Qhov chaw pib rau kev nthuav dav no yog kev tshaj tawm ntawm Ivan Nikolaev phau ntawv Aqueducts ntawm Ancient Rome. Phau ntawv suav nrog kws kes duab vajtse cov lus qhuab qhia, tiv thaiv los ntawm nws nyob rau xyoo 1945, tom qab ntawd rov qab los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tau ntau xyoo, tab sis yeej tsis tau luam tawm tag nrho (qee yam ntawm Nikolaev cov ntaub ntawv tau muaj nyob hauv qhov ntim ntawm Cov Neeg Keeb Kwm Ntiaj Teb Keeb Kwm). Tam sim no tus xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Maria Shubina tau sau thiab kho cov ntawv nyeem tag nrho, ntxiv cov duab kos thiab tshaj tawm - qee feem ntawm nws tus kheej qhov kev siv nyiaj, ib feem ntawm kev pab nyiaj los ntawm Moscow Architectural Institute; Tus thawj coj tam sim no ntawm lub koom haum, Dmitry Shvidkovsky, tau sau cov lus qhia txog phau ntawv no. Qhov laj thawj thib ob rau kev teeb tsa lub rooj sib tham yog hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Nikolaev, uas lub hnub yug nyob rau lub Rau Hli yuav muaj 110 xyoo.
Cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm cov lus ntawm cov kws tshaj lij ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab avant-garde ntxiv cov lus hais "kev tshawb fawb" rau lub npe ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam, ib lo lus uas, qhov tseeb tsis tshua pom ntawm avant-garde exhibitions. Tej zaum, nws sim kom cov koom haum tsis txhob kaw lawv tus kheej mus rau lub moj khaum ntawm cov kev ua yeeb yam tsis tu ncua, tab sis mus rau kev txaus siab luv luv nrog cov xwm txheej, tig nws mus rau hauv ib lub sijhawm rau kev sib tham thiab kawm txog ntau yam teeb meem ntawm avant-garde. Hnub qhib thaum pib, lub rooj noj mov nyob ib ncig tau mob siab rau kev khaws cia ntawm lub tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Nikolaev hauv peb lub sijhawm - lub tsev-ឃុំ ntawm txoj kev. Ordzhonikidze. Hnub Monday, Kaum Ib Hlis 7, VKHUTEMAS yuav ua ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab hais txog Moscow constructivism, qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm ntawm tib lub tsev nyob sib ze, thiab nthuav tawm phau ntawv tsim tawm tshiab ntawm Moscow Avant-garde nyob hauv Ob Ib Nrab ntawm xyoo 1920s - Xyoo 1930. Tom qab ntawd, hnub Wednesday, ib qho kev sim piav qhia yog npaj - sib piv ntawm cov nkauj thiab architecture ntawm xyoo 1920, thiab thaum kawg, hnub Thursday, Kaum Ib Hlis 10, Rector Dmitry Shvidkovsky nws tus kheej yuav nthuav qhia Ivan Nikolaev phau ntawv ntawm kev tawm dej. Qhov kev pab cuam muaj ntau dua li kev nplua nuj - nws nkag siab yog vim li cas qhov chaw hauv plawv ntawm lub luag haujlwm yog khiab ntawm kab ntawm cov rooj zaum rau cov mloog. Hauv qhov no, kev nthuav tawm, muab tso rau ntawm ob peb laconic dawb sawv, txuam nrog cov xim ntawm lub thav duab, ua ib qho kev sib ntxiv rau lub voj voog ntawm cov rooj sib tham.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib ntxiv zoo nkauj heev. Nws tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los ua kom tiav qhov rov ua tiav - qhov no yog xaiv Nikolayev thawj cov haujlwm ntawm xyoo sib txawv, rho tawm los ntawm cov peev nyiaj ntawm Moscow Architectural Institute thiab los ntawm kev sau ntawm tus kws kes duab vaj tsev tsev. Tsis muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm cov haujlwm no, thiab cov phau chronology tsis tau nyeem kom meej meej, tab sis xyov raws li Leninist muab kauv. Qhov kev pib ntxov tshaj plaws (thiab yog vim li cas tshaj plaws nthuav tawm) kos duab lub sijhawm ntawm Nikolaev kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub tuam tsev architecture ntawm lub tsev kawm qib siab Moscow yog nyob ib sab rau cov dej num ntawm NER, tus pib ntawm uas, nws hloov tawm, Nikolaev yog thaum lub sijhawm nws rov ua haujlwm ntawm lub Moscow Architectural lub koom haum nyob rau hauv 1958-1970. Ib sab ntawm tus neeg teeb duab ntawm txoj haujlwm sib tw rau USSR pavilion ntawm 1964 Ntiaj Teb Chaw Nthuav Dav Hlau hauv New York, peb pom ntawm phab ntsa ib qho xov faus rau lub tsev yim neeg nyob ntawm txoj kev. Ordzhonikidze. Thaum xub thawj, qhov kev sib kis no me ntsis tsis meej pem, tab sis qhov chaw ntawm chav ua yeeb yam tsis loj thiab cov neeg saib sai sai dhau los ntawm kev tsis meej pem rau kev xav txog qhov tsis txaus ntshai ntawm Ivan Nikolaev lub neej. Thiab qhov loj tshaj, qhov tseeb, hais txog qhov kev mob siab tshaj plaws rau txhua tus kws tshaj lij avant-garde tsis muaj kev zam - hais txog Stalin qhov kev hloov pauv phem rau cov classics thaum xyoo 1930.
Qhov peculiarity ntawm lub rooj nthuav dav yog tias nws qhia tsawg heev, tab sis - kev ua haujlwm ntawm xyoo sib txawv, lub neej ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse nto moo raws li tag nrho, tsis muaj kev qhia meej txog avant-garde lossis classics. Qhov tsis tau xav txog koj tus kheej, koj pom tias Ivan Nikolaev, nws li ntawv sau txog nws, sau los ntawm S. O. Khan-Magomedov, xaus nrog lub ncauj lus luv luv hauv xyoo 1930s - nws tau muaj kev vam meej yuav luag thoob plaws nws lub neej. Muaj avant-garde cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab, uas nws lub neej tsaus muag nyob rau xyoo 1930, thiab Nikolayev dhau tag nrho cov cua daj cua dub, tsis ntau yam tsis poob, tab sis tsis muaj qhov pom kev raug mob - yog li ntawd Dmitry Shvidkovsky hauv nws qhov lus qhia rau phau ntawv tshiab hu ua nws "tus txiv neej hlau."
Muaj tsawg kawg yog ob qho laj thawj rau qhov kev nyab xeeb no: thawj qhov yog raug tseeb nyob hauv tib qhov chaw, tom qab ntawv los ntawm S. O. Khan-Magomedova - qhov no yog Nikolaev koom nrog cov kev coj ua lag luam ntawm avant-garde. Nqa tuaj rau ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci Siab, nws pom tias lub ntsiab tsis yog tshawb nrhiav qhov tshiab kiag li (dawb huv, tus neeg sawv cev txuas ntxiv, txuas ntxiv txhua qhov chaw), daim ntawv, tab sis yuav daws qhov teeb meem ntawm cov tswv yim, ua haujlwm. Nws tsim cov chaw ua haujlwm thiab chaw nyob nrog lawv, cov chaw nyob ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, tau tsim txoj hauv kev los txhim kho cov neeg ua haujlwm tau zoo li sai tau (nyeem - ze dua), nws lub tsev sib tham tau hu ua "social condensers". Nws cov architecture tsis ua txuj ua lub tshuab, nws tsuas yog: lub tshuab roj ua haujlwm zoo, thiab (rau cov laj thawj thiab kev lag luam) nws tau ntau dua ntawm kev sau dua ib lub tsheb ntiag tug. Yog hais tias tus qauv zoo nkauj thiab kev pom zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau Nikolayev, tom qab ntawd qhov kev ywj pheej tig mus rau cov tub luam yuav tsis cuam tshuam nws lub siab ntsws xav, piv txwv li, Leonidov, rau leej twg daim ntawv yog txhua yam.
Qhov thib ob qhov laj thawj yog tej zaum kev tshawb fawb heev uas tshwm hauv cov npe ntawm kev nthuav dav. Nikolaev pib qhia tam sim, sai li sai tau thaum nws kawm tiav hauv lub koom haum, xyoo 1925, thiab kev xyaum tsis tau tso tseg txoj haujlwm no. Xyoo 1929 nws tau tiv thaiv nws daim Ph. D. thesis hais txog kev tsim vaj tsev, thiab thaum xyoo 1930, txij li lub sijhawm nws tig mus rau classics, nws pib npaj tib yam, twb hais tawm cov lus qhuab qhia hais txog kev tso dej rau Roman. Thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias tus kws kes duab vajtse tau tawm ntawm cov classics rau kev tshawb fawb. Nws tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv parallel, thiab thaum xyoo 1930 nws nquag tsim, thiab tsis txawm nyob hauv classics txhua - nws 1938 Kuibyshev dej siv fais fab cog qhov project yog lub tsev tiav tag nrho kev lag luam, tsis muaj hint ntawm décor. Theej, nws zoo li Georges Pompidou Center hauv Paris dua li "Stalinist Empire" style.
Ib tus tuaj yeem, ntawm chav kawm, hais tias sib nrug los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab "kev lag luam" tus kws kes duab vajtse "khiav tawm" ntawm Stalinist classics … rau Turkey, qhov uas nws, ua ke nrog I. F. Milinis, A. L. Pasternak thiab E. M. Popov tsim (1932-1933) thiab txhim kho (1935-1936) lub tshuab textile. Qhov no, me ntsis-paub rau cov neeg tsis paub, Turkish ua ke hloov tawm los ua ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam, qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem pom ob qhov project thiab kos duab kos duab - zoo nkauj, zoo nkauj Italian sanguines. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog me ntsis cuam tshuam los ntawm cov neeg muaj feem dhau los (cov kev pab txhawb me me ntawm nws cov propyls tsis xws li zoo li lub porticoes ntawm Moscow RSL).
Yog li, Nikolaev pib kawm dej tsaws tsag. Cov ncauj lus thawm xyoo tseem ceeb, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws kawm tsis yog porticos thiab capitals, tab sis kev teeb tsa engineering. Ntawd yog, tus kws tshaj lij thawj coj ntawm xyoo 1920s "prom" xaiv nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej cuab tam qub, txij li thaum lawv raug txiav txim nrog, feem ntau kev lag luam, hauv ntsiab lus, ntu. Thiab nws pib tshawb nrhiav lub hauv paus ntawm nws txoj kev lag luam architecture. Nws txaus siab kawm txog cov qauv tsim ntawm kev tso dej tawm, thiab tib lub sijhawm - cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg Loos thaum ub thiab lwm yam uas muaj feem cuam tshuam (txaus nyiam heev), tab sis tseem ceeb tshaj - cov qib loj.
Kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas yog qhov xav paub hauv keeb kwm ntawm kos duab. Ib qho ntawm nws cov tswvyim tseem ceeb yog Kirill Nikolaevich Afanasyev, uas ntsuas txhua yam: los ntawm lub qhov ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kiev mus rau lub cim ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm Vladimir (yog tias koj muab lub koob ntawm lub koob tso rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm Niam Niam ntawm Vajtswv thiab ntsuas ob peb qhov kev ncua deb, koj tau txais daim duab me me). Yog tias peb saib qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas feem ntau yog ib txoj kev, tom qab ntawd lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm hom no yog tias nws muab tsis muaj dab tsi rau kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm architecture. Thaum siv cov qauv los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam yav dhau los tuaj yeem ua pov thawj, tham txog cov feem ntau ua rau muaj kev nkag siab, tab sis feem ntau nws hloov tawm ntawm kev ua si dawb ntawm lub siab ntawm cov uas ntsuas, keeb kwm me ntsis ntxiv muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev sib raug zoo ntse rau kev kawm txog lej (Egyptian pyramids lossis Roman aqueducts Nikolaev), thiab tsis muaj qab hau rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Old Lavxias architecture (Ivan Sergeevich Nikolaev kuj tau sau ib phau ntawv hais txog nws, kho los ntawm K. N. Afanasyev).
Tab sis zaj dab neeg lub neej ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Ivan Nikolaev, qhia tau meej meej ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam hauv VKHUTEMAS chav ua yeeb yam, zoo heev qhia tau tias dab tsi yog qhov tiag, tseem ceeb thiab tus nqi ntawm kev sib txig sib luag zoo li cas.
Txhua tus paub tias cov classics (cov qauv keeb kwm dav dua) thiab avant-garde yog cov yeeb ncuab. Lawv tuaj yeem ua rau ib ntus rov qab los, nrhiav kev sib koom ua ke, thiab ib ntawm cov ntsiab lus no yog cov kev sib txuam ntawm Fabkis txoj Kev Hloov Los Ntawm Bull thiab Ledoux, thiab qhov thib ob yog cov sib npaug. Qhov ntawd hnov ob qho tib si Le Corbusier thiab cov masters ntawm lub Soviet avant-garde, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los txog rau ntawm qhov sib tw classic. Cov kws tsim txua ntawm cov qauv txheej txheem qub, txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias lawv hwm Golden Tshooj, yeej tsis ua rau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tsis yooj yim thiab kev txiav txim siab dhau ntawm lawv qhov ntev li cov qub avant-gardists tau ua los ntawm nws hauv Stalin lub sijhawm.
Yooj yim muab, qhov xwm txheej tuaj yeem xav raws li hauv qab no: yog tias koj tshem cov classics ntawm txhua qhov dai kom zoo nkauj, tom qab ntawd ib lub thawv yuav nyob twj ywm, faib raws li qee yam. Feem ntau, zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm avant-garde. Thaum avant-garde xav zoo li tus yeeb ncuab uas kov tsis yeej thiab tus kov yeej ntawm cov qauv qub, uas yog, hauv xyoo 1920, nws tau los nrog cov ntsiab lus sib txawv tsis xav kom saib zoo li "hle" classics. Thaum lawv tau thov los ntawm saum toj no los ua cov classics, cov kev hloov pauv haujlwm thaum xyoo 1930 tau txais, ua ntej txhua yam, cov tshiab tshaj tawm: cov qhov rais square es tsis txhob pob qhov rai, thiab lwm yam. Cov lus tshaj tawm yog ib feem ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam txheej thaum ub uas tus kws tsim txuj ci tam sim no tuaj yeem siv rau nws cov tuam tsev yam tsis ntshai kev poob ntsej muag thiab raug liam ntawm "kev ua txhaum" ntawm kev dai kom zoo nkauj (ib qho ntxiv yog tias lub sijhawm Stalinist tsis zam kev nyuaj, thiab txhua tus neeg tsim, tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog siv ornaments ib yam nkaus. Xws li Nikolaev, saib nws txoj haujlwm ntawm kev nkag mus ntawm Volgograd tsob ntoo, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov khoom xa tawm tam sim no.
Ib txoj kev los sis lwm qhov, cov tswv yim sib txuas lus yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab thaum tsoomfwv Soviet pom tias nws yuav tsum thawb cov qauv no tawm tsam lawv lub taub hau, kev kawm txog cov tswv yim los ua neeg nyob nruab nrab rau cov kws tsim qauv coj mus nyob rau yav tom ntej ntawm xyoo 1920. Thiab yog tias hom no tau pab cov kws tshaj lij avant-garde ua yeeb yam kom ciaj sia lossis tsis mus vwm, nws yuav tsum tau lees paub tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Los ntawm qhov pom txhua hnub thiab ntawm qhov pom ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam 20 xyoo dhau los.
Ntxiv mus, txij thaum xyoo 1950s Nikolayev rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm "prom" ntawm nees nkaum thiab thiab ua tus rector ntawm Moscow Architectural lub koom haum, tej zaum dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov pib ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm NER (lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm kev hloov chaw, uas tau ua tom qab tau txais los ntawm AE Gutnov thiab I. Lezhava). Nws ua rau tus sau inoculation ntawm avant-garde "prom" rau hauv kev ua lag luam tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog. Txawm hais tias nws yuav tsum tau lees paub tias tam sim no cov nyhuv ntawm kev txhim kho zoo li twb tau xaus - hauv peb qhov kev lag luam niaj hnub no cov cuab yeej cuab tam no tsis tshua muaj lub zog thiab tsis muaj zog.
