Thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1930 hauv Soviet architecture yog lub caij nyoog ntawm kev sib tw loj hauv Moscow, lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim ntawm "ribbed style" ntawm Iofan's Palace ntawm Soviets, kev tsim kho ntawm Zholtovsky lub tsev neo-Palladian ntawm Mokhovaya. Thiab cov masters ntawm Leningrad lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm cov neeg muaj npe zoo ntawm St. Petersburg thiab Academy of Arts - I. A. Fomin thiab V. A. Shchuko, L. V. Rudnev thiab N. A. Trotsky, E. A. Levinson thiab lwm tus - txhua tus ntawm lawv, zoo li, yuav tsum tau coj ua kev sib koom ua ke. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tswv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Leningrad tsis muaj kev sib koom ntawm lub tswv yim zoo thiab feem ntau tau nyob deb ntawm cov qauv kev kawm. Yog li, hauv kev tsim Moskovsky Prospect, kaw Art Deco, vaj tsev zoo nkauj ntawm Ilyin, Gegello, Levinson thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Trotsky, Katonin, Popov, daws tau los ntawm cov rustic loj, tau nyob ib sab. Qhov txiav txim siab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ob hom no yog Leningrad House of Soviets, thiab nws yog nws cov qauv ntawv loj uas tau txiav txim siab los ua qhov chaw ntawm "hom tag nrho ntawm xyoo 1930". Txawm li cas los xij, nws keeb kwm yog dab tsi? Tom qab tag nrho, thawj thawj zaug xws li aesthetics siab phem tau tshwm sim hauv architecture ntawm pre-revolutionary St. Petersburg thiab txawm tias Italian Renaissance.
Epoch ntawm xyoo 1930 pom zoo li tus muaj tswv yim zoo tshaj tawm ntawm Lavxias architecture; nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm neoclassicism, kos duab kos duab thiab interstyle tiam sis - cov haujlwm ntawm Fomin thiab Shchuko, cov vaj tse zoo ntawm Levinson. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv nruab nrab xyoo 1930, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Leningrad tsev kawm ntawv, lwm txoj kev coj yuav siv rau cov yam ntxwv - kev siab phem neoclassicism. Cov no yog cov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub tsev ntawm Council of People's Commissars ntawm Ukrainian SSR hauv Kiev los ntawm I. A. Fomin (txij li xyoo 1936) thiab piv txwv loj tshaj plaws ntawm Leningrad Berensianism - lub tsev ntawm Soviets N. A. Trotsky (txij li xyoo 1936). [1]
Hauv xyoo 1930, cov tswv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Leningrad tsim txoj kev xaj rau Behrens kev txiav txim. [2] Txawm li cas los xij, vim li cas nws thiaj li nrov? Lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev ntawm German Xab Tham Lus yog tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm kev sib txawv hauv xyoo 1910, thiab nws tuaj yeem saib ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm ntau yam tswv yim zoo - niaj hnub, neoclassic thiab kos duab dai. Tsis tshua muaj ob qho tib si rau St. Petersburg thiab rau tus tswv nws tus kheej, Behrens lub ntsej muag tau kaw qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv kos duab. Lub ntsej muag ntawm Behrens tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov muaj qhov yooj yim elongated yooj yim dua, tus yam ntxwv twb tau rau xyoo 1920 thiab 1930, thiab lub zog dhau los ntawm lub ntsej muag tsis pom tseeb. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb thaum piv nrog keeb kwm keeb kwm tiv thaiv - Rooj vag Brandenburg hauv Berlin - tias kev hloov pauv ntawm tus tswv tau pom tseeb. [3]
Behrens kev tsim tawm tshwm tau ua ib hom manifesto ntawm ob qho tib si monumentalization thiab geometrization ntawm classical kev txiav txim. Kev yooj yim ntawm cov pob kws, cov ncauj lus thiab cov hauv paus, kev siv cov "neolithic" balusters thiab txawm tias muaj kev sib txuam ntawm cov feem ntau ntawm elongated pilasters - tag nrho cov no tau ua rau Behrens lub façade tsis meej xwm thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Hauv Soviet architecture, lub tsev no tau muab ob qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yeeb yam sib txawv - lub tsev Moscow "Dynamo" los ntawm Fomin thiab Leningrad House ntawm Soviets ntawm Trotsky.
Lub granite colonnade ntawm lub tsev ntawm German Lub Tsev Haujlwm raug tau pom tseeb hauv lub siab ntawm Northern Art Nouveau. [4] Qhov no tau muab Behrens 'lim hiam tsim tshwj xeeb cawv thiab lub ntsiab lus teb. [5] Txawm li cas los xij, Qaum Teb Art Nouveau tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv nws cov cawv hla lub caij nyoog Soviet. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo 1930, Berensianism (lossis ntau dua qhov tseeb, qhov muaj lub ntsej muag khav theeb dhau los) tau txais lub zog tseem ceeb thiab tau dhau los ua qauv kos duab. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias muaj qee yam ntxiv hauv Behrens xaj dua li tsuas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev niaj hnub, qee yam cuam tshuam nrog lub sijhawm sib nrug. Qhov no yog qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov grandiose nthwv dej ntawm qhov hloov pauv hloov tshiab, kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tau hla dhau qhov kev hloov pauv thiab tau cuam tshuam txog xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s - geometrization thiab txawm tias archaization ntawm daim duab architectural.
Lub tsev ntawm German Xab Tham Thib tau los ua ib qho ntawm thawj cov piv txwv ntawm kev siab phem neoclassicism. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis tsuas yog neoclassical monumentality yog qhov pom tau hauv nws, tab sis kuj neoarchaic quab yuam kis tau rau lub ntsej muag xeb los ntawm granite los ntawm uas nws tau tsim. [6] Yog li, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Behrens, ib tus tuaj yeem pom tsis yog qhov hloov kho tshiab, rov ua dua tshiab ntawm neoclassicism, tab sis nws cov archaization. Xws li cov style duality thiab peculiar kev zoo nkauj ntawm no monument, zais cia ntawm nws txoj kev vam meej hauv xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s. Thiab qhov ntawd yog raws nraim li cas lub Leningrad Tsev ntawm Soviets tau txiav txim siab.
Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm N. A. Trotsky tau los ua nws qhov tshwj xeeb, zoo ib yam li Art Deco thiab Behrens lub façade, lub zog tawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, zoo li yog carved los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov pob zeb. [7] Them nrog tuab rustic armor, lub qauv zoo nkauj ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub tsev loj ntawm Soviets tau sau ntau yam kev nyiam ntawm kev kho kom zoo ua ntej architecture. Txawm li cas los xij, mus rau yam twg yog nws cov kev ua kom zoo nkauj npaj los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm xyoo 1900-1910, kev txhim kho ntawm neoclassicism thiab sab qaum teb niaj hnub? Nws zoo li tias Trotsky kev tsim tsis yog tsuas yog lub cim ntawm lub xeev "totalitarian style" (txawm li cas los xij, tsis tshua muaj cov qauv zoo li qub thaum xyoo 1930), tab sis xaus rau lub caij nyoog ntawm kev txaus siab rau cov duab lim hiam thiab tsim lub npau suav muaj tswv yim ntawm ib tiam neeg. Thiab thawj thawj zaug kev ua siab phem ntawm cov pob zeb granite rustication tau pom los ntawm cov vaj tse ntawm sab qaum teb Art Nouveau hauv Helsinki thiab St. Petersburg nyob rau xyoo 1900, ntxiv rau, raws li cov kws tshawb nrhiav sau tseg, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kev tshaj lij ntawm American architecture G. Richardson. [8]
Lub tswv yim tsim ntawm Northern Art Nouveau nrov heev ua suab nrov thiab pom tseeb. Chav txhob txwm tshaj tawm, nws tau rov qab mus rau qhov zoo nkauj ntawm ib txwm nyob hauv tsev cov tsev nyob, nthuav dav rau qhov loj ntawm ntau lub tsev ntawm cov chav tsev nyob (raws li, piv txwv li, hauv lub tsev ntawm TN Putilova, 1906). [9] Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim lub radicalism ntawm Behrens ရမ်း. [10] Thiab txawm hais tias nws yog sab qaum teb Art Nouveau thiab lub pob zeb hauv qab ntawm nws cov tsev uas tau txiav txim siab kev nyiam ntawm lub caij nyoog ntawm xyoo 1910 nrog xeb lees ua zeb, ob qho kev qhia - thaum ntxov Art Deco hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Saarinen, thiab limhiam neoclassicism hauv St. Petersburg pom lawv tus kheej qhov chaw ntawm kev tshoov siab thiab coj tshiab, txiav txim siab cov kauj ruam raws txoj kev ntawm kev hloov kho architecture.
Cia peb taw qhia tias ob txoj kev nyiam ntawm Art Deco era - geometrization thiab monumentalization ntawm architectural form - muaj qhov txhais tsis meej, ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ob qho tib si rau hauv skyscrapers ntawm Asmeskas thiab ntawm kev txiav txim architecture ntawm xyoo 1910-1930. Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus geometrized thiab cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm neoarchaic silhouette ntawm cov tsev siab (pib nrog Saarinen kev nrhav tshiab hauv xyoo 1910), nrog rau kev txhais cov lus txiav txim ntawm xyoo 1920-1930, uas tau tshem tawm los ntawm cov canon classical. Thiab yog tias qhov kev txiav txim siab geometrized tau nqis tes hauv lub tsev ntawm "Dynamo" Fomin, tom qab ntawd nws cov thawj coj ntawm cov thawj coj thiab lim hiam ua ntej - lub ntsej muag granite ntawm Behrens, thiab tom qab ntawd lub tsev Leningrad ntawm Soviets ntawm Trotsky.
Lub neoarchaic monumentalization ntawm daim ntawv thav duab sab nraud ntawm xyoo 1900-1910, muab sau ua haujlwm ntawm Behrens thiab Saarinen, tau muab lub zog tshiab rau ob neoclassicism thiab kos duab dai. [11] Thiab yog tias Art Deco masters nrhiav cov neoarchaic tectonics ntawm lub stupa (xws li hauv cov monument mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov teb chaws nyob hauv Leipzig), tom qab ntawd rau cov neoclassicism, cov xeb hauv dej ntawm qhov qub txeeg qub teg thiab cov fortification ntawm Renaissance yog tus qauv ntawm lub siab phem thiab monumental. Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb qhov kev lim hiam no, geometrized txhais ntawm qhov kev txiav txim uas yuav yog ib qho kev hloov pauv uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau neoclassicism ob leeg ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig thiab tom qab.
Kev tshawb nrhiav rau cov yas hloov tshiab, tawm tsam kev kawm ntawv canon, yuav coj daim ntawv ntawm granite monumentalization hauv St. Petersburg, uas nyob rau xyoo 1900-1910 yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov vaj tsev tsim nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub teb chaws stylizations, thiab ntawm neoclassicism, neoampir. Cov zam rau ntxhib-txiav granite yuav qhia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm kev txiav txim siab architecture, pib los ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Maggiore, lub peev xwm los tsim qhov tshiab, txhob txwm lim hiam tsis zoo nkauj (pom tseeb tsis cuam tshuam nrog proletarian ideology). [12]
Cov tiav qib tau txhawb los ntawm lub tswv yim tsim, raws li B. M. Kirikov, "Northern Rome". [5, p. 281] Medieval kev kub ntxhov tau tshwm sim hauv lub tsev tsim qauv ntawm xyoo 1900-1910 tsuas yog ua ncauj lus rau lub tswv yim uas xav tsis thoob txhua leej txhua tus - kev sib txuas ntawm geometrization thiab monumentalism. Cov tsev teev ntuj nruab nrab nruab nrab los sis cov tuam tsev tsis zoo ntawm Lavxias lub teb chaws tau tsis tau them rau los ntawm rustite granite. [13] Cov monumentalization hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Belogrud, Lidval thiab Peretyatkovich tsis yog qhov kev nyiam rau kev nyiam lossis kev nyiam lub tebchaws, tab sis rau cov duab lim hiam xws li, thiab qhov kev txaus siab no yuav tau txais los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm xyoo 1930.
Cov kev tsis lees paub hauv lub tebchaws, cov lus pom zoo thiab kev txhais ntawm lub ntsiab ntsej muag hauv lub siab ntawm granite monumentalization txawv cov haujlwm no ntawm Behrens, Belogrud, Peretyatkovich los ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm Sonka, Pretro, Bubyr. [14] Lub tsev uas muaj xeb ntawm Richardson thaum xyoo 1880 thiab cov tswv ntawm sab qaum teb Art Nouveau ntawm xyoo 1900 tsuas yog thawj qhov kev xav uas tau ceeb toom txog qhov ntu phem ntawm keeb kwm kos duab. Thiab nws yog nws leej twg los ua lub hauv paus ntawd muaj hwj chim loj uas muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam ntawm lub neej palladianism. Qhov no tau txaus rau lub hwj chim txais tau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Maggiore hauv Rome (lossis qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Palio hauv Verona, thiab lwm yam) los ntes cov kev xav ntawm tus tswv, los txiav txim siab cov lus txhais ntawm tag nrho era ntawm 1910-1930s. [15]
Hauv xyoo 1910, neoarchaic monumentalization yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau ob qho tib si Saarinen's Art Deco cov yees ntawm xyoo 1910 thiab lub siab lim hiam neoclassicism. [16] Lub zog tsis paub meej uas hloov dawb marble palazzo ntawm Doge rau hauv txhab nyiaj ntawm M. I. Wawelberg, ua ntawm dub granite, lossis ocher palazzo della Gran Guardia hauv Verona - xws li yog npog nrog xau Lavxias Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam thiab Chaw Lag Luam MM Peretyatkovich, tseem yuav cuam tshuam rau cov kws txawj tom qab tawm tsam. Hauv Leipzig, lub zog no yuav sib sau lub pob zeb Atlanteans hauv lub monument mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm haiv neeg (1913). Hauv Leningrad, qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm blackened nyoos pob zeb (lossis theej, qog plaster) paub nws tus kheej hauv Vyborg chav khw ntawm Ya. O. Rubanchik, Lub tsev ntawm Soviets N. A. Trotsky thiab lwm tus. Medieval tsev teev ntuj thiab tsev pheeb suab tshiab ntawm Renaissance tau tshwm sim rau cov neeg taug kev hauv daim ntawv tsis huv, haus luam yeeb, thiab nws tsuas yog xws li, "blackened los ntawm lub sijhawm", hais tias cov qauv tsim tshiab tau tsim. Yog li, lub "qaum teb" tus cwj pwm ntawm neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1910s-1930 yog qhov txawv ntawm archaic.
Yooj yim, roughness ntawm cov qauv qub dhau los ua lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm geometrization. Dab tsi xav tau tsis yog sib hlub los rau lub tebchaws Loos zoo nkauj kawg, tab sis kev sib hlub uas paub txog nws cov lus tsis zoo. Hauv Rosenstein lub tsev nrog cov yees (1912), Belogrud du juxtaposes ntxhib thiab neo-Renaissance cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas Wawelberg Lub Txhab Nyiaj tau txiav txim siab, cov ntsiab lus nyoos granite ntawm cov uas tau tshwm sim ua ib feem ntawm kev tsim cov "kev ua kom zoo nkauj" qhov cub qhov cub. Txawm li cas los xij, vim li cas cov kws ua txuj ci xaiv cov granite rau lawv cov haujlwm, cov pob zeb nyuaj no ua haujlwm? Nov yog txoj kev tawm tsam kev tsim txuj ci - los tsim qhov kev lim hiam, geometrized aesthetics zoo ib yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus neoclassical pom tau.
Hauv xyoo 1910, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Behrens, Belogrud, Lidval, Peretyatkovich tsim ib pawg neoclassical, tshwj xeeb hauv cov nqe lus ntawm monumentality, hauv nruab nrab ntawm St. Petersburg. Nws lub ntsiab lus yog lub ntsiab lus phem ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov laj thawj. Yog li, lub façade ntawm Wawelberg lub txhab nyiaj (1911) tsis tsuas yog tsim cov duab ntawm Doge lub palazzo, tab sis archaizes nws, nws rov los ntawm kev muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm Gothic rau Romanesque thiab muab nws nrog xeb, txhob txwm yooj yim nkhaus thiab profiles. [18] Rosenstein lub tsev thib ob (1913) tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txiav txim ntau thiab qhov txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus geometrized thiab neoclassical. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj tau sau tsis yog Palladianism, tab sis qhov tshwj xeeb, lim hiam kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus neoclassical, thiab qhov no tsis yog "kev hloov kho tshiab", tab sis archaization. Yog li, txhawm rau txhim kho cov nyhuv txiaj ntsig, masonry ntawm phab ntsa, zoo li Behrens, dhau mus rau qhov kev npau suav ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev sib txuas. Xaiv qhov kev nyiam ntawm lub ntsej muag hauv qab daus, Belogrud yog kev tshoov siab tsis yog kev zoo nkauj ntawm Parthenon, tab sis los ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm Paestum uas tau tawg ntawm lub sijhawm, ntxiv rau dub, zoo li hauv Piranesi qhov kev nkag mus. [19]
Hauv European cov ntsiab lus teb, lub siab limhiam neoclassicism hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Belogrud thiab Peretyatkovich twb yog qhov kev tsim tshwj xeeb tshiab hauv Petersburg thaum xyoo 1910. Kev koom tes ntawm neoclassical cov duab nyob rau hauv kev zoo nkauj ntawm granite monumentalization ua tim khawv rau kev sawv ntawm cov kab kev txom nyem ntawm architecture, thiab nws thawj cov piv txwv yog lub pob zeb arcades ntawm Ancient Rome thiab Renaissance palazzo. Ib qho tshiab, thib ob tom qab eclecticism, yoj ntawm kev tsis txaus siab rau cov duab no nias xeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Belogrud thiab Peretyatkovich ntawm xyoo 1910, thiab lub zog no yuav txiav txim qhov kev xav ntawm cov kws ua vaj tsev hauv xyoo 1930 ib yam nkaus. Cov neoclassicists ntawm 1910s thiab 1930s ua npau suav ntawm nkag mus "chaw txua txiag zeb ntawm keeb kwm" thiab siv cov kev txwv hnub nyoog. Cov qauv kos duab no tuaj yeem sib tw tsis yog nrog Art Deco, tab sis nrog kev sib raug zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, tau txais keeb kwm keeb kwm, phem neoclassicism tsuas yog qhia qhov dav ntawm cov yas ntau ntawm cov kab ke qub thiab Renaissance.
Xyoo 1910-1930, nws yog outcrop ntawm tus poj txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tse, ib hom dej khov, pom tseeb txawv teb chaws hauv nplai, hais txog lub tswvyim ntawm tus txiv neej. Tus txheej txheem no tau pib txawm tias ua ntej pib "xyoo thim thim", xws li cov phiaj xwm ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb Nikolaev ntawm Fomin thiab Shchuko, kev tsim kho ntawm Belogrud thiab Peretyatkovich. [20] Lub tsev tsim qauv no tsis loj heev, tab sis nws ua siab loj siab tawv. Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, ob peb lub tsev zoo li hyper-monumental tau tsim. [21] Cov kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm Trotsky thiab Katonin tsis tau txais qhov zoo dua qub (Zholtovsky's neo-Renaissance tau ze dua qhov no tom qab kev ua rog). [22] Cov tuam tsev nrog cov ntawv txiav txim siab lossis ua kom tiav xeb tawm ua lub cim tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Soviet architecture ntawm xyoo 1930-1950, thiab tsis raug. Qhov no txhais tau tias nws cov hnoos qeev, tsis yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tsis yog ib lub xeev yuav, tab sis cov thawj coj ntawm cov sau phau ntawv, thiab tig mus tiv nuj nqis rau lawv lub hwj chim tseem ceeb rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lawv cov tswv tsim. [24]
Lub nroog xyoo 1930, ua los ntawm Fomin thiab Rudnev, Trotsky thiab Katonin, yog li tshwm tsis tsuas yog Berensianism lossis lub cim ntawm "tag nrho style", tab sis raws li monument muaj cag ntoo hauv kev coj ua. [25] Thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm Fomin, nws yog qhov tsis txaus siab rau tus qauv ntawm nws tus kheej cov hluas, rau txoj kev txhim kho architecture, cuam tshuam los ntawm cov keeb kwm kev txhim kho ntawm xyoo 1914 thiab 1917. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Kiev lub tsev ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Ukrainian SSR los ua Fomin cov lus teb rau hauv lub peev ntawm Pitti thiab Colosseum palazzo, qhov ua tiav ntawm nws cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm tawm tsam rau Roman chaw nres nkoj ntawm Maggiore, thiab kev siv ntawm cov qauv tsim ib peb lub hlis twg ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los - qhov project ntawm Nikolaev chaw nres tsheb (1912).
"Ua tiav thiab dhau" - qhov no yog li cas cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ua ntej thiab cov tub txawg tub rog tuaj yeem tsim qauv, thiab Soviet cov kws ua choj xyoo 1930-1950 tau xav zoo ib yam. Nws yog lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua vaj tsev ua tub rog uas tau hais tseg cov style ntawm Leningrad House of Soviets. Xaiv N. A. Trotsky ua ke ob qho tib si ua ntej qhov kev tawm tsam (qhov Behrens kev txiav txim) thiab cov duab zoo ntawm huab tais Petersburg (lub pob zeb zoo nkauj ntawm Mikhailovsky Castle). [26] Xws li lub koomhaum yeej sib tw thiab tau siv.
Yog li, kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm kev tawm tsam ua ntej St. Petersburg yuav txiav txim siab ob qho yooj yim dhau ntawm daim ntawv kos npe thiab kev lim hiam kev tsim txom xyoo 1930. Cov kev sib luag - los ntawm Moscow Tsev ntawm Dynamo Society mus rau Leningrad Lub Tsev ntawm Soviets hauv Leningrad - yuav txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim kho ua ntej architecture, thiab Behrens kev tsim yuav qhia cov kauj ruam rau ob qho kev ntsuas geometrization ntawm 1920 kev txiav txim thiab "mastering ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm qub" ntawm xyoo 1930. Qee tus masters raws txoj hauv kev no ua rau nce mus rau kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev cuam tshuam, lwm tus mus rau qhov tseeb kev ua raws li cov canon, thaum qhov zoo ntawm architecture tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txuj ci.
[1] Lub Berensianism ntawm Trotsky lub façade tau pom tseeb rau cov neeg ib txwm nyiam, xws li D. L. Spivak tau taw qhia, nyob rau xyoo 1940 qhov kev zoo sib xws no tseem tau sau tseg los ntawm tus thawj kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub nroog, L. A. Ilyin. [10] [2] Cuam tshuam ntawm Behrens kev txiav txim siab rau Leningrad architects xyoo 1930 tau tshawb xyuas qhov kev nthuav dav hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm BM Kirikov [6] thiab VG Avdeev [1]. [3] VS Goryunov thiab PP Ignatiev [4] ua tib zoo mloog rau qhov kev tsim tawm ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub rooj tog nto moo Brandenburg hauv Berlin hauv Petersburg tsim Behrens. [4] Raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm V. S. Goryunov thiab M. P. Tubli, Petersburg tsim ntawm Behrens yog hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm neoclassicism thiab neo-romanticism, raws li ib qho ntawm tam sim no ntawm qhov tig ntawm 19th-20th xyoo pua. [3, p. 98, 101] [5] Lub faadeade ntawm Behrens yog kev sib raug zoo ob qho tib si hauv kev sib piv rau cov tsev ua haujlwm granite ntawm Northern Art Nouveau hauv St. Petersburg, thiab rau nws cov txheej txheem classical - lub portico ntawm St. Isaac Cathedral, qhov chaw ntawm New Holland. Thiab nyob rau xyoo 1930, Soviet tus kws ua yeeb yam yuav ua raws li ob txoj kev no, qee leej yuav nyiam lub hwj chim lim hiam thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm Behrens, qhov thib ob - qhov tseeb kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov porticoes ntawm O. Montferrand.[6] Neoarchaism, raws li sau tseg los ntawm V. S. Goryunov thiab P. P. Ignatiev, yog ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv European duab puab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Nws tau nyob rau hauv cov style no tias cov duab puab "Dioscuri" ntawm lub faadeade ntawm lub tsev ntawm German Xab Tham Thib tau daws. [4] [7] Kev sib hloov ntawm Trotsky lub cim tsim nrog lub Art Deco kev zoo nkauj tau hais ob qho tib si hauv kev tsis lees paub qhov uas nws tau ua ntau dua, thiab hauv kev ua tiav ntawm lub tsev colonnade nrog rau lub hauv paus rov qab los. Nov yog Leningrad cov lus teb rau hauv chaw nres nkoj hauv Moscow ntawm chaw qiv ntawv. IN THIAB. Lenin. [8] Mob siab rau Richardson tus yam ntxwv, kev xaiv ntawm aesthetically thiab thev naus laus zis kos duab tau raug saib xyuas los ntawm cov masters, raws li MP Tubli piav qhia, "… tsis yog kev ua yeeb yam yees duab, tab sis raws li kev taw qhia rau lub ntiaj teb kev tsim txiaj." [11, p. 30] [9] Nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm lub tsev ntawm TNPutilova (IAPetro, 1906), ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov pa ncaj qha nrog kos duab ntawm Helsinki - Eira chamber tsev kho mob (Sonk, 1904), thiab tseem, raws li Kirikov sau ntawv, lub tsev pov hwm cov koom haum "Pohjola" (1900) thiab lub tsev ntawm Tuam Txhab Xov Tooj (Sonck, 1903). Tab sis nyob hauv St. Petersburg lub tsev Putilova tau los ua ib lub tsev loj tshaj plaws thiab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm Northern Art Nouveau, kom paub ntau ntxiv txog cov tswv yim zoo hu ua European thiab St. Petersburg architects ntawm Art Nouveau era, pom cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm BM Kirikov, tshwj xeeb [5, p. 278, 287]. Cia peb rov qab nco ntsoov tias txoj hmoo ntawm tus sau lub tsev, tus kws kes duab vajtse I. A. Pretro, xaus kev txom nyem, xyoo 1937 nws tau raug ntes thiab tua. [10] Yog li ntawd cov xeeb ceem ntawm cov vaj tse ntawm AF Bubyr (ib qho ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm kev tsim qauv ntawm kev tawm tsam ua ntej St. St. Petersburg) yog qhov kev txiav txim me me ntawm kev txhais tshwj xeeb. Kev tsis pom zoo ntawm kev nkag, cov peev txheej thiab cov hauv paus, nws yog, ib tug yuav hais, ib txoj kev txiav txim (ntawm lo lus "raj" - yeeb nkab). Yog li, thaum tig ntawm 1900-10s, nws tau siv tsis tsuas yog Behrens. Siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm Bubyr (cov tsev ntawm KI Kapustin, 1910, Lub Koom Txoos Latvian, 1910, AV Bagrova, 1912 thiab Basseynoye Association, 1912), cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv cov vaj tse ntawm L. Sonka hauv Helsinki, nyob hauv cov tuam tsev Lub Tuam Txhab Xov Tooj (1903) thiab Tsev Kho Mob Eira (1904). [11] Hauv Art Art thaum ntxov, Saarinen ua haujlwm thoob plaws xyoo 1910, nws tau tsim qhov chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau hauv Helsinki (1910), cov chaw hauv nroog hauv Lahti (1911) thiab Joensuu (1914), lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Tartu (1917). Thiab nws yog lawv yog leej twg tsim cov qauv ntawm tus tswv txoj kev vam meej ntawm kev sib tw Chicago Tribune Competition (1922) thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm ribbed skyscrapers ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930 hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas. [12] Qhov kev zoo nkauj no tau ntxim nyiam txawm tias saib yav tas los tis ntawm neoclassicism; nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas Zholtovsky xaiv Palazzo Thiene, tsis yog lub tsev tsuas yog xeb ntawm Palladio, rau Tarasov lub tsev. Xyoo 1910, nws yog tag nrho cov txheej txheem thiab cov vaj tsev, los ntawm lub tsev ntawm Emir of Bukharsky (S. S. Krichinsky, 1913) hauv St. Petersburg mus rau lub tsev ntawm Moscow Architectural Society (D. S. Markov, 1912) hauv Moscow. Cov phiaj xwm nruab nrog kev lim hiam vwm tau coj los ntawm Lialevich thiab Shchuko thaum xyoo 1910. Ntawm qhov tsis sib thooj ntawm qhov kev txiav txim Palladian loj thiab phab ntsa uas muaj xeb, Fomin qhov haujlwm "Tshiab Petersburg" ntawm cov kob ntawm Golodai (1912) tau daws. [13] Txhawm rau kom meej meej, tsuas yog Romanesque cathedrals, piv txwv li, hauv Mainz thiab Worms, tsis muaj peev xwm los pib ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm daim duab Art Deco thaum ntxov. Yog hais tias nws tau pub rau cov tub ntxhais hluas tsuas yog los ntawm kev kub ntxhov hauv nruab nrab, tom qab ntawd tus mlom rau Kev Ua Tsov Rog ntawm Pawg Neeg nyob hauv Leipzig yuav tau tsim tsis nyob hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, tab sis nyob hauv kaum ob. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias lub xyoo pua puv 19 tsis tuaj yeem xav zoo li ntawd. Ib qho kev zam thiab thawj lub tuam tsev, uas cov yam ntxwv ntawm Art Art thaum ntxov tau raug xav, tuaj yeem suav tias yog Palace ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv Brussels (tus kws kes duab J. Poulart, txij li xyoo 1866). [14] Nco ntsoov tias qhov no ntau ntawm chav mus rau grandiose, los ntawm ib hom ntawv nyob ze rau Northern Art Nouveau mus rau txoj kev ze rau lub loog ntawm kev luag ntxhi neoclassicism yog mastered los ntawm G. Richardson nws tus kheej. Lub suab paj nruag loj tshaj plaws ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Marshall Field nyob Chicago (1887, tsis yog tshwj tseg) tau dhau los ua tus qauv zoo ntawm tus tswv. [15] Lub Tsev Thib Ob ntawm Cov Tsev Nyob Hauv Nroog (nrog lub siab zoo nkauj, 1912), lub tsev ntawm Cov Txhab Nyiaj Txiag (1913, nrog motif ntawm Dzekki hauv Venice) hauv St. Petersburg, thiab lwm tus tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau lub voj voog ntawm kev ua siab phem. neoclassicism cov lus cog tseg (V. I. Eramishantsev, 1914) nrog kev xaj ntawm Palazzo Pitti, Azov-Don Commercial Bank (A. N. Zeligson, 1911) nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov palazzo Fantuzzi hauv Bologna. Nco ntsoov tias qhov xeb ntawm lub chaw nres nkoj ntawm Palio tau tsim lub ntsej muag ntsiab lus ntawm cov pavilion ntawm Kurskaya metro chaw nres tsheb (kws kes duab vajtse GA Zakharov, 1948). [16] Cov monumentalization no tau dhau los ua cov yam ntxwv ntawm neo-Lavxias style ntawm xyoo 1900. Thiab tus tswv tau sim txiav tawm los ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam raws nraim cov qauv tiv thaiv sib haum rau txoj haujlwm no - los ntawm cov pej thuam ntawm Pskov mus rau Solovetsky Monastery. Txawm li cas los xij, nws zoo li tias qhov kev xaiv no tau txiav txim siab ncaj qha los ntawm kev nqhis rau lub tswv yim tshiab - qhov tshwj xeeb syncreticity, fusion, neoarchaic tectonics. Cov no tau ua haujlwm ntawm NV Vasiliev, VA Pokrovsky thiab AV Shchusev, xws li, hauv cov lus ntawm AV Slezkin, "daim duab ntawm tus Lavxias lub tuam tsev qub-hero" [9]. [17] Kev txais tos ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub siab phem thiab kev ua siab zoo, uas tau dhau los ua kev tshawb pom ntawm Petersburg architecture ntawm qhov tig ntawm xyoo 1900s thiab 10s, tuaj yeem sau tseg ob qho tib si hauv monuments ntawm Northern Art Nouveau thiab nyob rau hauv nyuam qhuav txhais neoclassicism. Xws li yog, piv txwv li, cov tsev ntawm A. S. Obolyaninov, (1907), A. E. Burtseva (1912), N. P. Semenov (1914), lub tsev lag luam ntawm Siberian Lub Txhab Nyiaj Txiag (1909), thiab lwm yam zoo li kev ua haujlwm nto moo ntawm F. I. Lidval, yog li cov vaj tse ntawm Azov-Don Bank (1907) thiab Thib Ob Kev Sib Koom Hauv Kev Sib Koom (1907) ua ke muaj zog masonry thiab cov ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo, kev ua qias tuaj, thiab cov ntsiab lus geometrized. Thiab nws tau ncaj qha qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman style uas ua tim khawv rau qhov kev tsim kho tshiab los ntawm Lidval. [18] IE Pechenkin kuj tseem coj cov ntsiab lus siab rau qhov kev lim hiam no, neoarchaic txhais txog neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1910s [8, p. 514, 518] [19] Belohrud tseem yuav tsim tom qab kiv puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm Rosenstein lub tsev nrog cov yees, Belogrud tsim tag nrho cov phiaj xwm - rau Rostov-on-Don (1915), lub tsev luam ntawv (1917) thiab Tekhnogor lub tsev (1917) hauv Petrograd, nrog rau kev sib tw thov rau Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Cov Hluav Taws Xob hauv Petrograd (1919), Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm (1922) thiab Arkos House hauv Moscow (1924). Nco ntsoov tias cov cawv ntawm A. E. Belogruda (1875-1933) yog kwv yees hauv lub tsev tsim vaj tsev nyob ntawm Suvorovsky zeem muag (AA Ol, 1935) thiab Smolninsky bakery hauv Leningrad (kws kes duab vajtse PM Sergeev, 1936). [20] Ntxiv mus, qhov kawg ntawm Shchuko (1913) nrog peb arches thiab rustified edicules ncaj qha tsim cov lus sib xyaw thiab cov yas tswv yim pom zoo los ntawm Fomin ntawm kev sib tw (1912) - lub ntsiab ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb yav tom ntej tau los ua lub ntsiab lus ntxiv ntawm chaw nres nkoj ntawm Maggiore.. G. Bass [2, p. 243, 265] [21] Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau xyoo 1940-5050s, lub architecture ntawm Leningrad rov xaiv cov kev xaiv ntawm lub sijhawm kho dua tshiab kom nyiam rau qhov kev cai, ntau dua li hais tawm, hyper-monumental daim ntawv. Xyoo 1912, raws li Bass piav qhia, ntawm kev sib tw rau Nikolaevsky chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau, kev xaiv tau ua nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm Shchuko version, tsis yog Fomin li piv txwv, pob zeb diamond rustic. [2, p. 292]. [22] Lub siab ntsws neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1930 suav nrog Vyborg lub khw muag khoom (txij li xyoo 1935) thiab lub tsev nyob ntawm Kronverksky zeem muag, (1934) Ya. O. Rubanchik, V. V. Popov lub tsev nyob ntawm Moskovsky zeem muag (1938), chav dej nyob ntawm Udelnaya st Cov. (A. I. Gegello, 1936). Ntawm cov haujlwm, kev sib tw ntawm Lub Tsev ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab thiab Tub Rog hauv Kronstadt xyoo 1934 thiab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm Rudnev, Rubanchik, Simonov thiab Rubanenko tuaj yeem sib txawv. Thiab tseem yog cov lus thov ntawm N. A. Trotsky, cov no tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov muaj qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Maggiore - lub tsev piv txwv ntawm Lensovet (1933), lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Academy of Sciences hauv Moscow (1935), thiab lwm yam [23] zoo ib yam xyoo nyob rau hauv lub suab sib txawv kiag li qub - laus kos duab zoo nkauj, zoo li yog cov vaj tsev thaj chaw ntawm Levinson, Ilyin, Gegello. VIEM thaj chaw nyob hauv Kamennoostrovsky zeem muag (1934) los ua ib qho haujlwm ntawm Leningrad Art Deco. Cia peb rov qab nco tias thaum lub sij hawm xyoo ntawm kev tsim lub tsev no, nws tus kws kes duab vajtse N. Ye. Lanceray raug tsim txom, txij li xyoo 1931-1935 raug kaw hauv tsev loj cuj, xyoo 1938 nws raug ntes dua thiab raug tuag xyoo 1942. [24] Kev sib pauv tswv yim hauv Milan, tus kws kes duab vajtse P. Mezzano (1928), dhau los ua tus piv txwv tsis tshua muaj neeg pom ntawm cov neeg muaj koob npe hauv tebchaws Italian. ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s. [25] Qhov no yog li cas VG Bass tsim nws, pib los ntawm Renaissance txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim rau cov masters yog "hom kev sib tw sab hauv uas tus sau" hu "cov tuam tsev qub coj los ua qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv". [2, p. 87] [26] Yog li pob zeb diamond rustic, ib qho kev qhia ntawm Leningrad lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm xyoo 1930, tau tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv architecture ntawm Italian Quattrocento. Tom qab, txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tshua muaj siv, xws li, piv txwv li, Fortezza di Basso hauv Florence (1534) thiab Palazzo Pesaro hauv Venice (los ntawm 1659). Qhov no yog hom ntawm xeb ntawd V. I. Bazhenov rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm Grand Kremlin Palace hauv Moscow (1767) thiab Mikhailovsky Tsev fuabtais hauv St. Petersburg (1797). Hauv xyoo 1930, qhov laj thawj no tau siv los ntawm L. V. Rudnev (Cov Tib Neeg Lub Rooj Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm Arbatskaya, 1933), E. I. Katonin (Frunzensky Lub Tsev Haujlwm Muag Khoom, 1934), N. E. Lancere (tsev VIEM, 1934), N. A. Trotsky (Lub Tsev ntawm Soviets, 1936, ntxiv rau kev tsim qauv ntawm lub tsev ntawm Naval Academy hauv Leningrad, 1936).
Cov Ntawv Hmoob
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