Hnub Wednesday dhau los, ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Andrei Sakharov thiab Chaw Rau Pej Xeem, Pyotr Sorokin, tus thawj coj ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm ntawm North-Western Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Txheeb Ze Huab Cua, tau hais lus ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Arhnadzor club txog cov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov kws tshawb xyuas qub txeeg qub teg ua rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov chaw tsim kho Okhta Center nyuam qhuav tso tseg, thiab txog cov teeb meem tshiab.
Tom qab qhov kev tsim kho ntawm Okhta Center raug tso tseg thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis los ntawm tus tswv xeev ntawm St. Petersburg, nws keeb kwm bifurcated thiab pib tsim tawm hauv ob qho kev qhia. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Gazprom Neft tab tom xav qhov chaw tshiab rau kev tsim kho chaw ua haujlwm, npau taws tsis txaus siab tawm ntawm St. Petersburg nrog rau cov se (txawm hais tias Novaya Gazeta nyuam qhuav suav, tsis muaj ntau ntawm cov se no, tsuas yog 5% ntawm lub nroog pob nyiaj)). Archaeologists, txawm li cas los xij, cia siab tias yuav tsim lub tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm plaub fortresses pom ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Okhta River thiab qhov chaw Neolithic tshwj xeeb. Thiab tseem rau kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev khawb. Tab sis txog tam sim no tsis muaj nyiaj txawm hais tias khaws cia kom zoo dab tsi tau pom. Rau qhov no, kev ua yeeb yam tau coj mus rau Moscow Andrei Sakharov Center - kom nyiam mloog, nco txog cov keeb kwm pom muaj nuj nqis.
Txawm hais tias kev khawb tawm ntawm Okhta tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntxaws tshaj plaws hauv kev tshaj xov xwm, nws tsis yog qhov kev txhaum rov hais dua. Ua ntej, tau pom ob peb qhov chaw nyob hauv Neolithic uas tau muaj txij li xyoo pua thib tsib BC ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm yav dhau los Hiav Txwv Litorin (tus Dej Neva tseem tsis tau tsim), thiab tau ntxuav lub sijhawm xyoo peb txhiab BC los ntawm dej nyab. Dab tsi yog sab laug ntawm cov chaw no: cov ntxiab ntoo rau ntses, kab ntoo tawv ntoo, pob txha ntses thiab pob nyas khawm - qhov no yog qhov chaw uas nws muaj dav heev thiab zoo nkauj hauv thaj chaw qub, tshwj xeeb hauv tag nrho ntawm Northern Europe. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov no yog thawj qhov chaw ntawm Neolithic era, pom nyob hauv thaj chaw (rau lub sijhawm ntawd, yav tom ntej) tus Dej Neva. Ntawm lwm yam, lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem pab cov kws tshawb fawb kom paub txog lub sijhawm twg thiab dej dag txawv txawv no, ntws tawm ntawm lub pas dej mus rau hauv hiav txwv, tau tsim los.
Ntxiv mus, cov kws tshawb nrhiav khoom qub tau pom ib lub moat los ntawm Novressod (lossis Izhora) lub chaw ruaj khov, uas tsis muaj leej twg paub txog - tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov voos "Cape fortification" (qhov no yog hom qub ntawm Lavxias xyoo ntawm fortification), thiab nws nyuaj heev rau hnub tim nws. Tab sis txij thaum Swedish fortress Landskrona (lub npe no tau muab txhais ua "Cov ntoo ntawm thaj av", tej zaum vim tias lub fortress sawv ntawm ntug ntawm Swedish cov khoom ntiag tug), ua rau xyoo 1300, sawv ntawm sab saum toj ntawm no moat, nws txhais tau tias Novgorod fortress tau tsim ua ntej. Cov neeg paub txog txheej thaum ub tau xav tias yuav txhim tsa lub sijhawm XIII. Tab sis tsuas yog ib qho moat ntawm no fortress tau txais mus rau hauv thaj chaw khawb av, thiab tus dhaus Cape nws tus kheej tsis tau muaj, yog li qhov kev pom no tseem tsis tshua tau kawm.
Lub pas dej Okhtinsky thiab thaj av ib puag ncig nws tas li dhau los ntawm Lavxias mus rau lub Swedes thiab sab nraud. Thaj av ntawm Landskrona, uas cov Swedes tsim tsa hauv 1300, tau hlawv thiab rhuav tshem ib xyoo tom qab los ntawm tus tub ntawm Alexander Nevsky, tus tub huab tais Andrei Gorodetsky. Nws cov hauv paus tau pom pom thaum lub sij hawm nrhiav, ntoo thiab nrog phiaj xwm. Landskorn yog qhov muaj zog loj, nws sab qab teb phab ntsa ib leeg yog 100 meters ntev. Nws yog kwv yees li ob npaug ntawm qhov loj me ntawm Vyborg fortress, nws tau tsim 7 xyoo ua ntej, thiab, raws li keeb kwm hais txog, tus tswv ntawm Rome tau koom nrog kev tsim kho. Qhov no txhais tau tias qhov no yog thawj lub tsev nyab xeeb ntawm Italian ua rau ntawm thaj chaw Lavxias, 200 xyoo laus dua rau Moscow Kremlin, xaus Anatoly Kirpichnikov, tus kws kho mob ntawm sciences thiab tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Peter Sorokin (txawm hais tias peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias lub fortress, tsis zoo li Kremlin, tau tsim tsa, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog los ntawm Lavxias teb sab, tab sis los ntawm Swedes tawm tsam cov neeg Asmeskas … tab sis tseem).
Raws li nws muab tawm thaum lub sijhawm kev khawb av, Landskrona tau nyob ib puag ncig ntawm ob txoj kab uas sib txuas ntawm cov kwj deg, ob metres sib sib zog nqus thiab kwv yees li peb metres. Muaj tus kwj (lossis channel) tom qab tus kwj, uas tau siv los ua qhov khoom ntxiv ntuj. Sab hauv lub fortress, qhov seem ntawm peb hlawv pov tseg, feem ntau thaum lub sijhawm ntaus, cov tsev ntoo raug pom. Thiab nyob rau nws cov sab hnub poob, cov kws tshawb nrhiav khoom qub tau tshawb pom ib tus ncej zoo heev - lub hauv paus ntawm ib lub tsev siab, cov kev soj ntsuam lossis txawm tias donjon, thaj chaw muaj zog (cov seem ntawm lub qhov dej tau pom hauv sab hauv tus pej thuam). Tej zaum qhov blockhouse no yog "lub tsev faus neeg", qhov twg, raws li "Chronicle ntawm Eric", cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm lub nroog tau muab lawv tus kheej ntawm Novgorodians ua ntej thaum kawg tau zwm. Lub tsev thaiv ntawm 1300 tuaj yeem zoo tau tawm hauv av thiab muab xa mus rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej.
Qee lub sijhawm tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg Swedish Landskrona, lub cape tau los ntawm Lavxias kev ua lag luam kev sib hais "Nevskoe Ustye"; Cov Swedes hu nws ua Nien. Qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 16th, muaj ib lub rooj zaum me me, sam thiaj thiab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kwj ntawm XIV xyoo pua, txawm tias ib feem, tau khaws cia thiab tej zaum tau siv. Nyob rau Lub Sij Hawm Muaj Kev Nyab Xeeb, cov av no tau dhau mus rau cov neeg Swedes, uas nyob rau xyoo 1611 tau tsim ib lub tsev tiv thaiv tshiab Nyenskans ntawm no. Ntawm qhov no, thawj Nyenskans, qhov seem ntawm lub hauv paus bastion thiab sod masonry ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm rampart tau raug tshwj tseg. Qhov thib ob tau tsim tom qab tus saib xyuas Potemkin coj thiab rhuav tshem, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem tuav lub rooj zaum hauv 1656. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1661 thiab 1677, Swedes ua lub chaw ruaj khov hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsib lub hnub qub nrog tsib tsib ntu (qhov siab tshaj ntawm qhov ua tiav ntawm lub ces fortification, muaj ntau qhov chaw zoo nyob hauv Europe). Tshiab moats tau tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub fortress, thiab sab hauv - pob zeb thiab cov tuam tsev ntoo.
Cov kws tshawb nrhiav khoom qub tau tshawb xyuas peb ntu, Karlov, Tuag thiab Helmfelt, moat thiab ntaub thaiv nruab nrab ntawm lawv, platform rau kev tua thaum lub sijhawm siege; pom cov ntawv zais zais nrog lub qhov rooj ntoo txua nrog hlau txaij. Lub tsev ua pob zeb nrog tooj liab-smelting rau pom nyob sab hauv lub fortress; nws lub tsev pua yog pob zeb pob zeb. Nyob hauv cov kwj deg, cov nuclei, cov plhaub tawg, cov tshuaj khib pob uas hnyav txog 75 phaus, qhov seem tau dhau los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua kawg nrog Peter I hauv 1703, tau pom.
Yog li, Pyotr Sorokin tau tshawb pom ntawm Okhtinsky cape lub "Petersburg Troy", ntau txheej txheej thiab nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv cov archaeological monument, uas, raws li txoj cai, yuav tsum tau txais kev saib xyuas cov xwm txheej uas txwv tsis pub tsim ib yam dab tsi ntawm nws thaj chaw. Cov dab neeg nrog cov kev khawb tawm tau muab ua kom tsis muaj tsawg "ntau-txheej txheem". Nyob rau xyoo 2009, tom qab lub taub hau ntawm qhov kev ua tiav tsis kam kos npe rau cov ntawv uas tso cai rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov chaw tshawb pom ntawm thaj chaw, nws tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev khawb av, caw Natalia Solovyova, tus thawj coj ntawm pab pawg tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm lub koom haum rau keeb kwm ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Kab lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, los hloov nws. Thiab ua ntej, pawg raug ncua ntawm cov kws tshawb xyuas keeb kwm yav dhau los raug foob, thov kom rov qab los ntawm 29 lab them nyiaj rau cov haujlwm. Tus kws tshawb xyuas qub yeej yeej lub tsev hais plaub thaum kawg xyoo 2010, yuav luag thooj txhij tshaj tawm nrog kev tshaj tawm txoj kev ua tus pej thuam, thiab tseem foob txog 11 lab los ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom.
Natalya Solovyova, tshawb nrhiav, raws li nws, thaj chaw "peripheral" ntawm Okhtinsky Cape, xaus lus tias tsis muaj Neolithic chaw pw ntawm no, tab sis tsuas yog cov neeg tuaj rau qhov chaw no mus ntses, qhov ntawd yog li cas peb qee zaum mus nuv ntses nrog cov tsev pheeb suab. Ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw dhaus Cape, uas Sorokin tsis muaj sijhawm los kawm, Natalya Solovyova tsis pom muaj ib qho me ntsis ntawm kev xav ntawm Novgorod fortification ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Thiab nyob rau hauv dav dav, nws cov lus xaus yog ntau ntxiv khi. Ib pab pawg ntawm cov kws tshaj lij coj los ntawm kws kho mob ntawm Science Leonid Belyaev hais lus tsis txaus ntseeg txog qhov kev xav, txhais qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm qhov pom pom "qis". Tawm tswv yim txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, Kommersant sau tseg tias Gazprom them nyiaj kev ruaj ntseg nyob rau ntau qhov chaw tsim khoom thiab yog li cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm qub …
Kuj ceeb tias yog dab tsi kws kho mob ntawm Science Sergei Beletsky tau hais tias: Natalya Solovieva, uas tus tub ua lag luam (UDC Okhta) tau caw kom ua tus khawb av thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 2009, thaum nws tau tshem tawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Pyotr Sorokin, cuam qhib tsis tsuas yog cov monuments uas nws tau kawm, tab sis tseem nrhiav tau qee qhov pib dhau los mothballed los ntawm Sorokin. Nws daim ntawv cog lus xyoo 2010 tsuas yog tsis suav nrog kev txuag ntawm cov tib neeg pom. Los ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, thiab tej zaum txawm tias ntxov dua, nrog cov kev hloov kub, cov seem ntawm Nyenskans yuav pib vau - kis tawm hauv cov av nkos thiab rot.
Cov kws tshawb xyuas qub tebchaws tau tsim tsa lub tsev cia puav pheej nyob hauv lub vev xaib no (muaj ntau lub tsev khaws khoom zoo xws li nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe: Daugavpils tus ntoo khaub lig hauv Latvia, tsev fuabtais Kastellet hauv tebchaws Denmark, Burtange fortress hauv Tebchaws Netherlands), muaj txawm tias muaj ib txoj haujlwm los tsim St. Petersburg Archaeological Museum. Cov. Raws li lub taub hau ntawm kev lag luam ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm qub txua ntawm Hermitage, Oleg Ionnisyan, raug sau tseg, khaws cia cov thaj chaw hauv qhov chaw yog qhov tsim nyog yog li tom qab cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem rov qab mus kawm lawv qib tshiab ntawm kev paub thiab peev xwm. Yog li koj tuaj yeem tsim tsa ntawm qhov chaw no, tab sis yog li ntawd kev nkag mus rau cov monuments tau qhib thiab lawv tsis raug rhuav tshem, yog li txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws yog lub tsev cia puav pheej toj roob hauv pes ntawm qhov chaw pom. Cov tub ua lag luam, Kuv nco qab, tseem npaj lub tsev khaws khoom qub qub, thiab tseem qhib nws hauv 2003. Nyenskans Cov Tsev khaws puav pheej Archaeological Museum tau nyiaj los ntawm Okhta Cultural Heritage Fund nyob hauv ib lub tsev muab los ntawm Gazprom Neft. Zoo, nws yog qhov tseeb tias tam sim no qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej thiab cov nyiaj tsis muaj dua.
Ib tus neeg ua lag luam tsis ntev los no tsis xav nrog qhov chaw ploj, lamenting 7,2 billion rubles tau nqis peev rau nws. Yog lawm, thiab qhov no nkag siab, nws yog qhov txaj muag kom nkag siab hais tias "Gazprom tau them rau qhov tuag ntawm nws cov xeeb ntxwv": lawv tau them rau cov khawb av, thiab yog li cas nws tig tawm. Yog li them lawv tam sim no rau kev khawb! Valentina Matviyenko tshaj tawm thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis tias lub nroog tsis muaj nyiaj los siv "kev ua haujlwm". Puas yog nws txhais tau tias cov seem ntawm lub fortress yuav tsum rot? Lawv yuav tau zoo khaws cia hauv av … Txog thaum ib tiam tshwm sim, pom zoo nrog txoj hauv kev los kawm thiab kev nthuav dav.
Hais ncaj ncaj, hais txog zaj dab neeg ntawm Okhta Center, aka "Gazpromskreb", zoo nkaus li ntev thiab nyuaj, muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj peev xwm nrog qee yam ntxiv ardor, ambition thiab txoj cai. Cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lub zog thiab nyiaj txiag hauv zaj dab neeg no saib - zoo, tau kawg, rau sab nraud thiab tsis pom kev ntawm amateurs - xyov infantile. Zoo li cov menyuam yaus npau taws, plam lub qhov rooj, lawv tawm mus, tseg ib pawg ntawm cov khoom ua si ntaws - peb tsis tau tawm mus. Tab sis yog tias peb sib piv cov nyiaj, kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm tau kwv yees li 5-6% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi hauv tag nrho cov dab neeg no: cov nuj nqis tau tshaj tawm txog 300 lab siv rau Sorokin kev ua haujlwm hauv 2006-2009, thiab 120 lab ntawm Solovieva xyoo 2010 kev ua si. Yog li ntawm 100 lab hauv ib xyoos rau kev tshawb nrhiav kev nthuav dav. Preservation xav tau tsawg dua. Feem ntau hais lus, nws yuav zoo nkauj thiab, raws li lawv hais, hauv txoj hauv kev European, yog tias Gazprom tsuas yog tu kom huv si tom qab nws tus kheej, mothballed dab tsi tau khawb. Rau zaj dab neeg no yuav ntxiv ib qho poob ntawm kev hwm, uas nws thiaj li tsis muaj.
Cov kws tshaj lij, cov neeg uas nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam (txawm hais tias Anatoly Kirpichnikov xyoo 2009 tau khav tias nws tau qhia tus thawj tswj hwm tus pojniam txog kev tshawb pom ntawm tus kws tshawb xyuas khoom qub, thiab cov chaw tsim ua raug tshem tawm txawm tias tom qab ib xyoos) - cov kws tshaj lij kuj tseem saib txawv. Lawv pov ib nrab-qhib kev khawb mus rau lub caij ntuj no, uas tsuas yog kev ua tau zoo. Lawv tau txhos caug thiab ua tsaug rau kev pab nyiaj rau cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev xav tau raws txoj cai. Qhov ntawd yuav tsum muaj lub tsev cia puav pheej. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm lub vev xaib bashne.net, yuav luag 50,000 tus neeg tau xaiv tsa tus pej thuam, txawm hais tias thaum lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm kev tawm tsam nws, rau lub tsev cia puav pheej - txog tam sim no tsuas yog 1356, thiab qhov no tsis muaj tsawg dua, thiab tej zaum tseem ceeb dua, muaj teeb meem.
Lub rooj nthuav qhia me me (txog kaum ob ntsiav tshuaj nrog cov duab) hauv Sakharov Center yuav tsum kos cov xim rau qhov teeb meem. Tab sis peb yuav tsum koom tes nrog nws sai, ua ntej caij nplooj ntoo hlav los txog. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav, txawm li cas los, tsuas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ces kaum. Nws yuav los thiab txhua yam yuav yaj.
Qhov kev nthuav tawm yuav qhib kom txog thaum Lub Ib Hlis 30.
