Hauv kev hais lus luv luv ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm phau ntawv ntawm qhov chaw kawm ntawv ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Siab, tus kws sau nws tus kheej hu ua archivist. Phau ntawv no yog tshaj tawm hauv cov ntawv teev kev khaws tseg uas Yuri Avvakumov tau khaws txij li xyoo 1984, thaum lo lus "Paper architecture" tau tshwm sim (saib tshooj "Lub Npe" hauv qab). Raws li tus kws sau ntawv, lub tswv yim ntawm phau ntawv tshwm sim kaum xyoo dhau los, phau ntawv muaj cov qauv sau ua lus hais, uas yog, khaws khoom ib qho, piv txwv li, paj. Yuri Avvakumov tau hais tias "Kuv tau sau txhua lub paj uas kuv nyiam, thiab yog tias ib tug neeg nyiam lwm tus, cia lawv luam nws phau ntawv,"
Qhov no yog qhov ntau loj heev, nws mloog zoo li plaub phaus. Phau ntawv dawb zoo nkauj nrog cov qauv ua qauv zoo nkauj, luam tawm zoo. Nws npog yog nteg ntawm ib daim ntawv ntawm Whatman ntawv, uas, thaj, yog ib lub mlom rau cov kws kes duab vajtse ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Boomarch yog qhov kev sib cav tsis zoo ntawm Russia rau lub ntiaj teb kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum uas cov haujlwm ntawm lub hnab nyiaj tau khaws cia hauv Lavxias Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab Tretyakov Gallery, hauv MOMA hauv New York, hauv Pompidou Center hauv Paris, hauv Victoria thiab Albert Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab hauv Tate Gallery.
-
zooming 1/8 Duab © Fyodor Kandinsky / Kev Tso Cai Ntawm Chaw Nres Tsheb ntawm Lub Tsev Nthuav Tawm Hauv Kev Ua Yeeb Yam
-
zooming 2/8 Yees Duab © Fyodor Kandinsky / Kev Tso Cai Ntawm Chaw Nres Tsheb ntawm Lub Tsev Ua Si Yav Tas
-
zooming 3/8 Duab © Fyodor Kandinsky / Kev Tso Cai Ntawm Chaw Nres Tsheb ntawm Lub Tsev Ua Si Yav Tas
-
zooming 4/8 Duab © Fyodor Kandinsky / Kev Tso Cai Ntawm Chaw Nres Tsheb ntawm Chaw Nres Nkag Kos Duab
-
zooming 5/8 Duab © Fyodor Kandinsky / Kev Tso Cai Ntawm Chaw Nres Tsheb ntawm Lub Tsev Ua Si Yav Tas
-
zooming 6/8 Duab © Fyodor Kandinsky / Kev Tso Cai Ntawm Chaw Nres Tsheb ntawm Lub Tsev Ua Si Yav Tas
-
zooming 7/8 Yees Duab © Fyodor Kandinsky / Kev Tso Cai Ntawm Chaw Nres Tsheb ntawm Lub Tsev Ua Si Yav Tas
-
zooming 8/8 Duab © Fyodor Kandinsky / Kev Tso Cai Ntawm Chaw Nres Tsheb ntawm Chaw Nres Nkag Kos Duab
Phau ntawv muaj cov haujlwm los ntawm 84 tus kws sau ntawv: 250 cov haujlwm hauv 570 duab qhia. Qee lub npe yuav zoo li tsis muaj kev cia siab rau ib tug neeg hauv koob ntawm "lub hnab nyiaj", piv txwv li, muaj tus sawv cev ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tam sim no, Andrey Bokov, thiab tus yau, Aleksey Kononenko. Ntau tus tau koom tes nrog kev sib tw ntawv thiab cov ntawv twv ua yeeb yaj kiab, peb lub tswv yim hais txog ntawv architecture tseem tab tom ua kom zoo. Ib qho tseem ceeb, phau ntawv kuj muaj cov ntaub ntawv siv ntawm cov ntawv sib tw thiab cov ntawv pov thawj, nrog rau kev ua ntsuas cov npe.
Qhov haujlwm yog dhau los ntawm kev sau los ntawm cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm muaj npe. Lawv muab cov lus piv rau cov ntawv kos duab. Jean Louis Cohen: "lub sijhawm tshiab thiab tam sim no ntawm Soviet pom kev zoo". Catherine Cook: "yog ib qho kev hloov pauv rau txoj kev tsim kho vaj tsev ntawm txoj haujlwm qub." Selim Khan-Magomedov: "kev pom zoo ntawm cov kws kes duab hluas". Grigory Revzin: "ib daim ntawv ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm npub Soviet kev muaj tiag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb zoo nkauj ntawm qhov kev xav." Alexander Rappaport: "Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev rhuav tshem ob lub censors - sab nraud thiab sab hauv." Alexey Tarkhanov: "Kev tshaj lij kev ua vaj tsev ua haujlwm kev saib xyuas qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kawm thiab kev coj noj coj ua." Qhov tsis tau xav txog, cov kev tshwm sim hauv lub tuam txhab no ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Max Fry, rau leej twg txoj haujlwm ntawm lub hnab nyiaj yog "kev ua piv txwv ci ntsa iab ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev qaug zog mus ua lub zog, Sun Ji yuav txaus siab."
Cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Yuri Avvakumov nws tus kheej (saib sau ntawv hauv qab no) tau teeb tsa raws li cov kab ke ntawm tshooj nrog lub npe qaim uas tuaj yeem nyeem hauv txhua qhov kev txiav txim. Nov yog thawj tus los hais thiab ua lus xaus. Qhov kawg ntawm phau ntawv muaj kev sib tham thiab cov ntawv sau los ntawm Yuri Avvakumov ntawm xyoo sib txawv muaj nplooj siab rau lub pob tawb.
-
zooming -
zooming
Nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas muaj lub rooj koom tes loj ntawm cov haujlwm tam sim no tuaj yeem raug saib ib txhij nrog cov ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv sau tau ua tiav lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hnab nyiaj. Ib zaug kws sau paj lug thiab kws sau ntawv Dmitry Bykov tau hais tias nws tsis nkag siab txog cov khoom kos duab ntawm kos duab thiab tsim qauv, vim tias lawv tsis cuam tshuam nrog tus ntsuj plig thiab vim tias lawv tsis muaj zajlus. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv architecture, qhov sib txuas nrog tus ntsuj plig tau rov qab los, thiab kov lub kuj zoo kawg cov lus dab neeg / cov phiaj xwm tau muab rau kev ua haujlwm tob. Lub iav chapel ntawm Alexander Brodsky thiab Ilya Utkin ("Tus choj hla lub abyss nyob rau hauv lub roob siab", 1987), dai ntawm qhov abyss hauv qab thiab qhov abyss saum toj no, yog Heidegger cov duab: tus neeg qhov chaw tsis yog ntawm sab laug thiab sab xis, tab sis kuj ntawm ntuj thiab ntuj raug txim. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog qhov yooj yim los xav txog tej yam xws li ib qho kev nyiam nyob qhov twg hauv cov roob yav qab teb. Feem ntau, qhov kev xav zoo los ntawm phau ntawv: lub tswv yim kos duab tsis yog qhov qub. Ntau yam tuaj yeem tsim hauv lub nroog, thiab yuav tsis muaj qhov phem dua li "Heatherwick" pob tawb "- ib qho kev ntsia pom nyuam qhuav qhib hauv New York. Nws cov qauv ntawm 1987 yog nyob ntawm nplooj 173.
Cov ntawv nyeem nyeem zoo li lus dab neeg lossis lus paj huam. Piv txwv li, tib Brodsky thiab Utkin lus tshaj tawm rau Kev Sib Tham ntawm Txoj Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Tshav Nqes cov lus hauv qab no: "Peb siv ntau xyoo mus tshawb nrhiav kev paub, thiab thaum kawg peb paub tias peb tsis tau kawm dab tsi. Tsis muaj dab tsi peb xav tau Cov ntaub ntawv tiag tsis tuaj yeem yuav, nws muaj rau cov neeg tuaj yeem saib, mloog, xav. Nws yog tawg rau txhua qhov chaw - hauv txhua qhov chaw, tawg, pob zeb, puddle. Ib lo lus ntawm kev sib tham ua phooj ywg muab xov xwm ntau dua li tag nrho cov khoos phis tawj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb."
Yog tias kuv nug ntawm lub hnab nyiaj twg hnub no tau khaws nrog cov npau suav uas tau nyob hauv 1980s, tom qab ntawd kuv yuav lub npe Belov, Brodsky, Kuzembaev, Utkin, Filippov thiab Avvakumov nws tus kheej. Mikhail Filippov cia suav nrog nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam, qauv hauv cov xim pleev dej hauv xyoo 1984, hais txog kev hloov ntawm lub nroog muaj nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pej thuam tiv thaiv Babylonian, Atlantis, Saum ntuj ceeb tsheej Yeluxalees raug siv hauv nroog Moscow uas nws tau ua hauv kev muaj tiag thiab Gorki-Gorod hauv Sochi. Mikhail Belov thaum lub sijhawm tau mus rau hauv thaj chaw ntsiag to ntawm cov pob zeb thiab marble thiab tsis tshua muaj siab dua nws daim ntawv "Lub tsev-pov thawj ntawm thaj chaw ntawm 20 xyoo pua tsev cia puav pheej" (los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no kuj tuaj yeem tsim lub nroog), tab sis "Pompeian", "Imperial" cov tsev thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv Zhukovka muaj cov kev ua yeeb yam tag nrho, cov ntaub ntawv zoo li hauv ntsuj plig. Alexander Brodsky tsis tau mus deb ntawm kev teeb tsa, los ntawm kev kos duab, nws ib txwm muaj ciam teb rau lawv: lub tsev noj mov "95 degrees" lossis rotunda hauv Nikola-Lenivets - qhov tseeb, lub tswvyim kev kos duab, embodied hauv kev muaj tiag. Ilya Utkin yeej ib txwm ua npau suav, thaum saib rau ntawm lub tiaj nrag cov vaj tse: Atrium tsev noj mov, White House villa, ntau-theem Noble Nest hauv Levshinsky thiab qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm Paris nplaim taws hauv Bolshoi. Thiab heev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntsuj plig, qhov project ntawm ennobling vaj huam sib luag brezhnevka nrog risalits. Totan Kuzembaev nyob rau hauv lub vanguard ntoo: lub tsev-Telescope, lub tsev-Choj thiab lwm lub tsev - tseem khaws cov npau suav ntawm cov hnab nyiaj, txawm hais tias sab nraud nws daim ntawv pom kev pom-cobwebs ntawm mirage lub nroog yog sib txawv kiag li. Nws txoj haujlwm tsis ntev los no ntawm cov tsev ntoo tsib-lub tsev - paub txog utopia - cuam tshuam nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm tib neeg: nws, hauv Fry cov lus, hloov ua lub zog tsis muaj zog, thaj chaw pw nrog cov tsev zoo ib yam rau hauv tib neeg ib puag ncig, vim tias cov tsev zoo sib xws ua ntoo tau. Yuri Avvakumov, koom rau hauv kev tsim qauv kos duab tawm tswv yim, tseem ua kom muaj kev sib txuas nrog cov ntawv kos duab. Feem ntau ntawm lwm tus kws sau tawm hauv phau ntawv tau ua tiav kev paub thiab pom tau lawv tus kheej hauv keeb kwm zoo. Lawv cov vaj tse tseem ceeb, tab sis lawv txoj kev npau suav tseem nyob hauv cov phiaj xwm ntawv. Qhov tau hais txog peb lub tswv yim ib txwm muaj, ob tus tswv cuab ntawm ecologically taw qhia txog ntoo vaj tse thiab ib tus kws sau ua yeeb yam tau khaws cov qauv kev txhim kho uas tau qhib thaum xyoo 1970 thiab 1980, thiab lawv tseem kos duab los ntawm qhov ntawd. Ntawv architecture yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai ntawm tib qho kev txiav txim los ntawm Tarkovsky cov zaj duab xis lossis Pärt cov suab paj nruag, kev kawm tiav qib siab, thoob ntiaj teb, tshwm sim los ntawm tib qhov. Kuv xav tias qhov no tsis tau qhuav.
Tus sau los ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Yuri Avvakumov “Ntawv architecture. Anthology"
Npe
Lub npe ntawm cov khoom pov thawj yug tau yuav luag yug los ntawm kev sib tsoo, thaum Andrei Savin thiab kuv tau raug thuam-hauv cov ntawv nthuav me me, txiav thiab muab cov ntawv luam ntaus ntawv - qhov no yog cov txheej txheem collage uas tau siv los npaj cov haujlwm hauv tsev luam ntawv - kev thuam nyob rau lub sijhawm kawg, thaum ntawd tsis muaj sijhawm los pom zoo nrog peb cov neeg nrog paub. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov kev txiav txim siab hu qhov kev ua yeeb yam "ntawv" tshwm sim vim yog txheej txheem luam ntawv "kua nplaum - txiab". Thiab txawm hais tias tseem muaj lwm txoj hauv kev los hu rau kev ua yeeb yam "easel architecture", adjective "ntawv" haum architecture zoo dua - ntawv, zoo li hauv kev ua si hauv nto moo, yeej tshaj pob zeb. Vigdaria Efraimovna Khazanova, tus kws tshaj lij hauv avant-garde architecture, txhawb nqa lub tswv yim hu qhov kev ua yeeb yam yog kev foom phem. Thiab nws tam sim ntawd zaum ntawm qhov tsis zoo rau kev sib tw tshwj xeeb yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog xaws … Thiab Selim Omarovich Khan-Magomedov, tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo ntawm xyoo 1920, sim ua rau dissuade rov qab: "Lub npe yog xav tsis thoob, tab sis koj twb muaj haujlwm zoo. Koj tsis tas yuav co nkoj lub nkoj, koj paub, peb txhua tus tau mob. " Nws yeej txaus siab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntawv kos duab, tso nws rau ib qho vaj huam sib luag nrog Lavxias architectural avant-garde ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab Stalinist neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1930.
Tsev khaws puav pheej
Xyoo 1985, ib lub koob tsheej ntawm cov hluas thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow. Ib qho kev teeb tsa ntawm cov tub rog Soviet qub tau tsim tsa hauv Central House of Artists: cov tuam tsev thiab cov phiaj xwm, ntawm cov uas muaj kev sib tw ntau, "ntawv". Peb tau raug caw mus rau qhov kev nthuav qhia no hauv Ljubljana, mus rau chav ua yeeb yam SKUC, thiab yog li xyoo 1986 thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam txawv teb chaws ntawm daim ntawv architecture coj qhov chaw. Zoo, "ntxiv mus - txhua qhov chaw" - kev nthuav qhia hauv Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Lub Tuam Txhab hauv London, hauv La Villette hauv Paris, hauv German Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture hauv Frankfurt, hauv Architectural Fund hauv Brussels, hauv Zurich, ncig xyuas plaub ntawm tebchaws hauv Asmeskas. Tom qab Amelikas xyoo 1992 qhov kev nthuav tawm rov qab mus rau Moscow, Kuv tau ua tiav zaum kawg, zoo li nws pom kuv, qhia ntawm Moscow Architectural Institute, hu ua "Paper Architecture: Alma Mater" thiab tau npaj los txiav tawm lub rooj nthuav qhia, tab sis tom qab ntawd Cov Nyiaj Txiag Peev. Lub txhab nyiaj tau tshwm sim, uas thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tau tsim nws cov ntawv sau. Marina Loshak yog nws tus tuav haujlwm. Yog li, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, xaiv daim ntawv thawm vaj tse yog tus kheej ntiag tug. Kaum xyoo tom qab, thaum tus tswv ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj, rau cov neeg paub txog kev nom kev tswv, tau pib tshem ntawm ntau cov cuab tam, kev sau, ntawm kuv qhov kev xav, tau tsiv mus rau Lavxias Tsev khaws puav pheej, qhov chaw Alexander Borovsky thiab nws cov haujlwm ntawm cov tshiab hloov tshiab zoo siab txais nws.
Fin de siecle
Qhov kev ua yeeb yam zaum kawg ntawm Moscow Architectural Institute tsis yog qhov kawg hauv keeb kwm ntawm daim ntawv kos duab, tab sis nws yog twb muaj keeb kwm - keeb kwm ntawm kos duab. Txog rau thaum kawg xyoo 1980s, kev ncig xyuas kev nthuav tawm tau ntxiv nrog cov haujlwm tshiab, tab sis tom qab ntawd - tsis tau muaj lawm. Qhov kev poob qis ntawm qhov txav tau tshwm sim rau ntau yam: thiab vim tias txhua yam khoom zoo tuaj txog qhov kawg; thiab vim tias nyob rau xyoo 1990, cov kws ua vaj tsev hauv tebchaws Russia feem ntau tsis khoom nrog kev ua neej nyob - tsis muaj sijhawm rau kev sim muaj tswv yim; thiab vim tias lub hnub nyoog ntawm daim ntawv ua cov khoom siv rau cov kws ua vaj tsev dhau lawm - daim duab kos, daim ntawv, daim ntawv tracing, tus cwj mem, tus cwj mem, tus cwj mem txiav txim, tus cwj mem cwj mem, thiab cov lwv tau raug hloov los ntawm lub khoos phis tawm nas, cov saib thiab cov duab. Yog li ntawv architecture tsim tawm mus rau qhov chaw nws zoo tshaj plaws khaws cia, uas yog, tsis yog nyob rau kev tsim kho chaw, tab sis hauv tsev cia puav pheej. Thiab nws yog lub cim qhia tias nws txoj kev poob qis thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua thiab xyoo txhiab.
Hais txog peb
Thaum peb nkag mus hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv xyoo 1970, peb tsis tau xav tias peb yuav dhau los ua cov tub txawg hauv Soviet qub - raws li koj paub, xyoo 1991 Soviet tau tsoo. Thaum peb kawm piav qhia txog lub tswv yim tshiab nrog xaum, cwj mem, cwj mem, xim tsev, peb tsis muaj lub tswv yim xav tias peb yuav yog tus kawg ntawm leej twg cov txuj ci hloov chaw no - tam sim no architecture yog xwm yeem siv koos pis tawj. Thaum peb pib koom nrog hauv kev sib tw rau cov tswv yim kos duab thiab tau txais cov khoom plig thoob ntiaj teb hauv xyoo 1980, peb tsis cia siab tias cov haujlwm no yuav xaus rau hauv kev sib sau ntawm Lavxias Tsev khaws puav pheej, Tretyakov Gallery lossis Pompidou Center … Txhua qhov no qhia tias cov kws kes duab vajtse yog lub zeem muag tsis tseem ceeb. Tab sis yav tom ntej yog nyob rau hauv cov dej num tau nthuav qhia ntawm no. Lub neej tom ntej peb nyob hauv lossis yuav nyob hauv. Lub neej yav tom ntej xav los ntawm kev kos duab txhais tau tias yav dhau los. Ib tug tswv cuab ntawm ntiag tug hauv tag nrho cov dystopia.
Dab neeg tales
Qhov zoo siab, tsis zoo li, hais, lub tsev ntawm cov vaj tse tiag, cov qauv kev tsim qauv ntawm 1980s tsis dhau mus. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog qhov ntawd, pub dawb los ntawm cov qhua tuaj noj mov thiab cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw, tus kws kes duab vajtse hauv nws "cov phiaj xwm txheej txheem" ib txhij yees ob lub laj lim tswv yim thiab ib puag ncig uas nws tshwm sim zoo li Deus ex machina. Cov tsos ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse ua tus tsim yog tsis tshua muaj hnub no, nco ntsoov yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv Lavxias niaj hnub no cov neeg muas zaub tau thawb ib puag ncig los ntawm ib tug kws kes duab vajtse, txawm tias nws yog tus nqi zog Pritzker. Thiab ntawm no, yuav luag txhua qhov haujlwm muaj Christmas zoo kawg nkaus - ntawm no yog qee qhov kev nyuaj siab, kev txom nyem-txom nyem, txom nyem, tsis muaj kev xyiv fab, tsis paub tab, tsis nco qab txog kev sib hais haum, tab sis cov tsos ntawm tus hero-tus kws kes duab vajtse nrog nws tsim - txhua tus nyob hauv kev xav tsis thoob: nyob ntawm ntug ntawm lub nroog uas gloomy siv lead ua palace; kev lom zem ncig saib kev ua yeeb yam floats rau hauv chaw nres nkoj; nyob rau hauv lub monotonous chaos ntawm cov tuam tsev niaj hnub, gazebo rau xav tau yog pom; chaw nyob hauv vaj loog muaj puv nrog daim av tiaj tiaj ntawm cov tsiaj tsis muaj tseeb … Cov lus dab neeg tsis muaj hnub nyoog. Dystopia hauv lawv tau koom ua ke nrog utopia - thiab txhua tus ntseeg tias muaj qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb, tus saib-nyeem ntawv ntawm cov phiaj xwm pib ntseeg tias tsis yog txhua yam puag ncig yuav tsaus ntuj, uas tseem muaj kev cia siab tias tus kws kes duab vajtse yuav los, ci ib lub teeb tshawb nrhiav thiab pom qhov xwm ceev tawm mus rau yav tom ntej zoo dua.
Tus sau los ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Yuri Avvakumov “Ntawv architecture. Anthology"
