Lub vev xaib uas nws tau npaj los tsim thaj chaw nyob nrog cov lus piav qhia tus kheej lub npe "Lavxias Lub Tsev" yog nyob hauv peb lub hlis tom qab Liteiny Prospekt, ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm Baskov Lane thiab Korolenko Street. Peb lub xyoos dhau los, nws yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsis sib haum txoj cai tiv thaiv lub nroog, uas tau sib cav hais tias cov tsev rhuav tshem ntawm no yog cov seem ntawm cov phom loj ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, thiab cov qhua tuaj noj mov, LSR Group, leej twg, nrog rau cov ntawv tso cai hauv nroog thiab cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv. nyob rau hauv txhais tes, tau sib cav hais tias nws tau rhuav tshem cov vaj tse uas tsis tau tshwm sim. Tom qab xyoo 1932, txawm hais tias cov av cib qub tau siv hauv lawv. Cov neeg tsim tawm, thaj, tswj los ua pov thawj nws kis, raws li kev tsim kho tam sim no pib.
Lub tsev, tsim los ntawm Evgeny Gerasimov, uas nws cov tuam tsev thiab cov haujlwm hauv lub siab ntawm keeb kwm tau paub zoo hauv St. Petersburg, lub sijhawm no, echoing lub npe sau npe, yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm "neo-Lavxias style ntawm thaum ntxov modernism" thiab txais cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov tsev loj loj ntawm kev tig ntawm lub xyoo pua (XIX-XX), cov tsev fuabtais lossis tsev pheeb suab ntaub ntawv uas sib koom ua ke ntau peb lub chaw nrog lub tshav puam, qee zaum qhov dej, thiab qee zaum ntxiv. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, ib qho zoo tshaj plaws yog lub tsev ntawm Thawj Lavxias Pov Hwm Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Tebchaws, tsim ua raws li txoj haujlwm ntawm peb tus kws lij choj Benois: Leonty, Julius thiab Alexander, ntawm Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt (1911-1914 Txawm hais tias lub tsev ntawd yog tus neeg sawv cev zoo ntawm neoclassicism, mob siab rau Ltalis, thiab hauv nws tsis muaj dab tsi Russophile, ntawm nws thiab "Lavxias Lub Tsev" nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm Yevgeny Gerasimov muaj qee qhov sib thooj, ntawm theem ntawm kev sau npe thiab kev xav.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, Gerasimov siv tib qho txheej txheem kev npaj ua ntej, txiav lub tsev nrog lub tshav puam qhib rau hauv txoj kev, uas nkag mus tob rau hauv lub tsev mus txog lub tsev kawg rau ntawm ciam teb sab hauv ntawm qhov chaw. Lub tshav puam dhau los ua "lub hauv ntej parterre" ntawm lub tsev-palace thiab tau tsim raws li - ib lub xwmfab, tab sis cov nyhuv tseem ceeb yog tsim los ntawm kev pom los ntawm txoj kev, hauv cov qauv ntawm txoj kab liab ntawm qhov uas muaj qhov tsis sib xws, maj mam flanked los ntawm ob lub tsev zoo sib xws. Cov tsev hauv cov tsev tsis tshua tau siv cov phiaj xwm no nrog kev qhib qhov rooj nkag mus nkag - hauv cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub, "chaw hauv nroog loj", tab sis nws tau tshwm sim: qee zaum muaj txawm tias muaj kev nyob sab hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov thaiv, uas yog, npog nrog cov kab, zoo li hauv lub tsev ntawm Lavxias Insurance Company ntawm Sretensky Boulevard hauv Moscow.
Qhov thib ob ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug ntau dua: ob tis ntawm U-puab lub tswv yim yog qhov ntug, nruj kaw cov plaub fab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tshav puam, uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov hneev - tsis dhau lub siab, ob-zaj dab neeg, tig mus rau hauv nruab nrab lub tshav puam - parterre. Lub vaj loog yog typologically St. Petersburg "qhov dej", tab sis nws nyuaj heev rau npe lawv vim tias lawv loj, 2,000 m2 thiab ntau dua, uas yog piv nrog lub loog ntawm Stalin cov tsev. Tag nrho "Lavxias Lub Tsev" tag nrho yog kwv yees li ob npaug ntawm nws qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv kev tiv thaiv qhov kev ua tau zoo thaum pib xyoo pua 20, yog tias tsuas yog vim tias nws nyob 6 hais txog thaj chaw loj tshaj plaws: thaj chaw ntawm Benois lub tsev yog kwv yees li ib thaj chaw loj, lub tsev Moscow ntawm Sretensky Boulevard yog kwv yees li ib thiab ib nrab, thiab nyob ntawm no - 2.4 hectares thiab ntau dua 70,000 m2 hauv av cheeb tsam. Hauv qhov no, cov nplai ua haujlwm los txhim kho lub solemnity: qhov nce ntxiv tsis pom kev ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm cov khoom hauv qhov tob hauv peb lub sijhawm, raug rau qhov siab ntawm kab liab, yog pom tias tsis yog raws li txoj kev ntawm cov chaw muaj peev xwm siv tau, tab sis kuj raws li lub ntsiab ntawm cov dav dav crescendo, muab los ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj, lub tshav puam pem hauv ntej, cov nplaig ntse thiab cov yees ntawm lub siab "terem" checkered ru tsev, lush ornamental nyem. Ua ntej peb, twv yuav raug hu, yog qhov kev xa rov qab ntawm Terem Palace, theem-los-theem thib peb lossis plaub txawm tias.
Tam sim no hais txog cov Lavxias style: tsis muaj ntau ntawm nws nyob hauv St. Petersburg, nws feem ntau belongs rau lub tsev teev ntuj lub tsev thiab, ntawm tag nrho, tsis zoo li ntawd, yog li peb yuav tsis pom qhov ncaj qha tiv thaiv lub tsev ntawm Yevgeny Gerasimov ntawm no., txawm hais tias muaj ntau cov piv txwv zoo sib xws ntawm lub periphery ntawm kev nco qab, nws txawm tias qhov twg- tom qab ntawd twb muaj lub tsev sib xws heev, ib yam li ntawd; rau keeb kwm, qhov no tsis meej pem yog laudable. Cov sau phau ntawv qhia txog peb tus qauv: lub zos Fedorovsky hauv Tsarskoe Selo, chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau Moscow Yaroslavsky thiab Moscow Kev Lag Luam Sab Nraud, uas yog, GUM. Lawv lub zog yog qhov nkag siab, piv txwv li, hauv txhua qhov muaj ntau yam yees nrog cov tsev pheeb suab ntaub, thiab hauv GUM lawv tseem tau ua tus tsim hluav taws xob nyob ntawm hauv ntej nkag. Qhov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws tau qiv los ntawm Fedorov lub nroog - feem ntau St. Petersburg ntawm cov npe piv txwv: cov ntaub pua plag ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa, spied los ntawm Pokrovsky ntawm St. George Cathedral ntawm Yuriev-Polsky. Hauv qhov project ntawm Evgeny Gerasimov, lub carving hloov mus rau hauv lub txee-kev pab cuam - nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm cov noog npau suav, thiab nws yog lawv leej twg tsim cov qauv npaus rau ntawm lub ntsej muag. Ntawm no lwm qhov piv txwv tsis muaj npe los ntawm cov sau phau ntawv qhia nws tus kheej: lub tuam tsev chav tsev ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Leon Kravetsky kawg ntawm Chistoprudny Boulevard, them nrog Vladimir-Suzdal crines thiab tom tsov ntxhuav.
Tab sis muaj ib qho subtlety. Ntawm cov qauv ua piv txwv qhia los ntawm Evgeny Gerasimov yog ob lub tsev ntawm neo-Lavxias style ntawm qhov pib ntawm xyoo pua 20th (chaw nres tsheb thiab Fedorov nroog), thiab ib qho, GUM, ntawm pseudo-Lavxias, ntawm qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua puv 19 - tab sis cov no, yog koj saib ze ze, muaj qhov sib txawv. Zoo li no, lub architecture ntawm Lavxias lub tsev sib npaug ntawm lub verge ntawm peb qhov chaw: pseudo-, neo- thiab kos duab niaj hnub.
Los ntawm "pseudo" - kev ua koob tsheej rau hauv tsev, ua kom zoo nkauj nrog daim duab ntawm tus pej thuam los ntawm pob zeb diamond rustic mus rau lub motley ru tsev nrog lub qhov rais dormer; crushing lub dav hlau: qhov rais, pas nrig, ornaments. Cia peb rov qab cim "lub tsev qub" ntawm Igumnov, lub tsev ntawm Fab Kis Fab Kis hauv Moscow, los yog Nikonov chav tsev ntawm St. Petersburg nyob Kolokolnaya. Tab sis tseem muaj dua ib qho qauv ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19 - lub tuam tsev zoo nkauj ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, piv txwv li lub tsev fuabtais Novainstein hauv Bavaria, tsev fuabtais Disneyland, cov lus dab neeg los ua tsim ntawm Wagner lub suab paj nruag romantic. Los yog Schwerin Tsev fuabtais hauv Pomerania. Yog tias koj saib lawv, ntau qhov pom tseeb: exaggeratedly nyias yees, lub vov ntse, xim dawb, hlub rau Romanesque biforia qhov rais, koom ua ke los ntawm ib koov. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus no ib tus zuj zus pom nyob rau ntau qhov chaw, tab sis kev loj hlob bravura ntawm daim ntawv - tej zaum, yuav tso cai rau peb xav txog qhov chaw ua haujlwm zoo nkauj ua ib qho ntawm cov peev txheej ntawm tus sau kev tshoov siab, tej zaum tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tag nrho. Qhov twg, txawm li cas los xij, yog ntuj kiag li rau cov Lavxias style: tsis tsuas yog nws tau pib los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm romanticism thiab pseudo-Gothic hauv nws tshawb rau lub teb chaws tus kheej (nws txawm pib nrog nws), tab sis Lavxias prototypes lawv tus kheej, zoo tib yam ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, tsis yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau Romanesque, lossis South Swiss, lossis North ntsuj plig; los ntawm tib qhov chaw thiab biforia, pub, txawm li cas los xij, thiab ntawm neo-Lavxias style.
Cov ntaub pua plag tsev txhawb los ntawm Pokrovsky yog lub luag haujlwm rau neo-Lavxias style thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th hauv lub tsev no; kev txhais lus ntawm biforia, "nias" los ntawm ib qho chaw sib tw - xws li muaj ntau heev nyob rau xyoo 1910; tongs qhib rau lub dav hlau ntawm lub faadeade; lub ncoo thawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub kaum tsev yees yog cov neeg txheeb ze ntawm squat chthonic sab qaum teb Art Nouveau. Bay lub qhov rais ntawm lub kaum pob zeb loj - du, kos hauv txoj kab sib chaws nruj, sib xyaw nrog zoo nkauj plaub ceg, uas nco txog "Romanesque" lub tsev hauv Kovensky Lane, kaum feeb taug kev ntawm Baskov, dhau los ua qhov nco txog Art Nouveau kom tsim nyog: nws tau tsim los ntawm Evgeny Gerasimov rau tib neeg siv khoom ntawm LSR. Nws yog qhov xav paub dab tsi "Lavxias Lub Tsev" tsis muaj - muaj kiag li tsis muaj platbands ntawm "thooj teeb" los ntawm Lavxias XVII xyoo pua thiab sib luag hlub los ntawm Shekhtel, Pokrovsky, thiab Pomerantsev.
Thiab thaum kawg, kev txhais lus niaj hnub ntawm daim ntawv tsis ploj mus yog: thawj thawj tsib txheej yog txoj kab nrog cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov pob zeb dav dav nrog qhov tseem ceeb ua kom zoo nkauj, tsis yooj yim, tsis muaj subordinate rau tectonics, thiab txawm tias vim tias biforium yog ntxig rau hauv txhua lub cell - tsis tos txais kab rov tav ib feem. Kuv nco qab qhov project ntawm Evgeny Gerasimov rau kev sib tw
rau Tsarev lub Vaj hauv Moscow - tus yeej, los ntawm txoj kev. Lub phiaj xwm, nyob rau hauv uas Evgeny Gerasimov coj piv txwv ntawm "pre-Petrine style", tam sim no tsim tawm hauv "Lavxias Lub Tsev". Ob-zaj dab neeg bay qhov rai kuj saib zoo li niaj hnub no. Raws li qhov tshwm sim - tau kawg, yog tias koj ua tib zoo saib - muaj ib qho kev xav ntawm "kev tsim kho rov qab": peb paub ntau lub tsev vaj tse ntawm cov qauv sib txawv nrog cov plag tsev sab saud hauv peb caug, peb tau siv rau lawv. Thiab ntawm no qhov teeb meem tsis sib xws yog imitated - zoo li neo-Lavxias yees tau ntxiv rau lub tsev ntawm niaj hnub "ornamental style", thiab ob peb ntawm, thiab qee qhov ntxiv "terem-saib" plag tsev tau ntxiv rau saum. Hauv cov qauv kos duab no, koj tuaj yeem pom cov zajlus ntawm kev tsim kho yav dhau los - zoo li yog tias cov qauv tau hloov pauv, thiab tam sim no nyob rau niaj hnub, txawm tias cov tsev tseem ceeb, lawv tau teeb tsa hauv pem teb hauv cov style ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los. Qhov no tawm ntawm cov ornamental tiam tam sim no mus rau hauv historicism - ib qho kev xav ntawm yus tus kheej - tej zaum qhov kev nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm txoj haujlwm.
Yuav kom cov kiv cua ntawm cov qauv tsis sib xws - thiab yuav luag txhua lub tsev Gerasimov, tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm historicism, muaj, raws li txoj cai, ob lossis peb txheej, thiab tsis yog qhov tsis muaj qhov sib txuas - ob ntxiv tuaj yeem ntxiv. Thawj tus yog nrog Stalin txoj kev. Lub neo-Lavxias style strove rau asymmetry, tab tom nrhiav rau cov xibhwb ua-xav tsis thoob nyob rau hauv cov neeg pej xeem hauv Lavxias yav dhau los architecture. Lub ob lub yees nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tshav puam ntev yog tsis zoo li ntawd, lawv tau ua kev zoo siab thiab zoo li pib ntawm ntau txoj kev, Prospect Mira, piv txwv li, hauv Moscow, lossis Gagarin Square. Nws nyuaj rau hais tias nws los qhov twg los, tab sis cov txheej txheej no ntawm Stalinist Art Deco feem ntau tshwm hauv Gerasimov cov tsev, tej zaum tau enlivened los ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm cov tsev. Lwm qhov piv txwv kuj tsis tuaj yeem zam tau, txawm hais tias ib tus xav yuav thawb tawm ntawm nws sai li sai tau: hauv kev coj ua niaj hnub Lavxias muaj ntau qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm pseudo-Lavxias style, feem ntau yog nyob hauv tsev teev ntuj, tab sis kev luam muaj feem ntau ntau dua qhov tseeb thiab nplai tsis zoo ib yam. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj lub npe hu ua palace ntawm Alexei Mikhailovich thiab "Izmailovsky teremok" - lub quintessence ntawm terem kev coj hauv peb cov kev tsim kho. Yog li, lub tsev ntawm Evgeny Gerasimov txawv heev los ntawm lawv: nws yog ntau laconic, ntau sau thiab huv, yam tsawg kawg yog whiteness. Nws tau ze rau qhov piv txwv ntawm Art Nouveau, yog tias koj ua tib zoo saib, thiab cov lus hais "niaj hnub" hauv paus, tus neeg soj ntsuam daim duab, tsis tso cai rau nws sib koom ua ke nrog kev sib txig ntawm kitsch, uas yog qhov txaus ntshai heev hauv peb lub sijhawm. Thaum lub sij hawm connoisseurs ntawm modernist minimalism yuav tsis pom qhov sib txawv, nws yog txawm li cas los muaj.
Lub tsev so ntawm txhua lub tsev tau tsim nrog txhua yam uas xav tau los ntawm cov qauv niaj hnub ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb vaj tsev: tsev kawm qib kindergarten raug tsim rau hauv theem qis ntawm ib lub vaj loog; lub tsheb raug txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau lub tshav puam, thiab tus neeg hauv nroog, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, raug tso cai nkag mus rau hauv lub tshav puam tseem ceeb; hauv cov chav tsev qis muaj cafes thiab khw muag khoom, cov chav tsev yog nruab nrog thaiv rau cua txias, yog li kom tsis txhob lwj qhov ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv thaj chaw hauv tsev thiab txoj kev hauv tsev tau sib xyaw ua ke nrog Lavxias, Byzantine, kev ua kom zoo nkauj thiab niaj hnub. Txhua, marble, ntuj ntoo, bas-reliefs thiab plaster moldings - txhua yam ntawm no yog tsim los tsim kev nkag siab ntawm cov khoom kim heev. Lub ntsiab xim ntawm lub complex - dawb - kuj tseem ceeb hauv nruab nrab.
Hauv ntej, lub tsev no muaj ntau txoj hauv kev sim; Tam sim no tsis muaj ntau lub chaw nyob hauv cov neo-Lavxias style, thiab hauv Evgeny Gerasimov lub tsev lag luam no yog lwm kauj ruam mus rau qhov kev paub tshiab, qhov piv txwv zoo ntawm kev paub txog nplooj ntawv tshiab hauv qhov ntim ntawm "keeb kwm". Nws kuj tseem ua tiav qhov sib luag ntawm kev hwm rau lub ntsiab lus teb thiab ua siab loj ntawm kev qhia tus kheej. Cov sau phau ntawv tsis ua lub ntsej muag tawm tsam qhov khoom tshiab raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los ua lub tsev, tab sis ua rau nws ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kab me me. Hauv qhov no, tau kawg, muaj kev pheej hmoo, tab sis hauv qhov no nws zoo nkaus li kev txaus siab. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub chaw ua haujlwm tshiab tau ua kom yooj yim, ua ntej txhua yam, los ntawm kev ntsuas ntau ntawm thaj chaw, uas tau tso cai - dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb - los tsim thaj chaw ntsuab ntsuab ntawm no. Ib qho loj, ruaj khov thiab ci ci ua ke tsim nyob ib puag ncig nws tsoo cov qauv monotonous thiab fractional ntawm cov vaj tse cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub neo-style era. Cov kws sau ntawv ua siab loj thiab sib tw nrog lawv cov neeg nyob ze rau keeb kwm, tsis zais cov hnub nyoog tshiab ntawm lub tsev tshiab, tab sis tsis thawb nws tawm mus, them se rau lawv cov neeg ua ntej, tab sis tsis yog hnov qab lawv tus kheej.
