Yuav luag tsib caug xyoo tom qab thawj zaug tshaj tawm ntawm Architecture ntawm lub nroog (Architettura della città) hauv tebchaws Ltalis, qhov kev ua haujlwm seminal no los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Aldo Rossi (1931-1997) tau luam tawm ua lus Lavxias. Nws yog ntxiv los ntawm "Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb", thawj zaug luam tawm xyoo 1990, thiab hauv phau ntawv txhais lus Lavxias yog muab cov lus qhia los ntawm Rossi tus ntxhais, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub hauv paus npe tom qab nws.
"Architecture ntawm lub nroog" ua rau tus kws sau ntawv pom txog keeb kwm ntawm kev npaj hauv nroog, xav tias lub nroog yog cov tsev nyob ntawm ntau lub sijhawm, thiab kos duab - tsis yog kev tsim qauv hauv nroog, tab sis raws li "qauv", lossis, qhov yooj yim dua, lub tsev. Phau ntawv txhais txog lub nroog hauv nws txoj kev txhim kho ntu ntuj uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam kev sib raug zoo, nyiaj txiag, tsim cai thiab kas moos. Kev nthuav tawm nthuav tawm ib ncig ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm fatti urbani, uas nyob rau hauv kev txhais lus Lavxias tau dhau los ua "cov lus tseeb ntawm nroog ib puag ncig". Hauv Rossi txoj hauv kev, ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov cawv ntawm Marxism, Asmeskas lub tsev kawm ntawm kev noj qab haus huv, semiotics thiab lwm yam tshiab ntawm tib neeg, uas tau vam meej xyoo tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog. Qhov haujlwm no tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm thawj lub suab nyob hauv kev sib cav nrog cov kev npaj hauv nroog txog niaj hnub kom rov qab mus rau hauv nroog cov qauv ib txwm muaj nrog txoj kev thiab plaub fab.
"Architecture ntawm Lub Nroog" yog phau ntawv qhia ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, sau los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov ideologist ntawm postmodernism thiab rov qab mus rau "qub" kev nkag siab ntawm architecture, Aldo Rossi. Nws cov vaj tse xws li lub toj ntxas ntawm San Cataldo hauv Modena (1971-78) thiab Theatre of Peace rau xyoo 1980 Venice Biennale tau ntev ntev suav nrog lub pantheon ntawm cov duab ntawm niaj hnub kos duab thiab tau sau tseg hauv txhua qhov nws "dab neeg". Txij li thaum tshaj tawm ntawm City Architecture hauv xyoo 1966, phau ntawv no tau muab txhais ua ntau yam lus thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv keeb kwm hais txog keeb kwm ntawm architecture thiab kev npaj hauv nroog. Nyob rau hauv 2011, rau 45 xyoos hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws kev tshaj tawm thawj zaug, nto moo IUAV - Lub koom haum ntawm Architecture thiab Urban Planning ntawm University of Venice - tau muaj lub rooj sib tham tshwj xeeb thiab kev ua yeeb yam. Kev txhais lus Lavxias ntawm nws cov thooj, ua los ntawm tus kws tshaj tawm kev kos duab Olga Nazarova, tau tshwm sim tib lub sijhawm, xyoo 2011, nyob rau ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm PROJECT thoob ntiaj teb phau ntawv xov xwm ntawm kev pib ua haujlwm ntawm Anna Bronovitskaya thiab tus xibfwb ntawm Milan Polytechnic Alessandro De Magistris, nrog rau tom kawg ntawm lus ntuas.
Kev txhais lus 2015 tsis yog los ntawm kev tawm tswv yim, tab sis yog muab nrog txhua tus kws sau ntawv sau los ntawm thawj tsab ntawv Asmeskas, yog li cov neeg nyeem niaj hnub no tau piav qhia meej nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv nyeem hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas thaum 1980s., thaum lub laj thawj rau nws qhov tshwm sim niaj hnub no hauv kev tshaj tawm lub tsev ntawm lub koom haum muaj koob npe "Strelka" tus nyeem ntawv yuav tsum xav txog nws tus kheej.
Hauv ob xyoo dhau los, ntau cov kev txhais lus ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kos duab thiab kos duab tau raug luam tawm hauv tebchaws Russia. Cov no yog "Xya Teeb ntawm Architecture" thiab "Lub Pob Zeb ntawm Venice" los ntawm John Ruskin, "Renaissance thiab Baroque" los ntawm Heinrich Wölflin, "Renaissance thiab" Renaissance "hauv Western Art" los ntawm Erwin Panofsky thiab ntau lwm yam haujlwm hauv iconic. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau muab nrog kev tawm tswv yim thiab thaj chaw los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij niaj hnub, pab kom nkag siab txog tus nqi ntawm cov ntawv uas tau dhau los ua keeb kwm. Lub Architecture ntawm Lub Nroog, sau tsuas yog rau xyoo tom qab Renaissance thiab Renaissance, nws zoo sib xws nrog cov qauv ntawm cov haujlwm no, uas tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam kos duab keeb kwm thiab kev tshawb nrhiav architecture, tab sis kuj hloov qhov kev xav ntawm kos duab thiab kos duab cuab yeej cuab tam.
Nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob yog vim li cas Rossi phau ntawv, "monument" rau kev tshawb xav hauv architectural, tsis tau tshwm sim hauv Lavxias yav dhau los. Thaum lub caij nyoog Soviet, ntau cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse txawv tebchaws ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, los ntawm Le Corbusier mus rau Charles Jencks, tau txhais, thiab ntau phau ntawv tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias sai sai tom qab lawv thawj cov ntawv tshaj tawm, xws li Pierre Luigi Nervi Tus Tsim Tsa Ua Tau Zoo (thawj tsab - Xyoo 1955, Ntawv tshaj tawm Soviet - 1957).
Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm thawj daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm "Architecture ntawm Lub Nroog", thiab thoob plaws tag nrho 2nd ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua nees nkaum, kev coj noj coj ua kev sib raug zoo nrog Ltalis tau muaj zog, Italian engineers tau ua haujlwm hauv USSR, Italian cov chaw haujlwm tau tsim, suav nrog FIAT-VAZ, Soviet cov kws ua yeeb yam nthuav tawm ntawm Milan Triennial (1968), kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Renato Guttuso thiab Giacomo Manzu tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow, thiab Italian cov yeeb yaj kiab tau qhia hauv xinesmas - los ntawm cov tswv yim zoo ntawm neorealism mus rau cov teeb ua yeeb yam nrog cov neeg nyiam los ntawm Soviet cov pej xeem. Aldo Rossi nws tus kheej, zoo li ntau yam ntawm nws cov npoj yaig ntawm cov xyoo, muaj kev nyiam ua tiag tiag hauv Soviet Union. Nws tseem tau mus ncig xyuas Moscow xyoo 1954 nrog ib pawg ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas sib sab laj los ua tus tshaj tawm rau Casabella-Continuità cov ntawv xov xwm (tom qab ntawd tau coj los ntawm Ernesto Nathan Rogers, ib tus kws tsim qauv ntawm pawg BBPR, tus sau ntawm cov lus npe nrov "Los ntawm cov diav mus rau nroog"). Thaum rov los tsev, cov tub ntxhais hluas Rossi tau sau ntawv rau Casabella cov lus txaus siab txog Stalin lub tuam tsev, uas, ntawm chav kawm, tsis muaj leej twg tshaj tawm, tab sis tsis txhua vim tias nws tsis nyiam USSR, raws li ib tug yuav xav, tab sis ntawm qhov tsis sib xws. Cov avant-garde Italian tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm, txawm nyob hauv hnub ntawm kev siab phem, thuam kev thuam Stalinist keeb kwm. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab ua tsov rog, thaum kev sib txuas lus zoo li tsuas yog lwm txoj hauv kev txaus siab, thiab txoj kev kos duab ntawm kev niaj hnub tsuas yog kev cia siab rau kev tos ntev txog kev ncaj ncees, cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia ib tsab xov xwm txog lub tebchaws Soviet - "lub vaj kaj siab hauv ntiaj teb. "- nrog cov duab ntawm cov eclectic" monsters ". Yog li, Rossi twb dhau los ua qhov "yaj dub" ntawm nws cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm - Manfredo Tafuri, Vittorio Gregotti, Vittorio De Feo, Carlo Aimonino, Giancarlo Di Carlo, uas tau kawm, txheeb xyuas thiab tshaj tawm cov keeb kwm ntawm Soviet constructivism, kev sim ntawm NER pawg thiab lwm tus neeg hauv nroog npaj thiab cov kws tsim qauv ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog. Rossi khaws kev khuv xim rau "Stalinist" txoj sia rau tas nws lub neej: nws tsis tau hais lus qhib siab txog lawv, tab sis qee zaum nws qhia lawv rau nws cov npoj yaig.
Cov npe nrov ntawm "Architecture ntawm Lub Nroog" txawv teb chaws deb dhau los ua haujlwm ntawm Rossi Italian cov npoj yaig, uas nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev lossis lwm tus tau tsim cov ncauj lus sib tham hauv nws phau ntawv. Gregotti tau sau txog qhov yuav tsum tau xav txog qhov chaw zoo li ib qhov project, Tafuri sib cav txog cov architecture nyob rau hauv qhov systemist capitalist, thiab "naive functionalism" tau raug luag thuam yuav luag tag nrho los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Roman los ntawm Moretti mus rau cov hluas Portogesi, suav nrog cov kws tsim tawm niaj hnub nimno Mario Fiorentino., tus sau ntawm lub npe nrov chaw nyob Corviale, uas nws tau lees paub tias nws tus qauv tsim tsis yog kev tshoov siab los ntawm Le Corbusier "chav tsev nyob", tab sis los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm vaj tsev thiab kev pabcuam hauv ib lub tsev, tus yam ntxwv ntawm keeb kwm Rome.
Aldo Rossi tau koom nrog tshwj xeeb tiam, "raug tshem tawm" ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse uas ua haujlwm "rau tsoomfwv" thiab tom ntej no - cov neeg tawm tsam "tiam '68" (tus thawj coj thiab tus kws sau paj huam Pier Paolo Pasolini sau txog nws cov neeg tuaj koom: "Koj Kuv ntxub koj ib yam li koj txiv”(“Italian Communist Party - to the Young”, 1968, kev txhais lus los ntawm phau ntawv qhia kuv lub npe), uas feem ntau ntawm cov tswv cuab ua vaj tse Italian tus tswv cuab tam.
Rossi thiab nws lub caij nyoog yuav tsum tau txhim kho thiab rov kho ntau lub ntsiab lus tau txhim kho thaum lub sijhawm sai sai ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroog hauv qab kev siab phem, uas yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub nroog keeb kwm. Lub tswv yim ntawm "ib puag ncig", ceev faj kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev soj ntsuam hauv nroog ntawm cov tuam tsev keeb kwm tau tsim hauv Ltalis tsis pub dhau ntawm kev sib cav txog kev tsim kho hauv nroog, uas tau koom tes nrog tsoomfwv fascist; ntawm cov protagonists ntawm cov xyoo ua tsov rog kuj yog avant-garde architects, xws li, piv txwv li, Giuseppe Terragni nrog kev tsim kho txoj haujlwm ntawm Como thiab Luggi Piccinato nrog kev npaj hauv nroog ntawm Rome. Tom qab kev ua tsov rog, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub nroog keeb kwm tau qhib los ntawm lub kaum sab xis tshiab: cov kws kes duab vaj tsev ntsib teeb meem ntawm kev rov qab ua kom puas ntawm Naples, Padua, Frascati … Cov no thiab ntau lwm qhov chaw kos duab Italian tau ua tsis zoo los ntawm kev foob pob, thiab qee qhov ntawm koj tseem tuaj yeem nrhiav pom qhov chaw tsis muaj chaw seem thiab phab ntsa uas vau, piv txwv li, hauv Palermo. Qhov tseeb tiag, txhua tus tub rog hauv Milanese ntawm lub xyoo thib ob ntawm thib nees nkaum xyoo tau tsim los ua cov tswv nyob hauv kev tsim kho lawv lub nroog, raug rhuav tshem thaum xyoo 1943, raws li Chino Dzucchi qhia tau zoo kawg ntawm Venice Biennale kawg. Rossi tau loj hlob ntawm qhov chaw no (raws li nws nco qab hauv Lub Tsev Nruab Nrab ntawm Lub Nroog), thiab nws cov haujlwm tau txais qhov nyuaj thiab kev paub txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm tebchaws Ltalis thaum muaj kev lag luam loj hlob.
"Architecture ntawm Lub Nroog" tawm hauv tib lub xyoo nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Robert Venturi "Kev nyuaj thiab tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Architecture" thiab muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus nrog nws. Nws daim ntawv sau ua lus Askiv tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas xyoo 1982, nyob rau tom qab lub caij nyoog dhau los ntawm kev tsim kho, thiab ua lub sijhawm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab nto moo. Xyoo tom qab, nws tau raug tsa los ntawm Paolo Portogesi los saib xyuas cov ntu hauv vaj tsev ntawm Venice Biennale, thiab nyob rau xyoo 1990 nws tau los ua tus thawj Italian Pritzker nqi zog.
Kev tshaj tawm ntawm "Architecture ntawm Lub Nroog" hauv Lavxias los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev txaus siab rau kev ua tsov ua rog tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog, ntawm ib sab, thiab ntawm lwm qhov, thaum sib tham txog kev tsim kho nroog thiab cov zej zog, thaum thaj chaw tshiab ua raws li cov neeg Italian qub. cov nroog tau txais rave txheeb xyuas thiab nce ib nthwv dej ntawm cov tsis txaus siab rau "Stalinist legacy".
Nws cia siab tias phau ntawv yuav tsis raug pom tias yog lo lus "tshiab" hauv kev thuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm, yog tias tsuas yog vim tias Rossi thiab cov kev ua haujlwm tau raug thuam los ntawm nws tau ntev nyob rau hauv txee ntawm keeb kwm, thiab qib ntawm lawv qhov tseeb yog nce ntxiv nce qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Palladio thiab Vitruvius …
Nyias, Kuv xav nco ntsoov txoj haujlwm ntawm tus neeg txhais lus Anastasia Golubtsova, uas yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nrog cov ntawv nyeem tsis yooj yim - twb vim ntau ntawm cov lus uas ib txwm muaj rau Italian kev npaj lub nroog tsis muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias. Piv txwv li, cov tswvyim tseem ceeb ntawm phau ntawv - fatti urbani, uas nyob rau hauv cov lus Askiv hloov mus rau hauv nroog tsim cov ntaub ntawv, tau dhau los hauv Lavxias phau ntawv "cov lus tseeb ntawm nroog ib puag ncig". Txawm hais tias Lavxias teb sab sib npaug - "qhov tseeb" thiab tsis hais txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Italian lub tswv yim ntawm fatto (qhov ncauj lus los ntawm nqi mus - ua), nws tau ze txaus rau lub tswv yim uas Rossi muab tso rau hauv kab lus no. Tej zaum, txawm li cas los xij, kev txhais lus tsis tas yuav tsum muaj tseeb rau Rossi cov kab lus. Piv txwv li, qhov tsis meej ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "tus neeg ntawm ib qho laj lim tswv yim" (p. 40), uas "hom phiaj kos duab" cuam tshuam, tuaj yeem zam tau yog tias cov txhais lus tsis xav kaw cov lus siv. phau ntawv, tab sis kom ntseeg tau tias kev qhia nws cov ntsiab lus, piv txwv li - "tus kheej tus cwj pwm ntawm cov qauv / tsev."
Tsis tas li ntawd kev sib cav zoo li yog qhov kev txhais lus ntawm nroog ntawm nroog los ntawm lo lus "nroog loj", uas hauv Lavxias txhais tau tias theej kev tswj hwm ntawm lub nroog dua ncaj qha "kev npaj hauv nroog" cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib tus kws kes duab vajtse. Thiab meej nyob rau hauv saib ntawm lexical kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm Rossi kev ua haujlwm thiab lub peev xwm muaj peev xwm ntawm nws cov lus, Kuv xav pom cov lus hais txog "kev nyuaj ntawm txhais lus" - hais txog cov lus siv hauv nws, uas, alas, tsis muaj nyob.
Qhov Autobiography Kev Tshawb Fawb ntxiv kev tshaj tawm ntawm Lub Nroog Architecture. Rossi qiv lub npe los ntawm "Kev Tshawb Fawb Phau Ntawv Teev Tseg" los ntawm Max Planck (1946), tus kws tshaj lij German thiab kws tshaj lij, uas nws lub npe hu ua koom nrog cov koom haum tshaj lij nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Hauv phau ntawv no, tus kws kes duab vajtse piav txog nws txoj kev muaj tswv yim, nws txoj kev xav, ua piv txwv nrog cov keeb kwm sib luag, thiab tseem qhia txog cov lus uas nws tus kheej tau hais: “Architecture yog ib txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ciaj sia los ntawm noob neej; nws yog ib txoj kev los qhia txog koj txoj kev nrhiav tsis tau kev zoo siab."
Strelka Xov Xwm tau ntaus nqi qhov tsis muaj qhov niaj hnub scholarly tawm tswv yim rau ob phau ntawv mus rau qhov kev xav tau ntawm tus txais. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv no rau niaj hnub architecture, nrog rau qhov muaj ntau ntawm cov npe hauv lawv, ntau ntawm cov tsis paub txog tus nyeem niaj hnub no li 50 xyoo dhau los (piv txwv li Pierre Lavedant thiab Marcel Poet - ib tus tsim ntawm "keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog"), ua rau qhov tsis muaj ntawm ib qho lus pom zoo li ntawd. Peb tsuas yog kwv yees li cas cov kev qhia ntawm cov kws tshawb nrhiav muaj peev xwm piav qhia txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm phau ntawv zoo li cas, nws qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshaj tawm lub tsev ntawm lub koom haum Strelka, rau cov kws tshaj lij Lavxias hais lus, keeb kwm, cov neeg tawm tswv yim thiab rau cov neeg nyeem Lavxias niaj hnub feem ntau, tuaj yeem ua kev puas tsuaj. no tseem ceeb tej hauj lwm ntawm kev xav architectural.
Nws cia siab tias qhov kev tshaj tawm yuav dhau los ua qhov laj thawj ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov haujlwm no hauv Lavxias, hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub Lav Xias lub nroog npaj teeb meem.
Tus sau tsab xov xwm no yog ib tug kws tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm, PhD hauv keeb kwm kos duab, tus kws qhia nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim vaj tse ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum ntawm University of Rome Tor Vergata.
Rossi A.
Lub nroog architecture / Per. nrog nws. Anastasia Golubtsova
M.: Strelka Xovxwm, 2015 - 264 p.
ISBN 978-5-906264-21-3
Rossi A.
Phau ntawv sau txog tus kheej (scientific autobiography / Per). nrog nws. Anastasia Golubtsova
M.: Strelka Xovxwm, 2015 - 176 p.
ISBN 978-5-906264-20-6
