Lub Kaum Ob Hlis, peb tau tshaj tawm Anna Bronovitskaya txoj kev tshuaj xyuas peb cov ntawv sau los ntawm Olga Kazakova ntawm Soviet architecture thaum pib ntawm thaw. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb siv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem - "Soviet tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog tiam", evoked cov lus teb tseem ceeb los ntawm keeb kwm thiab kws kes duab vajtse Felix Novikov. Cia peb tsis zais ntawm cov lus tsis sib haum: peb luam tawm ib tsab ntawv thuam lub tswvyim no thiab Anna Bronovitskaya cov lus teb.
Felix Novikov
Peb tsis pom zoo li ntawd
Hauv thawj pawg lus ntawm Anna Bronovitskaya txoj kev tshuaj xyuas "Peb Cov Ntawv ntawm Modernism", luam tawm rau archi.ru rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 25, 2014, muaj ib kab uas ua rau kuv xav tsis thoob thiab kuv yuav hais nws ntawm no, hloov cov ntaub ntawv ntawm thawj lo lus: "… qhov kev tshwm sim uas peb nyuam qhuav pom zoo hu Soviet post-tsov rog modernism." Nws tsis paub meej los ntawm cov ntawv sau hauv qab no thaum twg thiab nrog leej twg cov kev pom zoo no tau pom zoo thiab qhov dav dav ntawm cov neeg uas pom zoo nrog nws. Cuam Tshuam, tab sis lo lus post-tsov rog hauv cov ntsiab lus no nws yog qhov tsis tsim nyog vim tias nws yog anti-keeb kwm.
Thawj zaug kev ua tsov rog tom qab xyoo ntawm Yeej mus txog rau thaum xaus xyoo 1954 yog lub sijhawm lag ntseg Stalinist nrog kev txiav txim siab txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Great Great, zaj yeeb yaj kiab Lub Neej Loj, cov ntawv xov xwm Zvezda thiab Leningrad, nrog rau rooj plaub ntawm cov kws tshuaj lom, hauv huab cua ntawm uas qhov rov tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub ua tau txiav txim siab tsis yooj yim sua, xav tsis txog. Thiab yog tias qhov no tau tshwm sim, nws yuav tau txais tam sim ntawd daim ntawv lo ntawm "cosmopolitanism" thiab "kev qhuas rau Sab Hnub Poob" nrog tom qab kev swb ntawm lub hauv paus. Thiab thaum xyoo 1947 cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Moscow Architectural lub koom haum - cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov tub rog uas tau pom lub sijhawm ua ntej kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm Prague, Budapest thiab Vienna, rov qab mus rau lawv cov kev tshawb fawb, rov ua cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim kho hauv lawv txoj haujlwm kawm tiav ntawm cov tsev siab, lawv cov hauj lwm tau qhia "txaus siab" thiab tus thawj coj xib fwb Leonid Nikolaevich Pavlov raug ncaws tawm los ntawm lub koom haum.
Tej zaum kuv tsuas yog pom cov neeg muaj sia nyob rau "Active ntawm Moscow Cov Kws Tshaj Lij Muab Tswv Yim Raws Kev Cai ntawm Central Committee ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) ntawm Opera" Kev Phooj Ywg Zoo "los ntawm V. Muradeli thiab cov dej num tsim ntawm Soviet cov kws kes duab vajtse", uas yog lub Peb Hlis 12, 15, 17, 19, 1948. Kuv yog nees nkaum xyoo plaub xyoos tus tub ntxhais kawm thiab yuav nco ntsoov txog qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov kev sib tham ntawd. Rau cov neeg uas "pom zoo" Kuv xav kom koj nyeem daim ntawv teev cov khoom muaj nqis ntawd, luam tawm los ntawm CA ntawm USSR xyoo 1992 hauv lub xiav npog ntawm "Kws kes duab vajtse Lub Tsev Qiv Siab" nyob hauv cov npe "Cov nplooj ntawv tsis nco qab lawm ntawm Keeb Kwm Ntawm Tsoomfwv Cov kws kes duab vajtse ". Koj yuav hnov cov kev cai tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev tshaj lij thiab nkag siab txog qhov deb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse thiab Soviet architecture tam sim no los ntawm qhov kev niaj hnub.
Lub apogee ntawm Stalinist style yog lub tsev tsim qauv ntawm VDNKh hauv 1954 thiab, tej zaum mus rau qhov loj tshaj, nws lub ntsiab ntawm Yuri Shchuko. Thiab tsuas yog plaub xyoos tom qab, xyoo 1958, lwm qhov tau tsim tsa - lub Soviet pavilion ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Exhibition nyob rau hauv Brussels los ntawm Anatoly Polyansky, uas dhau los ua "thawj nqos" ntawm Soviet modernism. Qhov txawv yog li cas! Nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv no, Khrushchev tau hais lus ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov neeg tsim tsa hauv Kremlin, tsab cai "Ntawm kev tshem tawm ntau dhau …", 20th pawg neeg sawv cev, thawj zaug hauv Soviet satellite hauv chaw, lub ntiaj teb tau qhib thiab ntau qhov kev sib tw tau muaj uas tau muab rau cov kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub.
Thaum kuv hais "peb", kuv txhais tau hais tias kuv cov phooj ywg, cov kws ua vaj tsev uas nyob, kawm, tsim thiab txhim tsa hauv Stalin lub sijhawm, cov neeg uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tawm mus rau sab nraud, nco txog tus ntsuj plig ntawm "yaj" uas qhov tshwm sim thiab tsim Cov. Thaum lub sijhawm no tseem muaj peev xwm, cov lus siv hais txog kev tsim kho ntawm peb lub sijhawm yuav tsum tau muaj kev sib tham nrog peb. Txwv tsis pub, lub sijhawm no yuav tshwm sim hauv cov kev sib tham thiab tshawb fawb, hauv "cov qauv rau kev ntsuas lub sijhawm no" hauv qhov tsis tseeb.
Peb pom zoo - cia kom tsuas yog Soviet tiam dhau los. Tsis muaj adjective. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm modernism ntawm MUAR hauv 2006 thiab qhov tso rau hauv Vienna xyoo 2012. Tom qab tag nrho, muaj Fabkis txoj kev tsim kho tshiab, muaj Asmeskas, Khab, Senegalese. Thiab tshuav dab tsi ntxiv koj tuaj yeem hu rau peb? Tseeb tiag, nws yog Soviet. Qhov twg yog qhov kuv tau ua nyob rau xyoo 2004, pib ua qhov kev npaj ntawm qhov kev hais dua thawj zaug nrog lub npe no. ***
Anna Bronovitskaya
Teb rau Felix Novikov
Nyob zoo Felix Aronovich!
Cia kuv teb koj cov lus hais kom sai los ntawm cov lus nyob hauv kuv lub cim. Ua ntej, Kuv thov zam txim rau qhov tsis raug ntawm "peb", uas, tseeb, tsis duav txhua tus neeg uas yuav tsum tau koom nrog kev sib tham txog qhov uas feem ntau to taub lub sijhawm yuav pib siv thaum tham txog Soviet architecture ntawm xyoo 1950 - thaum 1980s. Kuv xav nco ntsoov, txawm li cas los xij, hais tias qhov kev sib tham tsis dhau, cov kev xaiv lwm txoj hauv kev kuj tseem siv: "post-Stalinist architecture", "Soviet version ntawm cov tseev tsim ntiaj teb style ob ntawm xyoo pua 20th" thiab lwm tus. Koj lo lus hnyav, tau kawg, yuav tau hnov.
Qhov ob, Kuv xav qhia qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas, nyob rau hauv kev sib tham zoo dua ntawm cov ncauj lus no nyob rau peb lub xyoos dhau los, nws yog kev sib txuas ua ke "Soviet post-war modernism" uas feem ntau tau hnov. Hauv kev hais lus thoob ntiaj teb, raws li koj tsis paub tseeb, muaj qhov sib faib meej ntawm kev sib txawv tiam tam sim no ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 thiab kev ua tsov rog tom qab - Kev Tawm Tsam Tom Qab Kev Tawm Tsam (Modern Warism), aka Mid-Century Niaj hnub nimno. Hauv kev coj noj coj ua hauv Lavxias, peb feem ntau hu ua architecture ntawm 1920s avant-garde, txawm hais tias peb tab tom tham txog cov vaj tse tseem ceeb tag nrho, lossis, uas yog qhov tsis tshua meej, tab sis feem ntau nkag siab, kev tsim kho. Soviet architecture ntawm lub sijhawm xyoo 1950 - 1970s muaj ntau dua nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb zoo ib yam - los yog me ntsis ua ntej - lub sijhawm dua nrog qhov cuam tshuam (txawm tias tsis yog kiag li) kev coj ua hauv tsev ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab niaj hnub. "Tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog" nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ua qhov taw qhia qhov txawv ntawm nws los ntawm "kev ua tsov ua rog", hais txog qhov muaj feem thib ob ntawm nees nkaum xyoo pua, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi txhais tau tias kev niaj hnub pib tam sim tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev ua rog, xyoo es koj piav kom meej li. Kuv tam sim no nyeem ntau heev ntawm ntu xyoo 1940s, thiab hauv kuv lub tswv yim, nws tau nyob hauv qee yam txawm tias lub sijhawm tsaus ntuj tshaj li ib nrab xyoo ntawm xyoo 1930, txawm hais tias, zoo siab, nws tsis tuaj rau tag nrho cov kev rov ua dua ntawm qhov Great Ntshai ho.
Rau txhua qhov ntawd, tus kheej, Kuv tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tawm tsam koj cov lus thov ntawm "Soviet modernism" - qhov no yog nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub daim ntawv lo uas xav tau kev txiav txim siab, thiab ob lo lus zoo dua li peb.
Ua tsaug, Anna Bronovitskaya
