov xyoo 1970 yog qhov kev tsim qauv rau xyoo Piano: hauv nws qhov kev xam phaj, nws hais txog Cedric Nqe nrog nws "Kev Lom Zem Palace" thiab lub suab nrov hippie tau muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau nws thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
"Diogenes" thiab nws cov qauv
"Diogenes", muaj npe tom qab tus neeg tawm tswv yim yav dhau los Diogenes ntawm Sinop, leej twg, raws li cov lus dab neeg, nyob rau hauv ib lub pob zeb vim nws xav tias cov khoom lag luam hauv ntiaj teb yuav dhau mus, yog qhov chaw nyob tsawg heev uas muaj nyob ntawm nws tus kheej, raws li qhov muaj peev xwm tus kheej, thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm ib puag ncig. Nkaus los ua ke thiab rooj tog zaum, nws nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm 2.5x3 meters, yog li nws tuaj yeem thauj khoom rau hauv lub tsheb loj thiab txav ntawm qhov chaw. Txawm hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm "Diogenes" zoo li lub tsev yooj yim, qhov tseeb nws yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev saib xyuas, nruab nrog txhua yam kev teeb tsa thiab kev tsim kho tshuab uas ua kom nws muaj kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej los ntawm cov chaw hauv zos: photovoltaic hlwb thiab hnub ci modules, rainwater cia, txee dai khaub ncaws qhuav, qhov cua nkag, lub qhov ci peb npaug. Renzo Piano ua haujlwm nrog Mattias Schuler ntawm lub tuam txhab Transsolar lub npe nrov kom pom cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws rau lub tsev, thaum Maurizio Milan ua tus coj lub cev sib luag. "Diogenes" yog nruab nrog txhua yam uas tsim nyog rau lub neej.
Ntawm sab pem hauv ntej yog ua chav nyob: ntawm ib sab muaj rooj zaum rub tawm, ntawm sab muaj lub rooj zaum ntawm lub qhov rais. Tom qab cov kev faib tawm muaj chav da dej, chav dej thiab chav ua noj, nyob rau hauv uas tsuas yog cov khoom tseem ceeb. Lub tsev thiab khoom vaj khoom tsev tsim ib qho tag nrho. Txhua yam yog ntoo, uas muab rau sab hauv nws cov xeeb ceem. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv nws los ntawm huab cua, sab nraud ntawm tsev yog clad nrog txhuas vaj huam sib luag.
Lub zuag qhia tag nrho cov qauv thiab lub tsev gable zoo li lub duab archetypal ntawm lub tsev, tab sis cov fab sib npaug thiab cov khoom ntxig ntsej muag tau muab qhov pom ntawm cov khoom niaj hnub. Qhov no tsis yog lub tsev me me dog dig, tab sis ib qho thev naus laus zis zoo nkauj thiab ua kom zoo nkauj. Lub ntsiab teeb meem nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias qhov kev loj hlob nyuaj no yuav tsim nyog rau kev tsim kom muaj cov kev lag luam serial. Renzo Piano hais tias "Lub tsev me me no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev taug mus ntev heev uas peb tau mus txog, tsav ib feem los ntawm peb txoj kev xav thiab kev npau suav, tab sis kuj yog los ntawm kev qhia txuj ci thiab txuj ci,".
"Diogenes" muaj ntau daim ntawv thov: nws tuaj yeem ua lub tsev me me, thiab tus kheej lossis cov chaw haujlwm. Nws tuaj yeem nyob qhov yog hauv qhov xwm, tab sis kuj nyob ib sab ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm, lossis tseem - nyob hauv qhov qauv yooj yim - hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm dawb ntawm qhov phiaj xwm dawb. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsim ua ntau pawg ntawm cov tsev zoo li no thiab siv lawv, piv txwv li, ua tsev so lossis tsev qhua. Diogenes yog li me me tias nws yog qhov zoo tagnrho tawm, tab sis txhob txwm tsis muab tag nrho cov kev xav tau rau tib yam. Kev sib txuas lus, piv txwv li, yuav tsum muaj lwm qhov - qhov no yog li cas Diogenes caw koj rov xav txog qhov kev sib raug zoo uas muaj ntawm tus tib neeg thiab zej zog.
Tus sau phau ntawv, Hubertus Adam - Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Swiss ntawm Architecture (S AM) hauv Basel, kos duab thiab kos duab keeb kwm, keeb kwm kev thuam.
Cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm Vitra.
