1. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm Heriot-Watt University (Edinburgh)
Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Heriot-Watt University thiab tau pib los ntawm tsoomfwv British. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog txhawm rau soj ntsuam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm chav kawm tsis raug rau ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia.
Kev tshawb fawb vib this
Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua nyob hauv 70 chav kawm, ob lub tsev kawm qub thiab niaj hnub, ntau tshaj peb lub xyoos 1990 (cov kev tshawb fawb nws tus kheej tau luam tawm xyoo 1999). Cov khoom ntawm kev soj ntsuam yog cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 5 txog 11 xyoo, hauv cov chav kawm uas muaj thiab tsis muaj lub suab qab nthab.
Ecophon tau raug hais kom koom nrog txoj kev kawm no thiab nruab cov ce saum npoo acoustic hauv cov chav kawm ib chav kom muaj kev sib piv ntawm cov chav tsis raug kho thiab kho chav kawm.
Cov kws tshawb fawb ntsuas lub suab nrov, lub sijhawm rov ua haujlwm, thiab kev hais lus meej. Lawv kuj xam phaj cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia ntawv thiab tshuaj xyuas lawv tus cwj pwm.
ntsiab
Cov kev tshawb fawb pom meej qhia meej tias kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm lub nthab muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo rau qhov kev kawm zoo. Lawv:
• Muaj suab nrov nrov txo qis
• Txo lub sijhawm reverberation
• Txhim kho qhov kev hais lus tsis meej
• Tsim qhov pom kev zoo ntawm lub siab
• Hloov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv cov xeeb ceem thiab cov yam ntxwv
• Pab rau ua kom tau qhab nia zoo sib luag hauv chav kawm ua suab nrov
• Tsim qhov chaw zoo ua haujlwm rau tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia ntawv
Cov kws tshawb nrhiav kuj pom tias feem ntau ntawm cov suab nrov tsis zoo yog los ntawm cov khoom hauv chav kawm (cov tub ntxhais kawm, kev ua pa, thiab lwm yam) dua li lwm qhov sab nraud.
Rov Qab Lombard Zoo
Lwm qhov tseem ceeb, thiab thaum xub thawj qhov kev xav tsis txaus ntseeg, yog qhov Lombard rov qab ua haujlwm. Cov txiaj ntsig Lombard yog tias tib neeg nyiam hais nrov nrov hauv qhov chaw nrov nrov hauv kev sim mloog. Qhov no ua rau kom maj mam nce qib ntawm cov suab hauv chav.
Kev rov ua tiav Lombard nyhuv ua haujlwm raws nraim rau sab nraud. Nyob hauv chav tsev ntsiag to, neeg nyiam hais lus ntau dua, vim lawv tsis tas yuav tsum hais lus nrov nrov kom tau hnov. Qhov no tseem muaj lub npe hu ua "cov nyhuv hauv tsev qiv ntawv".
Hauv kev kawm txog Heriot-Watt, ib qho piv txwv los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv qib qis hauv Ratmore qhia txog qhov tshwm sim no zoo. Thaum piv cov qib sib luag hauv cov chav kawm muaj thiab tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus acoustic, qhov chaw cov me nyuam zaum ntsiag to, chav kawm uas muaj lub qab nthab suab yog 3 dB ntsiag to. Qhov no yog li cas ib tug yuav cia siab tias los ntawm kev siv tswv yim ntshiab pom.
Tab sis thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm tau hais, qib suab nrov hauv chav kawm acoustically tiav lawm 10 dB qis dua hauv chav tsis kho. Kev txo qis ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm tsuas yog 3 dB tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm lub cev txo qis ntawm lub suab nrov vim nws nqus tau los ntawm lub qab nthab, yog li ntawd qhov seem 7 dB ntawm qhov txo qis vim yog kev coj tus cwj pwm ntsiag to. Ib qho poob qis ntawm lub suab qib los ntawm 10 dB pom tau los ntawm pob ntseg yog li halving ntawm lub suab ntim, yog li cov nyhuv no tseem ceeb heev.
2. Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm University Bremen
Cov kev tshawb nrhiav av hauv qab no yog nqa los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb los ntawm University of Bremen. Ntawm no, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tshuaj xyuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo ntawm kev qhia thiab kev kawm ib puag ncig, nrog rau kev qhia ntau ntxiv txog cov kev xav ntawm lub hlwb thiab lub cev xws li kev ntxhov siab thiab siab zoo.
Txoj kev tshawb no tau muab faib ua peb ntu thiab tau ua thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 1990 thiab ntxov 2000s, thiab tau dhau los ua kev kawm ntau tshaj plaws hauv tsev kawm txog kev paub lub sijhawm, suav txog 570 chav qhia, 28 chav kawm thiab 5 lub tsev kawm.
Kev tshawb fawb vib this
Ib yam li kev tshawb fawb hauv Heriot-Watt University, qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau ua raws li txheej txheem A-B sib piv, qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv tau khaws cia hauv chav kawm uas tsis raug kho thiab sib piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv sib luag hauv cov chav kawm tom qab lawv ua tiav nrog chav kawm A acoustic ceilings.
Cov kws tshawb nrhiav ntsuas cov suab sib txawv hauv chav kawm, suav nrog cov suab nrov hauv chav kawm thiab cov paj hlwb hauv lub siab, txhawm rau ntsuas kev sib txheeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus, lub suab nrov nrog cov kev qhia sib txawv, thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab kws qhia lub siab thiab cov qib siab.
ntsiab
Pawg neeg tshawb nrhiav pom ntau qhov txiaj ntsig zoo. Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav pom tias cov qauv qhia ntawv hauv cov tsev kawm yog hloov los ntawm ib zaj lus qhia hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev qhuab qhia, qhov chaw uas tus kws qhia ntawv hais thiab cov menyuam mloog, rau cov qauv uas txhawb menyuam yaus sib txuas lus thiab ua haujlwm ua khub thiab hauv cov pab pawg hauv qab kev saib xyuas ntawm a tus kws qhia ntawv. Hauv chav kawm uas tsis tau txais kev kho, qhov hloov pauv ntawm kev qhia ua rau muaj kev nce siab tag nrho cov suab nrov. Qhov no yuav zoo li lub cav, vim tias ntau tus neeg hais lus hauv pawg ua haujlwm ntau dua li tus kws qhia ntawv hais lus hauv chav kawm.
Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab cov chav kawm tau acoustically ua tiav, lub suab qib tau poob thaum chav kawm tau hloov mus ua haujlwm pab pawg lossis ua haujlwm ua khub. Qeb nrov hauv chav kawm tau tsawg dua thaum ua haujlwm pab pawg dua li thaum qhia kev qhuab qhia. Qhov no yog lwm cov piv txwv ntawm qhov hloov Lombard ntxim.
Qhov sib txawv hauv qib thaum pab pawg ua haujlwm hauv chav kawm ua ntej thiab tom qab kev teeb tsa ntawm lub nthab acoustic yog 13 dB, uas yog siab dua hauv kev tshawb pom hauv Heriot-Watt. (Saib Daim Duab 1). Txog 10 ntawm 13 13 dB yog vim qhov cuam tshuam Lombard hloov, thiab 3 dB vim yog qhov tseeb nqus ntawm lub suab ntas los ntawm lub suab qab nthab.
Txhua qhov, txoj kev tshawb nrhiav qhia tias cov tsev kawm uas tab tom hloov los ntawm txoj kev qhia ntawv ib txwm dhau los mus rau kev qhia ua pab pawg ntau dua tuaj yeem ua rau txo tau cov suab nrov hauv chav kawm tag nrho, vim tias cov chav kawm yog cov suab zoo.
Tsis tshua muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab nro ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv lub suab
Qhov kev pom thib ob zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom yog tus kws qhia ntawv lub plawv dhia mus raws theem kev qhia nrov nrov hauv chav kawm. Raws li lub suab nce qib, lub plawv dhia nce ib yam nkaus. Lub plawv dhia yog qhov pom tau ntawm qib kev ntxhov siab, uas txhais tau hais tias cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau pom kev sib txheeb tseeb ntawm cov suab nrov thiab qib kev ntxhov siab. Muab piv rau cov ntaub ntawv HR ua ntej thiab tom qab teeb tsa lub ntsiab lus acoustic qab nthab, pom kev txhim kho kom pom tseeb. Tus kws qhia ntawv lub plawv dhia los ntawm ntau npaum li 10 npaum li cas ib feeb.
Cov lus paub zoo dua kuj txhais tau tias cov kws qhia ntawv tsis tas yuav thawb lawv lub suab kom tau hnov.
Zoo mloog ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv kawm
Cov kws tshawb nrhiav kuj pom tias lub suab nrov nyob hauv chav kawm tsis raug tso siab tseeb tau nce thawm hnub. Lub suab nrov nyob hauv cov tshooj lus kawg ntawm lub hnub yog ntau dua ob zaug li ntau npaum li thaum kawm thawj tshooj (12-13 dB siab dua SPL).
Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov neeg hnov lus tsis zoo ua rau lub cev nkees nkees thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm poob thaum nruab hnub, uas ua rau lawv tsis muaj suab nrov (ntau txav, ntxhi, thiab lwm yam).
Tsis tsuas yog ua lub suab theem qis dua tom qab lub qab nthab acoustic tau raug ntsia, tab sis nws tseem muaj ntau dua los yog tsawg dua txhua hnub, raws li muaj nyob hauv Daim Duab 3.
Yog li, nws tuaj yeem xav tau tias cov suab nrov qis qis dua ua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tsom mus rau thiab tsis tshua muaj kev ntxhov siab rau ib hnub.
3. Kawm ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv Essex County, UK
Txoj kev tshawb no tau cog lus tseg los ntawm Essex County Council hauv tebchaws Askiv los txiav txim siab tias kev ua suab nrov ntawm chav kawm tsis hnov lus puas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia ntawv uas muaj lub rooj sib hais.
Txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau txheeb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam rau cov kev kawm ntawm ntau qib ntawm kev kho mob acoustic ntawm chav kawm.
Kev tshawb fawb vib this
Txoj kev tshawb no piv rau plaub chav kawm sib txawv hauv ib lub tsev kawm theem siab hauv Essex. Thawj chav kawm yog chav tswj hwm tsis muaj kev kho mob acoustic. Peb lwm chav kawm tau ntsib peb txawv UK cov qauv rau kev tso cai kawm ntawm.
Ib qho tau haum nrog perforated plasterboard tshem tawm qab nthab uas ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm BB93 qib siab.
Hauv lwm chav kawm, chav kawm Ib lub qab nthab suab tau nruab nrog lub suab zoo nyob rau hauv ntau zaus ntawm 500 txog 2000 Hz. Qeb no tau ntsib BB93 Hi tus qauv rau cov menyuam tsis hnov lus nyob hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj.
Hauv chav kawm thib peb, ntxiv rau nqus dej ntawm cov suab qes ntu hauv qhov ntau ntawm 125-4,000 Hz tau muab. Thaj chaw thaj chaw tau ua raws li BATOD (British Association ntawm Cov Xib Fwb Hais Txog Cov Me Nyuam Tsis Hnov).
Cov kws tshawb fawb ntsuas lub sijhawm so thiab suab nrov, saib xyuas tub ntxhais kawm thiab kws qhia kev coj cwj pwm, thiab xam phaj cov tub ntxhais kawm, cov kws qhia ntawv, thiab cov kws ua haujlwm. Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua nyob rau hauv kev ntsuas ob chav dig muag, uas tsis muaj leej twg teb paub nyob hauv chav kawm tshwj xeeb cov ntsiab lus raug tsim los.
ntsiab
Kev tshawb fawb tau qhia qhov sib txheeb zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo (i.e. lub sijhawm luv luv) thiab pom tias qhov chaw kawm tau zoo, rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia.
Cov kws qhia ntawv, cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiab ib pawg kws tshaj lij, koog tsev kawm ntawv cov tub ceev xwm thiab lwm tus kws tshaj lij tau sau cov lus nug txog cov ntsiab lus hauv cov chav kawm sib txawv, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia meej meej tias kev kho mob acoustic zoo dua, qib siab dua tau qhab nia (saib Daim Duab 4 thiab 5).
Cov chav kawm tau raug cais los ntawm cov hauv qab no:
• Nws tsis muaj kev kho mob acoustic hauv chav MA5;
• Lub plasterboard tshem tawm nthab raug teeb tsa hauv chav Ma1 kom tau raws li UK cov tsev kawm theem siab (BB93);
• Chav kawm Ib lub qab nthab acoustic tau nruab rau hauv Chav Ma2, nrog kev ua tau zoo hauv chav zaus 500-2000 Hz piv rau lub qab nthab hauv chav Ma1. Chav kawm no tau ntsib tus qauv rau cov chav kawm rau cov menyuam tsis hnov lus nyob hauv cov tsev kawm tseem ceeb (BB93 ntu 6);
• Hauv chav MA3, cov khoom siv suab zoo tshaj plaws tau teeb tsa, suav nrog cov nqus ntawm lub suab qis uas ua rau lub suab tsis meej. Cov chav kawm ua acoustical suav nrog Chav A muaj suab nrov-tshem tawm lub ceilings nrog Extra Bass tsawg zaus cov twj tso kua dej ntxiv txuas rau hauv qhov chaw qab nthab.
Ib zaug ntxiv txog cov nyhuv Lombard sib txawv
Cov kev txhim kho kom pom tseeb hauv cov suab lus nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no yog tias qib tom qab lub suab nrov tau raug txo qis dua vim tias lub sijhawm reverberation ua luv dua. Txo lub sijhawm rov ua dua li ntawm 1.2 txog 0.8 vib nas this, uas yog qhov sib txawv ntawm chav tsis tau tswj thiab chav kawm nrog lub qab nthab plasterboard, txo cov suab nrov tom qab los ntawm 9 dB. Qhov no yog ze rau halving lub suab nrov nrov pom.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov suab nrov qib hauv cov chav kawm tsis tau tshaj tawm nrog chav kawm nrog lub suab zoo tshaj (qhov twg lub sijhawm rov qab yog 0.3 s) tau ntau dua 20 dB. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj.
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntshiab, txwv tsis pub lub sijhawm rov ua kom tau li 3 dB txo suab nrov. Yog li tsuas yog li 6 dB ntawm tag nrho cov suab nrov txo tuaj yeem yog vim lub cev suab txo los ntawm kev nqus. Qhov so yog vim tus cwj pwm ntsiag to ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Ib zaug ntxiv, nws tau tawm tsam Lombard cov nyhuv, uas tau tig los ua lub ntsiab rau qhov txo qis hauv suab nrov.
Daim duab 6 qhia txog seb cov suab nrov tom qab raug cuam tshuam li cas los ntawm chav tso suab. Qhov ntim ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv lub suab tawm zuj zus thaum lub acoustics hauv chav kawm tau zoo dua. Tsis tas yuav qw hauv chav tsev ntsiag to.
Nws yog qhov txaus siab kom nco ntsoov tias lub suab nrov tom qab (los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm) txo qis dua qhov ntsuas ntau ntawm cov kws qhia ntawm lub suab. Qhov no coj mus rau qhov nce ntawm lub suab nrov-rau-suab nrov (teeb liab-rau-suab nrov) yog 10 dB (los ntawm 8 txog 18 dB). Yog li, tsis tsuas yog chav tau dhau los ua neeg nyob ntsiag to, nws kuj tau yooj yim dua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tau pom lub ntsej muag ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm chav kawm 3 (BB93 Hi) thiab chav kawm 4 (BATOD) tau zoo dua tsawg zaus nqus dua. Qhov no qhia meej tias nws tseem ceeb npaum li cas hauv tsev kawm.
Tshaj tawm cov teebmeem zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo suav nrog:
• Lub suab zoo dua hauv zos. Cov kws qhia ntawv tuaj yeem paub yooj yim leej twg ua lub suab nrov, uas ua rau kev tswj hwm chav kawm tau zoo;
• Txo cov lej rov ua dua;
• Kev qhuab qhia haj yam zoo, uas txhais tau tias cov kws qhia tuaj yeem coj txoj hauv kev yooj yim dua rau kev tswj hwm chav kawm;
• Ua haujlwm pab tau zoo dua hauv chav;
• Txo txoj kev ntxhov siab thiab nro ntawm cov yas suab hauv cov kws qhia ntawv.
4. Saib lub ntsab lug soj ntsuam
Ua ke ua ke, ntawm peb qhov kev tshawb fawb pom meej meej txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qauv zoo hauv tsev kawm:
• Kev qhia paub meej hauv chav kawm txhawb tus tub ntxhais kawm tus xeeb ceem kom zoo. Qhov hloov tsis tau Lombard tau pom meej heev hauv peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav;
• Kev ntsuas ntawm lub suab nrov kom nrov tau zoo dua, txhim kho kev hais lus kom meej;
• Txoj kev qhia tuaj yeem hloov kho kom cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau dua ntawm kev kawm los ntawm kev sib tham thiab pab pawg ua haujlwm. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Bremen qhia tias hauv cov chav nrog lub suab zoo, suab nrov tau qis dua thaum pab pawg ua haujlwm ntau dua li ntawm kev qhuab qhia ua yeeb yam pem suab;
• Cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais qhov chaw ua haujlwm nyob ntsiag to uas lawv xis dua;
• Cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem tswj tuav tau ntev dua;
• Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv cov txiaj ntsig tau txhim kho;
• Theem kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv raug txo qis;
• Cov kws qhia ntawv tsis txhob nthuav tawm lawv lub suab;
• Cov menyuam uas xav tau kev pab tshwj xeeb thiab lawv cov kws qhia ntawv xav tau lub suab zoo zoo.
