Lub Zog Ntawm Fabkis Txoj Kev Ntseeg Hauv Chav Kawm: Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm 'University Of Gijón

2024 Tus sau: David Durham | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 02:35

Cov ntawv sau ntawm ib qho amazing thiab tsis tshua muaj lub npe zoo monument qhib hauv kev nthuav tawm uas peb npaj rau mob siab rau keeb kwm ntawm architecture. Cov Series yog qhov sib koom ua ke ntawm Archi.ru thiab cov kev taw qhia tshiab ntawm "Keeb Kwm Txuj Ci" ntawm Cov Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Keeb Kwm Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Kev Lag Luam … Txij lub sijhawm, HSE cov xibfwb yuav qhia rau peb cov neeg nyeem lawv cov kev xav ntawm cov npe zoo thiab tsis muaj suab npe ntawm lub ntiaj teb architecture.

Ntawm no thiab tam sim no - Lev Maciel Sanchez xav txog lub ntsiab lus thiab peculiarities ntawm kev coj ua haujlwm txawv tshaj plaws ntawm txoj cai tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm General Franco hauv Spain. Francoist architecture nws tus kheej (zoo li Mussolini cov dej num) piv rau Stalin's Moscow, tab sis tsuas yog hauv cov ntsiab lus feem ntau: nws tseem yog totalitarian thiab kuj classic. Saib ze zog, koj tuaj yeem pom cov lus sib hais ntxiv tsis ntev los no. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm, tus kws sau ntawv saib lub khaub ncaws zoo li keeb kwm thiab tus neeg txhais lus. Yog li, ua ntej koj yog ib tug gigantic complex ua los ntawm tus nrog sib ntaus ideological ntawm modernism, Luis Moya Blanco.

Sab qaum teb Spain tsis tshua hais txog hauv kev sib txuas nrog kos duab xyoo pua 20. Nws cov duab yog lub zeem cia ntawm qub txeeg qub teg thiab Hnub nyoog nruab nrab. Ntawm no, nyob hauv lub qhov tsua Altamira, cov duab kos npe nrov tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb tau pom. Cov tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Romanesque nyob hauv Europe tau muaj sia nyob ntawm no hauv Asturias. Thaum kawg, cov av no tau yog txoj kev mus ncig ua si loj ntawm cov European Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog - txoj kev ntawm St. Yakhauj (hauv Spanish Santiago), rau ntawm ntug qhov uas yog lub teb chaws Europe, mus rau Galician Compostela. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj zoo architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, ib qho ntawm nws qhov txiaj ntsig thiab tsis nco qab tiav. Peb tab tom tham txog Kev Ua Haujlwm Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Gijón (Asturias), thaj chaw nws nyob (270 txhiab m²) ua nws ua lub tsev loj tshaj plaws nyob Spain.

Ntau tshaj nees nkaum neeg ua haujlwm cov tsev kawm qib siab yog ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Francoism. Lub Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Gijon tsis yog thawj zaug xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub tsev loj tshaj plaws ntawm nws cov hom. Nws kev tsim kho, peb mais ntawm lub nroog chaw, ua ntev dhau xyoo 1948 txog 1957. Tus sau txoj haujlwm no yog Luis Moya Blanco (1904-1990), tus thuam ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab thiab tus kws tshaj lij kev kawm, muaj koob npe rau nws lub tsev Madrid thaum xyoo 1940 - Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Asmeskas thiab San Agustin Tuam Tsev.

Lub tswv yim ntawm tsev kawm ntawv tuaj yeem piav qhia tias yog lub nroog zoo tagnrho. Los ntawm sab nraud, nws pom raws li lub nroog - ib pawg neeg asymmetrical pawg ntawm cov tuam tsev, hla uas tus pej thuam nrog tus nus ris sawv. Feem ntau ntawm cov vaj tse tau ncab hauv qhov ntev, lawv lub ntsej muag zoo dua qub, uas hais txog qhov zoo tib yam li El Escorial, lub teb chaws monastery-palace ntawm King Philip II, uas dhau los ua cov cim ntawm Spanish absolutism, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog cov neeg qub qub thiab tsis muaj kev ywj pheej era ntawm Fabkis txoj. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj qhov qhia ncaj qha rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm El Escorial hauv Gijón; ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws suav nrog lub tsev teev dab puag ncig (hais txog lub tsev Colosseum, lossis lub tsev lag luam ntawm cov neeg Suav Hakka), thiab ib qho ntawm cov ciav dej Roman, thiab ntau ntxiv. Txawm hais tias qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov style, qhov pom thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tuam tsev pom sib txawv ntawm lwm tus, uas hais txog lub tswv yim ntawm lub nroog loj zuj zus thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam kev hloov ntawm eras. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub ntsej muag muaj ntau txoj hauv kev nyob ze rau aesthetics ntawm Art Nouveau, nws qhov kev tsim kho thiab kev hlub. Qhov zoo sib xws nrog rau tom kawg yog txhim kho los ntawm cladding ntawm phab ntsa nrog pob zeb nyoos, tam sim ntawd hais txog ntawm pre-tsov rog Finnish vaj tse ntawm Eliel Saarinen thiab Lars Sonck.

Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntau yog lub loog tseem ceeb. Kev nkag mus rau nws nyob hauv qab lub pej thuam, dhau los ntawm lub tsho tiv thaiv plaub fab, ib puag ncig los ntawm Corinthian colonnade - tej zaum yog qhov feem ntau classical ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no yog ua raws los ntawm lub tshav puam loj heev, nco txog ntawm "lub ntsej muag ncaj ncees" ntawm cov tuam tsev nrog qis qis, lub tsev loj (Plaza Mayor) ntawm Spanish lub nroog. Tab sis tsis zoo li lawv, hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis yog vaj huam sib luag rau vaj ntxwv, tab sis yog lub tuam tsev puag ncig. Thiab tus saib-qhua mam li nco dheev pom nws tus kheej tsis nyob hauv Spain, tab sis hauv lub nroog zoo tagnrho ntawm Italian Renaissance, zoo li nws tau cia li nqis los ntawm ib qho kev coj zoo nkauj ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th lig. Moya nws tus kheej piv nws lub loog nrog lub Venetian Piazza San Marco - cov tuam tsev kuj nyob rau qhov chaw tsis pom kev ntawm no, thiab ib daim nyias nyias siab ntawm cov tsev loj dua li cov kab rov tav ntawm lub ntsej muag. Kev tso ntawm kev kos duab ntawm thaj av tsis yog kev huam yuaj, tab sis yog kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv cov khaub ncaws Gijón, txhua lub caij - raws li behests ntawm baroque rhetoric yog li hlub rau lub plawv ntawm tus txiv neej Mediterranean - hauv txoj kev tsis muaj peev xwm qhia tau ib yam, meej. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws yuav tsum tham txog ntau yam nyob rau hauv ib zaug, yog li tig qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv lub teeb network ntawm cov nyiaj xov ntawm cov lus qhia thiab cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm lub ntsiab lus.

Cia peb rov qab mus rau tus pej thuam, tus pej thuam mus rau sab laug ntawm lub tuam tsev saum toj ib lub tsev. Nws qhov siab yog 117 meters, yog li nws thiaj li dhau nws tus qauv - lub cim ntawm Seville thiab lub npe nrov Giralda thoob plaws Spain (Giralda yog lub tswb ntauwd ntawm Seville Cathedral, rov tsim dua nyob rau xyoo pua 16 los ntawm minaret ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th.. Ua ke nrog cov duab puab ntawm Yeej ntawm Kev Ntseeg, nws qhov siab yog 104 meters) … Lub sijhawm no, txawm hais tias qhov zoo sib xws, Gijon "Giralda" tsis muaj dab tsi los ua nrog cov minaret, nws cov architecture yog nkaus European, thiab sab saum toj yog kho kom zoo nkauj hauv daim ntawv ntawm Roman triumphal koov.

Lub ntsiab lus Roman feem ntau yog tus thawj ntawm txhua lub tsev hauv lub loog tseem ceeb. Nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov square muaj lub tuam tsev uas ntsia puag ncig, tab sis hauv kev muaj tiag nws yog oval. Nws cov theem qis dua yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kev hloov chaw ntawm niches thiab columnar ledges, ib yam li nyob hauv ib qho ntawm cov vaj tse nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tuam tsev Roman "Baroque" - lub npe hu ua Tuam Tsev Venus hauv Baalbek. Lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev ua yeeb yam ntawm ib qho ntawm ob sab ntawm lub tshav puam yog ua qauv tom qab lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Celsius hauv Efexaus, lwm qhov haujlwm ntawm lub tsev qub Roman Baroque. Lub patronage nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws yim pab nrog nws thawb rau pem hauv ntej colonnade ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm huab tais Hadrian nyob Athens. Nws tsis yooj yim hais tias qhov siv rau ob lub tsev khaws ntaub qub muaj npe yog qhov xwm txheej hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv? Txav mus ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no, ib qho tuaj yeem piv Gijon pej thuam mus rau Alexandrian lighthouse thiab nco qab txog Alexandrian lub tsev qiv ntawv …

Nws yog qhov nthuav tias, nrog kev paub zoo ntawm cov classics, Luis Moya tsis yog classicist ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Lub zog rov ua piv txwv ntawm cov qauv yog neeg txawv rau nws, ib yam li lub teeb heev thiab txwv tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov classics. Nws txhais lus mus rau hauv nws cov lus Spanish, siab tawv thiab muaj kev hais tawm. Cov sib luag ntawm nws cov colonnades yog khwj ywb, cov ntsiab lus yog dav dav, txawm ntxhib. Cov ntawv hais lus zoo li cov neeg tsis nyiam hnav es tsis siv lus organic. Thiab cov xim tsis yog nyob rau hauv txhua qhov qub: pob zeb liab granite sab muaj grey puag thiab capitals, thiab tag nrho cov no tau tsim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm cov pob zeb daj daj ntawm cov phab ntsa.

Sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tag nrho ntawm kev hais txog. Nws cov oval dome yog piv rau cov Roman lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1638-1641), kev tsim ingenious ntawm Borromini. Cov txheej txheem ntawm "Gothic" criss-hla arches ntawm nws yog qhov siv rau lub vaults thiab thaj chaw ntawm Turin lub koom txoos ntawm Guarino Guarini, tab sis tib lub sijhawm rau rotunda hauv Torres del Rio hauv Navarra, kev hloov pauv ntawm Spanish ntawm lub caij nyoog ntawm Cov lus qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub nroog Yeluxalees lub tuam tsev ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Sepulchre. Lub thaj ntawm cov nplooj saum toj ntawm plaub lub cim zoo tshaj tawm nco txog thaum ntxov Christian basilicas thiab tseem yog Bernini nplooj saum toj hauv Roman Cathedral of St. Peter. Txoj siv tawv ntawm me me aedicules uas mus ncig hauv tag nrho cov tuam tsev yog hint ntawm Roman pantheon.

Moya tsim lub sam thiaj tsis tau npaj tseg rau nws lub tsev teev ntuj - lawv tau npaj ua ob-kab hluav taws xob ob theem ntawm ob lub thaj muag. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias cov ntawv zoo li qub ntws mus rau sab hnub poob nkag, tab sis nyob ntawd lawv suav nrog cov kauv ntawm cov theem ntaiv ua rau theem sab saud. Thiab ob qho khoom muab kauv ntawm ob sab ntawm lub nkag yog qhov pom meej meej rau ob daim ntawv sib ntswg tau piav qhia nyob hauv phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, Yachin thiab Boaz, uas sawv ntawm qhov rooj nkag mus rau hauv lub Tuam Tsev Jerusalem ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Xalumoos. Yog li, Moya piv nws lub tuam tsev mus rau Phau Qub, uas yog, nws txhawb nqa nws mus rau tus thawj ntawm lub Tuam Tsev. Tus thawj ntawm nws cov txheej txheem yog qhov tseeb tias nws tsiv cov kab sab hauv. Qhov no puas yog coincidence? Qhov tseeb tsis yog, tsuas yog raws li nws pom tseeb tias tus thib ob tus qhuab qhia yog qhov tsis tsim nyog, thiab ua haujlwm nkaus xwb rau kev ua kom zoo sib xws. Nws zoo rau kuv tias lub tswv yim yog rau juxtapose plaub lub cylindrical ntim hauv qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev. Thiab kuv ntseeg tias lawv xa mus rau plaub kis ntawm Sophia ntawm Constantinople, nyob hauv tib kab pheeb ces. Tsuas yog hauv Gijón yog nws "tig" sab hauv - uas tsuas yog ntxiv rau postmodern tsis haum rau lub koom haum no. Qhov kev thov rov hais dua no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, vim tias daim duab ntawm Sofia tau nrov hauv qhov kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm xyoo 1920 - 1950: piv txwv li lub tsev teev ntuj Saint-Esprit hauv Paris (1928-1935, Paul Tournon) lossis Palais des Beaux-Arts hauv Mexico City (ua tiav 1931 341934, Federico Mistral). Lub cim xeeb ntawm Sophia kuj tseem qhia tau los ntawm lub qhov rai loj uas qhib qhov rai sab ntawm cov phab ntsa sab ntawm Gijon lub tuam tsev nrog lawv cov hlua ntsuab ntsuab.

Yog li, Moya tau tswj los piv lub tuam tsev lub tsev kawm ntawv ib zaug rau txhua lub tuam tsev zoo nkauj ntawm European kev vam meej - Lub Tuam Tsev Qub Qub, Pantheon, Sophia ntawm Constantinople thiab lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Holy Sepulchre.

Txawm tias muaj kev nplua nuj tsis sib luag nrog txoj kev txiav txim, Lub Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Gijón thiab nws txoj kev txawj ntse tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Franco. Nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb - Valley of the Fallen (1940-1958, Pedro Mugurus, Diego Mendes) - tau hais rau cov duab tshwj xeeb ntawm El Escorial, uas yog ntxiv dag zog los ntawm cov ntawv loj monolithic, devoid of refined baroque rhetoric. Moya kuj tsis haum rau European neoclassicism, rau tag nrho nws qhov dav - los ntawm kev ntseeg kev yuav luag ntawm Ivan Zholtovsky mus rau lub witty lightness ntawm Jože Plečnik. Nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab nyob rau txhua lub ntiaj teb architecture thiab txoj kev ywj pheej hauv kev ua haujlwm nrog nws cov ntawv, University of Gijón tuaj yeem muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog Stockholm City Hall ntawm Ragnar Östberg thiab Kazansky railway chaw nres tsheb ntawm Alexei Shchusev, uas yog, rau kev ua tiav siab tshaj plaws ntawm traditionalist architecture ntawm thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo. Cov zej zog muaj txiaj ntsig!

Kev sib koom tes ua ke ntawm Archi.ru thiab cov kev taw qhia "Keeb Kwm Txuj Ci" ist. Kws qhia ntawv qib siab hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Economics