Lub rooj nthuav qhia nyob hauv chav ntev ntev ntawm Venetian Tsev khaws puav pheej Correr. Nws nthuav dav mus rau hauv tag nrho epic nrog ntau tshooj, tshooj ncua, ntxig rau novellas. Nws cov kev pib: lub ROSIZO Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab chaw teeb tsa thiab Lub Tuam Tsev Hauv Tsev Nruab Nrab ntawm Venice. Txoj haujlwm no suav nrog qhov kev kawm ntawm xyoo ntawm kev phooj ywg ntawm Lavxias thiab Ltalis. Nees nkaum Lavxias tsev cia puav pheej koom nrog nws, suav nrog kev sau ntiag tug.
Thaum pib thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub enfilade, tuab neeg ntau nrog cov duab kos vaj tse, yog tsau los ntawm ob qho qauv sawv hauv nruab nrab ntawm thawj lub tsev thiab thawj chav tsev. Hauv thawj chav muaj ib cov qauv ntawm Villa Rotunda Palladio. Tsis yog qhov dog dig. Ntau dua precisely, tsis txawv txawv. Cov khoom siv tes ua: tsim muaj ntsis, kwv yees. Txawm li cas los xij, yooj yim-ua siab zoo, ua siab ncaj thiab tua nrog kev hwm loj tshaj plaws rau qhov qub. Qhov no tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm tus kws ua yeeb yam los ntawm lub voj voos proletkult, zaum tom qab ua haujlwm hauv qee lub club tsim los ntawm tus kws ua yeeb yam avant-garde. Peb saib ntawm qhov tshwm: thiab tseeb. Tus qauv yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg txawj ua haujlwm pej xeem Alexander Lyubimov. Muaj tseeb, nws tsis ua haujlwm hauv cov koomhaum ntawm kev lag luam tawm hauv Moscow tsim los ntawm Melnikov, tab sis nyob hauv Dmitrov ze ntawm Moscow. Nws muaj hnub muaj tseeb ntawm kev tsim: Lub Rau Hli 1935. Tus qauv khaws cia nyob hauv St. Petersburg Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Cov Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci.
Hauv chav tsev kawg: tus qauv tsim nyob rau xyoo 1997 los ntawm lub tswv yim kws kes duab vajtse Alexander Brodsky. Qhov no yog lub tsev ntawm lub Soviet architectural faj tim teb chaws ntawm lub totalitarian era, ua los ntawm cov av nplaum nyoos rau ntawm cov hlau, tilting ntawm lub kaum sab xis zoo li lub nkoj tog. Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Zholtovsky, feem ntau yuav yog.
Ob hom qauv no tau txhais ob txoj haujlwm hauv kev txhais lus ntawm Palladianism hauv Lavxias thiab nws muaj feem cuam tshuam rau txoj hmoo ntawm Lavxias architecture. Qhov pom thawj: qhov ntxim nyiam ntxim nyiam inarticulate kev hwm rau Palladio ua kom pom kev vam meej ntawm kev kos duab. Thiab tsis tsuas yog architecture. Raws li tus saib xyuas ntawm lub chaw ua yeeb yam, Arkady Ippolitov, pleev xim dawb (phab ntsa) thiab dub (ru tsev) Lyubimov tus qauv (yog tias koj saib nws los ntawm saud) zoo li Suprematist compositions ntawm Malevich thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm: ib lub voj voog dub sau rau hauv ib daim ntawv dawb xwmfab. Ntawm no nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom rov qab piav cov voj voog proletkult uas tau nyob hauv lub citadels ntawm avant-garde - Melnikov thiab Golosov clubs. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntoo zoo li Alexander Lyubimov tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv lawv. Nws yog tus cwj pwm hais tias, thaj, Alexander Lyubimov yeej tsis tau mus rau Ltalis thiab tsis tau pom Rotunda nrog nws lub qhov muag. Hauv qhov no nws zoo ib yam li kaum tus nto moo thiab tsis paub hais tias tus kws kos duab uas tau dai pua pua qhov chaw thoob plaws hauv tebchaws Lavxias nrog tsev nyob hauv Palladian style (ib qho chaw nres nkoj uas muaj cov kab ntawv thiab cov voos pediment) thaum lub sijhawm Golden, Pushkin Hnub nyoog ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias.
Qhov thib ob lub ntsej muag: Lavxias Palladianism yog Atlantis, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev poob dej muaj zog. Dab tsi tshwm sim rau thaj av ntawm lub Hnub Nyoog Golden? Feem ntau lawv tau plundered, hlawv, pov tseg. Lub ntsiab style ntawm Soviet totalitarian neoclassicism kuj tau sunk rau yav dhau los. Yog li cov phiaj xwm ntawm Palladio rau Russia kuj tseem yog tus kws kes duab vajtse melancholy.
Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim cov duab ntawm Lavxias kab lis kev cai thiab nws qhov kev rhuav tshem, tshwj tseg rau lub npe ntawm Vicentist tus ntse ntawm xyoo pua 16 Andrea di Pietro della Gondola (Palladio), txiav txim siab tag nrho kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev ua yeeb yam, thiab cov phau ntawv zoo nkauj rau nws (tus kws kos duab Ira Tarkhanova).
Ippolitov yeej yog lawm: rau Lavxias architecture tam sim no, lub neej ntawm Palladio yog ib yam uas dawb huv, lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav txog architecture txij li huab tais huab tais Peter Alekseevich.
Lub rooj nthuav qhia nthuav tawm plaub keeb kwm ntawm kev txhais lus rau hauv Lavxias ntawm lub npe nrov palladium "Plaub Phau Ntawv ntawm Architecture". Thawj zaug tau ua rau thaum Lub Sij Hawm Tshaj Tawm ntawm Peter mus rau Western lub zog. Nws tau rov qab rau 1699 thiab yog zwm rau tus tub huab tais hluas Dolgoruky (uas tsis paub zoo), koom nrog Peter I hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Loj Loj. Qhov no yog kev tso ua ke ntawm ntau yam kws tsim qauv kos duab. Nws lub ntsiab lus nyob hauv thawj qhov kev paub ntawm cov neeg Lavxias nrog qhov tseeb (nyeem: xaj) architecture. Kev txhais lus thib ob yog Peter Eropkin, tus kws tshaj lij-txawj ntse, raug tsim txom los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam los ntawm kev saib tsis taus ntawm Anna Ioannovna thiab nws nyiam Biron. Tsis ntev ua ntej nws tua nyob rau xyoo 1740, Yeropkin tau txhais Palladio, hais txog qhov kev cia siab rau lub sijhawm ntawm Lavxias architecture dhau los nyob rau lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm xyoo pua 18th. Qhov txhais lus thib peb tau tshaj tawm rau Nikolai Lvov - zoo kawg nkaus autodidact, cov neeg nyiam siv dag zog uas tau qhib kev muaj peev xwm tsim cov multimedia, raws li lawv xav hais tias niaj hnub no, kev sib txuas ntawm ntau hom thiab hom kev ua yeeb yam: suab paj nruag, hloov chaw, kos duab, kos duab, kev ua yeeb yam. Nws txhais lus ntawm ib ntim ntawm "Plaub Phau Ntawv" tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm. Kev txhais lus thib plaub tau tsim nyob rau hauv Lub Hnub Nyoog Nyiaj (thaum ntxov xyoo pua XX) ntawm Lavxias kab lis kev cai los ntawm cov kws kes duab neoclassical Ivan Zholtovsky. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab ib nrab xyoo ntawm oblivion, Palladio tau nco txog hauv kev sib txuas nrog lub architecture ntawm noble estates thiab lawv cov dab dab neeg, Borisov-Musatov zoo siab. Cov txhais lus tau tawm hauv xyoo kev phem xyoo 1937. Thiab qhov no kuj cuam tshuam nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj hmoo ntawm Palladio cov qub txeeg qub teg hauv tebchaws Russia: tagnrho cov tub ceev xwm hauv lawv tus kheej txoj kev pov tseg ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm "qhov tseeb" architecture. Rau lawv, nws yog lub architecture ntawm kev txiav txim thiab tag nrho kev tswj hwm, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub neej. Yog li ntawd, Palladio tau zoo rau ob qho tib si rau Arakcheev (kev txiav txim siab tub rog), thiab rau bureaucratic Nicholas Russia (rau qhov uas Gogol tsis nyiam Palladianism nyob rau hauv Russia, tawm tsam nws nrog kev ywj pheej ntawm Gothic style), thiab rau cannibalistic Stalinism.
Palladio kev txhais lus yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua pov thawj. Thaum pib muaj cov lus … Cov qauv ntawm lub tsev uas nws nyob yog kiag li Palladian classic. Palladian ua ntej yuav paub tau. Thiab txaus ntseeg hauv Palladian. Cov tshooj lus uas sib tshooj, sib lawv liag hauv kev tsim cov khoom ntawm ntau lub tuam tsev thiab cov ntaub ntawv, qhia tias yuav ua li cas lub ntsiab ntawm Palladianism tau cia siab nyob rau hauv Peter tus simaster architecture, ua lub luag haujlwm Pyotr Yeropkin ua si nyob rau hauv kev sib kis ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev (los ntawm pej xeem) kev ywj pheej, yuav ua li cas Palladianism nws tus kheej reigned nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub caw mus rau lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv 1779 ntawm Quarenghi thiab Cameron, yuav ua li cas nws nyob hauv Lavxias tus qub txeeg qub teg, dab tsi ntawm cov neeg tawm tswv yim Nikolai Alexandrovich Lvov yog, yuav ua li cas coj txawv txawv thiab poob nthav nws tau rov qab los nyob rau hauv lub Hnub Nyoog Nyiaj, underwent metamorphoses hauv avant-garde, tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm totalitarian Art Deco, tau sunk rau hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis tseem ceeb, thiab flickers nrog lub teeb hlub ntawm cov keeb kwm kev deb dua hnub no.
Qhov no epic, palace narrative, ntawm chav kawm, nws muaj nws tus kheej thaj chaw thaj av ceremonial daim duab. Ib qho ntawm lawv yog Cameron Cov Duab. Caw los ntawm Catherine II, Charles Cameron tau sau tseg nrog nws qhov kev tsim kho qhov chaw ntawm lub plawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm Lavxias teb sab Palladianism. Ua ntej, nws qhov project rau chav ua noj thiab chav da dej hauv Tsarskoe Selo tau los ua Palladio tus kheej cov tswv yim hauv nws txoj kev kawm txog kev qub txeeg qub teg. Tseeb tiag, tom qab Palladio, Cameron tau kawm txog cov tuam tsev txheej thaum ub thiab xyoo 1772 tau luam tawm tsab ntawv pov thawj hu ua The Bath of the Rome Thib ob, Cameron tau qhia cov neeg Lavxias hais txog kev tsim architecture ntawm xyoo pua 16 tuaj yeem txhais tau tsis yog hauv daim qauv, tab sis raws li txoj kev niaj hnub. Tom qab txhua qhov, nws tus kheej style yog qhov tseeb lus Askiv cov lus ntawm Palladianism, txaus siab nrog cov kev tsim kho thiab kho qhov muag ntawm lub Hnub nyoog ntawm Kev Pom Kev. Ntawd yog, Cameron (zoo li Quarenghi) tau ua pov thawj tias Palladio ib txwm nyob niaj hnub. Thib peb, los ntawm Cameron Gallery zoo li los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb, uas tau npaj rau nws tus kheej los ntawm Niam Catherine hauv Tsarskoe Selo, xoo hluav taws xob dhau mus rau lub nroog Sofia. Lub nroog Sofia, npaj rau tom qab lub laj kab ntawm Tsarskoye Selo, xav tias yuav tsum zoo ib yam li cov nroog zoo nkauj ntawm Renaissance thiab ua kom dawb huv lub tswv yim ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws Kev Txawj Ntse ntawm Greek project ntawm Catherine, raws li uas Russia tau tshaj tawm txais cuab yeej ntawm Orthodox Byzantium thiab Ancient Tim Nkij teb chaws. Thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm tsis muaj lub nroog Sofia (lub tswv yim muab los ua utopian), txog rau hnub no, ua tsaug rau Vajtswv, muaj qhov nyuam qhuav txhim kho Ascension Cathedral. Nws tau tsim los ntawm Cameron, ua tiav los ntawm Ivan Starov, thiab txuas lub iconography ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Constantinople thiab Villa Rotonda. Tag nrho cov kev sib txuas whimsical no tau zoo nkauj tshawb pom hauv cov phau ntawv teev cia zoo nkauj, hauv cov ntawv ntawm Dmitry Shvidkovsky, Arkady Ippolitov. Nws yog qhov ntxim siab uas qhov tsis yooj yim ntawm cov yeeb yam nthuav dav tsis ua rau lawv to taub.
Nws tseem yog lub siab tu siab uas qhov muag pom tau yog me ntsis hais txog los ntawm kev xa mus rau hauv kev txheeb ze rau txoj kev tuag ntawm Palladio nws tus kheej. Nws yog qhov tshwm sim kom nco qab piv txwv ntawm Palladian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Palazzo Barbaran da Porto hauv Vicenza. Muaj ntau ntau ntawm cov khoom pov thawj, cov haujlwm yees duab, qhia meej meej tias qhov tsawg tshaj plaws nuances ntawm lub plastics ntawm Palladian architecture yog nyob rau hauv kev sib piv, hais, nrog cov architecture ntawm nws cov neeg taug Vincenzo Scamozzi. Ib lub phab ntsa tag nrho ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej tau muab, piv txwv li, kom sawv ntsug nrog silhouettes ntawm tsuas yog cov profiles ntawm pob kws ntawm Palladian architecture. Cov lus ntawm Lavxias Palladianism, cov ntsiab lus hais txog kab lis kev cai yog qhov zoo dua.
Nws tsis yog yooj yim los kawm txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhais ntawm Palladian thesaurus nws tus kheej hauv Lavxias version, nws qhov sib txawv ntawm lwm cov ntawv. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau tus neeg tsis tau npaj siab, rau tus uas nws tsis txaus saib rau Quarenghi kev kos duab thiab tam sim ntawd to taub txhua yam. Cov ntawv qhia yuav pab ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm zoo los ntawm tus kws ua zaub mov thib ob, Vasily Uspensky, tshwj xeeb rau Nikolai Lvov, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv los ntawm bizarre Palladian tswb yees thiab cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm Lavxias teb sab autodidact tau tshawb rau hauv qhov kev qhia ntxaws tshaj plaws. Kev hais ua pov thawj tau hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev daws los ntawm dogmas rau Lviv, kev tsim ntawm tus kheej version ntawm cov qauv. Thiab heev wittily cov style no yog sib piv los ntawm Ouspensky nrog lub sijhawm ntawm kaum-xyoo-xyoo Mannerism (qhov tseeb, nws tus tub, uas nyob ntawm 1508 txog 1580, yog Palladio).
Tsis muaj yam ntxwv, tab sis, theej phantasmagoric ntawm Palladian cov ntsiab lus, lawv hais tawm cov phiaj xwm ntawm xyoo 1920 - 1950, los ntawm Alexander Gegello thiab Ivan Fomin rau Andrei Burov thiab Mikhail Sinyavsky. Muaj ntau premieres hauv seem Soviet, txawm tias cov neeg tuaj saib Lavxias.
Peb tsuas tuaj yeem cia siab tias qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm keeb kwm tseem ceeb yuav tuaj txog hauv tebchaws Russia. Raws li cov koom haum npaj, nyob rau hauv Moscow nws tau npaj siab yuav nyob rau ntawm ob qhov chaw: hauv Tsaritsyno Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Architecture.
