Paul Goldberger, tus kws lij choj ntawm Asmeskas neeg tawm tswv yim, tau pib nws txoj haujlwm ntawm New York Times thaum nws tseem hluas nyob rau xyoo 1970; xyoo 1984 nws tau txais lub meej mom Pulitzer nqi zog, xyoo 1997 nws tau mus ua haujlwm rau cov ntawv xov xwm kev txawj ntse New Yorker, thiab xyoo 2012 rau lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab Vanity Fair. Goldberger cov npe ntawm kev tshaj tawm yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, tab sis muaj ob peb phau ntawv tsawg, thiab lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau xyoo pua 21st. Ntawm lawv - tam sim no luam tawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias los ntawm Strelka Xovxwm, thiab xyoo 2009 - hauv lus Askiv "Vim li cas architecture xav tau": Vim li cas Architecture Matters, uas theej txhais tau tias "yog vim li cas architecture tseem ceeb" lossis "teeb meem", uas yog, nws yog ntau dua txog lub ntsiab lus (qhov tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb) dua li hais txog kev ua haujlwm (xav tau, xav tau). Goldberger tam sim ntawd hais txog txoj haujlwm ncaj qha ntawm architecture - los muab tus neeg nrog vaj tse, chaw tiv thaiv rau lub neej, thiab mob siab rau phau ntawv los hais txog ntawm cov hom thiab qhov ntxoov ntawm nws lub ntsiab lus rau tib neeg.
Tus sau lub hom phiaj yog kev nkag siab ntau dua thiab muaj koob meej: los piav qhia rau cov neeg sawv daws vim li cas architecture tsim nyog nws mloog, nws txawv li cas ntawm lwm hom yas kev ua yeeb yam, qhov twg yog qhov ciam teb ntawm architecture thiab tsis yog kos duab, nws qhov zoo thiab tsis tiav, lub nroog yog dab tsi los ntawm ib lub laj lim tswv yim ntawm kev pom - thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li nws tus piv txwv qhia, txawm tias qhov kev paub zoo ntawm kev tham nrog tib neeg los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm tsis muab cov txuj ci piav qhia hauv cov hauv paus, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov ntawv nyeem zoo ntawm kev kawm. Hmoov zoo, muaj cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws li "Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Tsim Kho Vaj Tsev" los ntawm Alexei Gutnov thiab Vyacheslav Glazychev, ua txuj ci tseem ceeb rau phau ntawv txhais lus Lavxias "Architecture" los ntawm Jonathan Glancey, "Hlub Architecture" los ntawm Joe Ponty (hmoov tsis zoo, txawm tias luam tawm ua lus Askiv nkaus xwb ib zaug), luam tawm Strelka xovxwm hauv 2014 "Tus Qauv Tsim Hauv Nroog: Cov Tswv Yim thiab Lub Nroog" los ntawm Witold Rybczynski, thiab lwm tus - tab sis ntau ntau opuses qhov uas nws tau hnov tsis txaus ntseeg: ntawm no yog kem, thiab ntawm no yog koov. Tab sis tom kawg tuaj yeem tsawg kawg yog qhov siv: qhov no tsis tuaj yeem hais txog Goldberger phau ntawv.
"Vim li cas architecture xav tau" yog sau ua lus thiab sau paj lug, thiab nws cov qauv - tshooj "Architecture li yam khoom", "Vaj tse thiab sijhawm", "Suab, Kab lis kev cai, cim", thiab lwm yam, zoo li teeb tsa cov ncauj lus nthuav dav Cov. Tab sis thaum koj nyeem, koj twb paub lawm tias cov ncauj lus thiab zaj lus tseem niaj hnub nrog tus sau. Ua ntej, nws tshaj tawm nws txoj haujlwm, tom qab ob peb nplooj ntawv nws tso tseg tag nrho, nws sim npog ntau qhov kev xav ntawm qhov teeb meem ib zaug, thiab vim li ntawd, nws tsis tuav ib qho. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam txawm tias muaj kev paub zoo nrog cov khoom tau piav qhia, thiab dab tsi yuav nyob hauv lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg nyeem tsis npaj, rau leej twg phau ntawv zoo li tsim - ib qho tuaj yeem twv tau.
Yog tias peb ua lub hauv paus pib piv txwv, tom qab ntawd qhov no yog dab tsi Goldberger sau txog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm architecture: "Koj tuaj yeem tso nws txoj kev no: architecture yog dab tsi tshwm sim rau lub sijhawm thaum tib neeg pib tsim nrog kev nkag siab tias lawv ua yog tsawg kawg me ntsis dhau ib thaj tsam. utilitarian. " Lossis: “Lub tsev no yog cov qauv tsim qauv, ua rau ntau dua li lub luag haujlwm. Tus nqi txiav txim ib sab, qhov no yog lub ntsiab txhais zoo tshaj ntawm architecture Kuv tuaj yeem xav. " Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev sib cav nrog cov nqe lus ntawm nws, tab sis Goldberger - sim, nkag mus rau hauv kev sib tham nrog tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm architecture Nikolaus Pevzner, uas ntseeg hais tias: "Lub tsheb kauj vab tso yog lub tsev, Lincoln Cathedral yog architecture." Txawm hais tias qhov no tsis cuam tshuam lub luag haujlwm ntawm peb tus kws sau ntawv tau hais los saum toj no, nws cia li ua rau nws poob ntsej muag, thiab nws tau siv ntau nqe mus rau qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas los rau peb qhov chaw nyob. Tsis tuaj yeem ua lub tsev pheeb suab (thiab txawm tias lub tsev nyob hauv tsev nyob) kiag li nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev siv, uas Goldberger nws tus kheej tau hais txog thaum pib ntawm nws phau ntawv, thiab yog li ntawd tsis yog architecture (tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog dab tsi Pevzner txhais tau tias)? Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsev faus poob kuj poob rau hauv qab no: "Cov tuam tsev no tsis yog cov tswv, thiab kev txom nyem rau cov neeg uas, vim li cas ntawm kev nom kev tswv, twv kom ua tiav qhov rov qab." Feem ntau, nws tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab txog qhov tus kws sau ntawv xav txog dab tsi, thiab qhov no siv rau feem ntau cov ncauj lus. Piv txwv li, puas muaj lub sij hawm "style ntawm lub sijhawm" lossis tsis yog? Goldberger muab lus teb rau lo lus nug no nyob ntawm tshooj.
Lwm qhov tsis zoo dua yog kev kho mob ntawm cov ncauj lus. Tshooj "Architecture thiab Memory" yog qhov mob siab rau Goldberger txoj kev nco thaum yau - nws tau pom li cas (lossis nws zoo li nws tam sim no nws tau pom nyob rau xyoo ntawd) ob lub nroog uas nws nyob nrog nws niam nws txiv. Qhov no yog qhov txaus siab rau nws tus kheej txoj kev, tab sis nws phau ntawv tsis yog memoir; nws yuav tseem ceeb dua rau tus nyeem kom paub txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev nkag siab (txawm hais tias kuv tsis paub tseeb tias lawv yuav tsum sau txog hauv tshooj ntawm kev nco.) siv cov kev piv txwv ntau thiab meej thiab dav. Hauv tib tshooj, muaj ntau cov lus piav qhia dav dav ntawm cov lus piav qhia txog architecture los ntawm ntau cov ntawv sau, uas tuaj yeem hais tau, tab sis tsis yog nyob rau hauv xws li ntim. Feem ntau, kev hais lus yog qhov tsim los ntawm Goldberger phau ntawv. Nws tas li thiab txhua yam hais tawm cov lus ntawm ntau tus neeg - tsis yog cov kws tsim vaj tsev nto moo, uas yuav yog cov tsim nyog rau kev tshaj tawm nrov, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg tshaj tawm, qee zaum - cov kws sau phau ntawv ntawm ib phau ntawv thiab twb tau hnov qab lawm. Xws li cov nplua mais ntawm cov lus hais yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txawv vim tias lawv tsis yog ib txwm nthuav thiab qub txhua.
Lwm qhov teeb meem nrog cov phau ntawv "Vim li cas thiaj li architecture xav tau" yog tus sau cov khoom rau sab. Qhov no yog ib nrab vim kev ua lag luam xav tau: Cov neeg nyeem Asmeskas nyiam cov ntawv hauv phau ntawv US-centric, yog li qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov piv txwv thiab cov phiaj xwm nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm domestic architecture rau Goldberger yog to taub. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis tu ncua ntawm nws qhov kev tawm tsam rau modernism, deconstructivism, thiab lwm yam. tsuas yog muab piv nrog lawv banality. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus tswv ntawm postmodernism thiab traditionalism tau txais kev qhuas, thiab lawv cov npe zoo li tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv cia li, vim "Robert Stern thiab Jacqueline Robertson" muaj ntau qhov txawv ntawm cov lus qub. Tsuas yog tsis yog-kem niaj hnub tus kws kos duab uas tau hais ua ntau zaus thiab hauv txoj hauv kev zoo hauv phau ntawv yog Frank Gehry (yuav luag txhua tus nrog nws Guggenheim hauv Bilbao) - muaj peev xwm siv los ntawm Goldberger ua kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv kev liam ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees. Yog tias peb rov qab hais tias tus sau tau txais nws qhov khoom plig Pulitzer xyoo 1984, nyob rau lub sijhawm "po-mo", txoj haujlwm no tau nkag siab, tab sis nws yog qhov txawv hauv kev tshaj tawm kev kawm uas tau lees tias yog lub hom phiaj - ntxiv, nws tau tshaj tawm tsis yog xyoo 1979, tab sis xyoo 2009, thaum lub dichotomy ntawm modernism - postmodernism yog kev ua tiav.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tus uas ceeb toom tau raug tub rog, thiab yog tias koj nco txhua qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm qhov kev tshaj tawm no, nws tuaj yeem xa qee cov sijhawm zoo. Piv txwv li, thaum Paul Goldberger nto moo hu lub banal Washington neoclassicism ntawm xyoo 1920 lossis 1940, cov pov thawj ntawm qhov kev thim rov qab ntawm American architecture ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, nce qib thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm ntiaj teb architecture, thiab Joan of Arc - "tsis yog poj niam zoo nkauj ", lossis nws sau txog lub nroog ntawm Nutley, New Jersey, nrog Asmeskas chaw ncaws pob hauv plawv (hloov ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj lossis chaw ua lag luam xwmfab) raws li" qhov kev ua tiav zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev nthuav qhia pej xeem "nws tau ntsib hauv nws tag nrho lub neej - tshwj tsis yog, qhov tseeb, koj suav Philadelphia City Hall thiab Campo square nyob hauv Siena.
