Txawm hais tias xibfwb Preobrazhensky tuaj yeem hais, Izvestia yog thawj phau ntawv xov xwm ntawm Soviet nyob rau hauv lub siab ncaj ncees - Petrograd Soviet luam tawm lawv thawj qhov teeb meem hnub tom qab lub Ob Hlis lub kiv puag ncig. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau npaj mus tawm tsam rau Pawg Neeg Tuav Pov Hwm Loj, tab sis tom qab nws cov neeg tawg thiab qhov hloov chaw ntawm lub peev, lawv tau tsiv mus rau Moscow thiab tau los ua cov xov xwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm, Central Executive Committee thiab tagnrho-Lavxias Central Executive Committee, hauv sib piv rau Bolshevik tog Pravda. Uas yog ib tug me ntsis tsawg muaj koob npe, tab sis kuj zoo li. Rau qee lub sijhawm cov ntawv xov xwm tau luam tawm hauv Sytinsk lub tsev luam ntawv ze rau ntawm Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Passion. Tab sis cov ntawv xov xwm tseem ceeb rau tsoomfwv tshiab, thiab tsis ntev txaus, xyoo 1924-1925, tau muaj kev sib tw tsim kev tsim qauv ntawm lub tsev tshiab. Tus yeej yog Grigory Borisovich Barkhin, uas ua lub tsev tshiab rau Izvestia ze rau lub tsev luam ntawv qub nyob hauv ib xyoos thiab ib nrab ua ke nrog nws tus tub Mikhail. Grigory Barkhin tsis yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho kev nkag siab ib tug kws kes duab vajtse ua kev tawm tsam, nws tau koom nrog kev tsim kho tshiab (txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus ua qhov no, piv txwv li, tib Ivan Fomin). Ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, Barkhin kawm tiav los ntawm Academy of Arts thiab, ua ke nrog Roman Klein, tau tsim lub tsev neoclassical ntawm Moscow Museum ntawm Fine Arts, tam sim no Pushkin Museum.
Txawm li cas los xij, txoj haujlwm yeej, uas tau xub tsim lub tsev sab hnub poob, ntawm kaum ntawm Tverskaya thiab Strastnoy Boulevards, yog tus tsim sai sai ntawm kaum ob zaj dab neeg ntau tshaj, zoo ib yam li cov phiaj xwm zoo ntawm Leningradskaya Pravda los ntawm Vesnins Cov. Lub pej thuam tau txiav txim siab los sib cav nrog lub tswb pej thuam ntawm lub tuam tsev Passionate, uas tsis tau npaj los rhuav pov tseg xyoo 1925. Tab sis raws li qhov tam sim no cov phiaj xwm dav dav ntawm lub nroog "Tshiab Moscow" hauv thaj chaw Strastnoy, yuav luag tam sim no, qhov kev txwv siab tau nyob hauv kev pab - nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim ntau dua rau hauv pem teb. Tib qho ntawm sab laug ntawm lub pej thuam yog tus ntaiv ntsug nrog cov kab ntawm lub sam thiaj, thiab lub loggia me me nrog lub moos ntawm kaum tsev tig mus rau Tverskaya Txoj Kev. Cov lus sau - "Izvestia" - vim li ntawd, tau muab tso ua haujlwm tav toj.
Izvestia tsis dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev, thiab txawm li ntawd los lub tsev tau suav nrog txhua phau ntawv qhia thematic thiab yog paub zoo tias yog tus mlom rau keeb kwm ntawm avant-garde. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub ncauj lus ntawm kev tiv thaiv, raws li nws feem ntau tshwm sim hauv peb lub sijhawm, yog qhov nqaim heev: lub ntsej muag muaj kev tiv thaiv, thiab sab hauv muaj tsuas yog Bukharin lub chaw ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv pem teb sab saum toj (nws yog tus editor ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm rau peb lub xyoo), ntxiv rau cov staircase heev saib Pushkin Square, thiab tus ntawd yog nws. … Nws muaj hmoov zoo uas Aleksey Ginzburg, tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Grigory Barkhin thiab tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Moisei Ginzburg, tus txais ntawm ob txoj haujlwm qub txeeg qub teg, uas tau mob siab rau kev kos duab niaj hnub thiab rov qab ua haujlwm, suav nrog avant-garde monuments, tau ua haujlwm nrog kev kho dua tshiab ntawm Izvestia. Alexey Ginzburg tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv Izvestia lub quarter rau ntau xyoo, tsis ntev los no tau rov kho dua ntawm kev tau txais txiaj ntsig
Tyulyaeva lub tsev nyob ntawm Dmitrovka rov qab Lenkom, qhov thib ob yog Izvestia, ua haujlwm nrog kev tsim ua haujlwm ntawm Sytinsk lub tsev luam ntawv thiab ob-zaj dab neeg ntawm Dolgorukov-Bobrinsky ntawm kaum ntawm Boulevard thiab Dmitrovka tau yuav luag tiav. Izvestia nyob rau hauv no motley kab yog tib lub tsev ntawm lub 1920s, ib tug monument rau avant-garde.
Lub tsev raug teeb tsa zoo thiab tau yooj yim pom txawm tias ua ntej pib ua haujlwm. Txawm hais tias avant-garde tsab ntawv tau hloov sai sai los ntawm classic serif; lub marquee, uas yog ib qho tshiab rau xyoo 1920, kuj raug tshem tawm yuav luag tam sim ntawd. Thaum xyoo 1990, lub tsev tau xauj tsev rau chaw ua haujlwm; tib txoj kev nws tau npaj los siv yav tom ntej, zoo li lub tuam tsev sib ze, uas nthuav dav thaum xyoo 1970.
Ib qho kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg sau lub hom phiaj yog lub qhov rais ntawm tsev noj mov ntawm lub tsev thib ib chob ntawm cov qhov nkag mus rau ntawm txoj kev. Thiab txawm hais tias tam sim no, feem ntau yuav luag, cov khw noj mov kuj yuav nyob rau ntawm no, Alexei Ginzburg tswj kom rov qab qhib lub qhov rai qis-showcases rau lawv cov tsos thawj: tam sim no muaj tsuas yog ib qho nkag, los ntawm lub qhov rooj nkag loj. Qhov dav qis ntawm lub qhov rais tau npaj los ua kom pom qhov qis qis qis qis qis hauv qab ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawv xov xwm noj mov: cov neeg taug kev raws lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb tam sim no, thaum cov khw noj mov tseem tsis tau daws, tuaj yeem pom nws qhov chaw zoo. Muaj ib nrab-hauv qab daus nyob hauv ob lub tsev, txoj kev thiab cov nyom; tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm lub ntsiab yav qab teb lub ntsej muag yog nws taws los ntawm lub qhov rais dav saib txoj hauv kev hauv qab nthab, thiab hauv lub tsev qub kev ua vaj loog, qhov twg qhov kev nyem siab dua, dhau ntawm skylights.
Kev kho kom rov zoo, raws li Alexei Ginzburg, tsis yog keeb kwm qub thiab keeb kwm, tab sis yog keeb kwm. Yog li ntawd, tsis yog txhua lub ntsiab lus tau rov qab los: piv txwv li, Barkhin's angular constructivist inscription, zoo li lub moos, tau rov ua dua, tab sis tus khiav tsis tau.
Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tsev tau txais ntau lub sijhawm niaj hnub no ntxiv, feem ntau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tshiab nqa cov khoom txawb siab rau hauv nruab nrab txoj kab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lub tsev twb tau tsim kho dua tshiab tom qab kev ua tsov rog: tom qab ntawv hla nruab nrab ntawm cov tuam tsev tau nthuav dav mus rau sab hnub poob nrog lub dav tsho khuam, thiab hauv tshav puam, ntawm sab qaum teb, qhov ntim ntxiv nrog hauv qab daus yog. ntxiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov qhov rooj tau hloov - nrog lub teeb daj, Brezhnev hom; of the elevator tau hloov ntawm cov theem ntaiv ntsib lub fa theade. Sab qaum teb tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog tau muab rhuav tshem, tsuas yog tshuav ib feem hauv qab daus. Txuas ntxiv rau kev hla ntawm cov tuam tsev, ntawm qhov tod tes, tau raug tshwj tseg, thaum lub tsho khuam lig nrog cov pob zeb loj loj ntawm lub qab nthab zoo nkauj.
Txawm li cas los xij, Alexei Ginzburg tswj kev tswj hwm thiab rov kho ntau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, tau pom cov tawg ntawm Metlach vuas luaj rau ntawm cov plag tsev - yooj yim, dawb nrog daim duab ntxig ntsej muag ntawm cov ces kaum, cov kws ua haujlwm tau xaj ib qho zoo sib xws nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab rov ua cov plag tsev ntawm cov chaw ua si thiab txoj kev hauv tsev.
Hloov chaw tom qab tsov rog lub teeb daj qhov rooj thiab phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag, lawv tau xaiv xim av tsaus, thiab cov cov qhov rooj ntoo uas haum rau cov qauv 1920s.
Tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb yog tus ntaiv saib xyuas lub ntsej muag loj ntawm lub ntsej muag - qhov chaw yog qhov ci heev, pob tshab, nrog cov qhov rai loj loj rau hauv pem teb. Nws zoo li yog lub caj dab teeb ntawm tag nrho lub tsev, ob qho tib si los ntawm sab nraud thiab sab hauv - nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov kws ua haujlwm tau them nyiaj ntau rau nws thiab ua haujlwm nrog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
Qhov thib ob theem ntaiv, saib dhau lub tshav puam, yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm thawj, txawm hais tias ntau laconic - tib lub tsheb nqaj hlau, tib xim beige ntawm cov kauj ruam hauv qab.
Tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rov kho daim qub hlau txuas ntawm cov iav-iav qhov rai ntsia lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb tau ua rau muaj kev nyuaj tshwj xeeb. Tus thawj tseem muaj sia nyob tau them nrog txheej xim tuab, txhawm rau ntxuav nws, sandblaster nrog ceramic chips yog xav tau; qhov av luaj li cas tau tsim rau hauv pem teb. Tus kws teeb tsa hais tias "Mus hauv caug," Nws yooj yim dua los hloov lawv nrog ob lub qhov rai ob npaug, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim lub qhov rais npog tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau cov khoom ntawm kev tiv thaiv - tab sis Alexei Ginzburg tswj tau hais kom muaj peev xwm, tab sis siv zog ua haujlwm, ntxuav cov thav ntawv tseeb. Qee ntawm lawv nyob hauv qhov chaw tsis zoo, lawv hloov chaw, tab sis feem ntau nyob ntawm cov plag tsev sab saud. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov ntawv qub ntawm cov plag tsev qis, nyias thiab cov nyom, nrog rivets, tau raug tshwj tseg - uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau qhov kev xav ntawm lub tsev cov qhabnias.
Cov kab kos tau pleev xim dub rau sab nraud thiab dawb ntawm sab hauv. Ntawm lub faadesade, lawv ua daim phiaj qauv nyias nyias, thaum nyob sab hauv lawv ua haujlwm kom nthuav dav qhov chaw thiab ntxiv qhov pom kev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntaiv nrog nws lub ntsej muag daj-dawb broomstick, gigantic stained-iav qhov rais rau xyoo 1920, lub teeb xiav ntsa, nws cov xim tau rov qab los ntawm cov tawg tau pom - nws zoo nkaus li pom lub teeb thaum pom ob sab hauv thiab sab nraud.
Qhov tseem ceeb thib ob ntawm thawj lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb yog txuag thiab ua tib zoo ntxuav cov xim grey terrazzite plaster los ntawm Grigory Barkhin. Nws siv sijhawm ntev heev los xaiv cov tshuaj tov hydrophobic kom ntxiv dag zog rau nws: thawj cov lus tsis haum, xau cov xim, ua rau nws muaj xim tsaus nti, tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov kob xiav lossis txawm ntsuab tint, '' hais tias Alexey Ginzburg. Thaum kawg, nws tau ua tiav kev txawm tias yog xim grey los ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog rau façade.
Tab sis grey tsaus nti, sib piv hais txog qhov dawb ntawm lub teeb sab hauv pom los ntawm lub qhov rais dav, lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb yog tib qho ze ntawm Barkhin lub tsev. Raws li kev lig kev cai ntawm XIX thaum ntxov - ntxov XX centuries, hluav taws kub ntsa thiab lub tshav puam ntawm lub tshav puam tau sab laug cib, txuag nyiaj ntau dua plaster, piav Ginzburg - Nws yog tom qab, tom qab ua tsov rog tag nrho, lawv txhua tus tau pleev xim nrog roj pleev xim.
Hauv Izvestia peb lub hlis twg, tus kws kes duab vajtse yog rov kho dua "kev ncaj ncees ntawm keeb kwm" ntawm lub cib cib qub. Yog li Alexei Ginzburg ua ob qho tib si nrog Tyulyaeva lub tsev thiab nrog lub tsev nyob sib ze; Tib lub cib ntsa tau qhib hauv Izvestia, zoo ib yam li kev ua haujlwm ntawm avant-garde nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze, thiab, qhov tseeb, kaw nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm cov tsev ntawm thaum ntxov xyoo pua XX. Lub cib yog ntxuav, them nrog hydrophobic daws, hom tshiab txhuas cua tshuab pa tawm tau rub mus rau qhov siab, poob nthav qhia txog kev lim hiam lub hom phiaj ntawm yav dhau los lub tsev luam ntawv. Tsuas yog tom qab tsov rog sab hnub poob façade hauv lub tshav puam tau txais cov xim pleev xim nruab nrab.
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias hauv Alexei Ginzburg cov kev sim nrog cov cib hluav taws, kev tsim kho keeb kwm tej zaum ua lub luag haujlwm tsawg tshaj plaws - nws xav paub zoo li daim phiaj, tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Cov pej xeem feem coob yuav tsis pom. Ntau qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov xim tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no, tsis muaj ib qho kev siv zog ntxiv los tig lub nroog mus ua kev zoo siab "patchwork quilt" qhov twg cov xim pem hauv ntej ntawm lub ntsej muag yog "sewn", zoo, lossis superimposed ntawm ib qho chaw zoo nkauj ntawm lub tiaj, nyob puag., muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib sau ua ob-zaj dab neeg Moscow qub txeeg qub tes nrog cov hlau nplaum cam khwb cia thiab tsev zoo nkauj ntawm Lub Hnub Nyoog Nyiaj nrog lub hnyav typography ntawm lub Soviets ntawm lub xeev proletarian. Los koom ua ke - thiab ua nws yooj yim thiab ncaj qha, raws li, tej zaum, yooj yim hloov maj mam classic Grigory Barkhin mas cov lus ntawm constructivism, nyob rau hauv qee txoj kev tsis nkag siab tsis hloov nws tus kheej thiab tshuav ntau ntxiv ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse "fa "ade", tab sis kev txawj ntse thiab meej pem hauv txhua yam rau kev nthuav dav me tshaj plaws.
Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, qhov kev txhim kho no yog qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, feem ntau vim tias nws mus rau "tus muaj keeb kwm" kws kes duab vajtse, tus neeg mob siab rau kev kho dua tshiab thiab lub luag haujlwm, zoo ib yam li nws tus yawg koob tau tsim, uas tau rov qab ua txhua yam no ua tau hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm nws yog, li niaj zaus, - cov kws ua vaj tsev pom tau tias monuments es muaj kev cuam tshuam: ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, yog tias lawv tseem yuav tsum tau tshwj tseg, lossis ua lub nra rau lawv lub siab, yog tias lawv yuav tsum txhim kho zawj. Ntau tus kws ua vaj tsev teev tiam avant-garde, nws yog qhov tseeb. Tab sis ib tug neeg tsuas yog redraws, thiab ib tug neeg sib zog los tsim ib daim ntawv theej ntawm "tus qauv" ib yam. Nws tsis yog feem ntau tus kws kes duab vaj tsev teeb meem nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem nyob rau hauv xws li txoj kev uas, tau ua tiav ntau yam ntawm cov neeg yuav tsum tau ua, muaj kev rov tsim kho, tom qab tag nrho, ib lub tsev rau lub luag haujlwm sib txawv, khaws cia qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov qub, thiab txawm rov qab qee yam. Tab sis qhov txiaj ntsig tau yooj yim nyeem: hauv thaj chaw Pushkinskaya, ua tsaug rau kev siv zog ntawm Alexei Ginzburg, qhov tshiab ntawm Moscow maj mam loj hlob. Lub nroog uas peb tau ploj. Thiab thaum lub tshav puam tau ua kom zoo nkauj thiab cov nqe lus los ntawm koov mus rau koov qhib, tom qab ntawd peb yuav muaj peev xwm txaus siab tsis yog lub tuam tsev ua kom rov qab los, tab sis kuj yog cov huab cua tsim tsis yog los ntawm kev thauj khoom cua daj cua dub, tab sis los ntawm ob peb xyoo kev xav ua haujlwm. Qhov twg, txawm li cas los xij, yuav tau tos.
Hais txog Izvestia lub tsev Barkhin pom cov lus los ntawm N. N. Bronovitskaya hauv phau ntawv: Architectural Monuments ntawm Moscow. Moscow 1910-1935 M., 2012. S. 238-239.
